[Basic electronics engineering workshop]

[KTU]

VIMAL JYOTHI ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
JYOTHI NAGAR, CHEMPERI, KANNUR-670632

www.vjec.ac.in

Kerala technological university

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL AND
WORKBOOK

2015 - 2016
VJEC Chemperi

Page 1

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK
2015 - 2016

Name of Student

-----------------------------------------------------------

Semester & Branch ----------------------------------------------------------Roll No.

-----------------------------------------------------------

University Reg.No. ------------------------------------------------------------

Certified that this is the bonafide record of the work done in

the Electronics Engineering workshop of Vimal Jyothi Engineering College,
Chemperi, Kannur

Date:

Place: ..

Staff in Charge

Head of the Department

Examiner

INDEX

Sl

Experiment

No.

No.

Familiarization/ Identification Of Electronic Components

Study Of Electronic Symbols And Drawing Circuit

Familiarization/ Application Of Testing Instruments

Testing Of Electronic Components

Inter-Connection Methods And Soldering

Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) Designing

Assembling Of Electronic Circuit

a) Fixed voltage power supply
b) LED blinking using Astable multivibrator
c) Square wave generation using IC 555
d) AND and NAND gates in diode transistor logic

Page

Familiarization Of Electronic Systems

a) Setting up of PA system
b) Assembling of desktop computer
c) Introduction to robotics

TOTAL

Marks

COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course gives the basic introduction of electronic hardware systems and
provides hands-on training with familiarization, identification, testing, assembling,
dismantling, fabrication and repairing such systems by making use of the various
tools and instruments available in the Electronics Workshop.

COURSE OUTCOME
Student can identify the active and passive electronic components. Student
gets hands-on assembling, testing, assembling, dismantling, fabrication and repairing
systems by making use of the various tools and instruments available in the
Electronics Workshop.

Experiment No. 1
Date:

FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

AIM: To familiarize electronic components with specification, functionality, type,
size, colour coding etc.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:
Diodes, Transistors, Resistors, Capacitors, LED, Wires, Cables, Fuses, Switches,
Relays.
THEORY:
1. RESISTORS

Resistors can be of two types: fixed value resistors or variable resistors. Materials
generally used for fabrication of resistors are nichrome (80 % Ni and 20 % Cr),
constantan (55% cu and 45 % Ni ) and Manganin (85 % Cu and 10 % Mn and < 5 %
Ni).
Colour Code for Resistors :

BAND COLOUR
Black

DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE

0

10

+ 1%

100

+ 2%

Orange

1,000

+ 3%

Yellow

10,000

+4%

1,00,000

Brown
Red

Green

Blue

10,00,000

Violet

1,00,00,000

Gray

10,00,00,000

White

Gold

0.1

+5%

Silver

0.01

+ 10 %

None

+ 20 %

1: first significant figure of component value

2: second significant figure

3: decimal multiplier

4: If present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no colour means 20%).

For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold will have first digit
4, second digit 7, multiplied by 100= 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is
5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.
2. CAPACITORS

There are two main classes of capacitors:

(i)

Non electrolytic capacitors

(ii)

Electrolytic capacitors.

Normal capacitors are mostly of parallel plate type and can have mica, paper,
ceramic or polymer as dielectric. An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that
uses an electrolyte, as one of its plates, to achieve a larger capacitance per unit
volume than other types. However, the voltage applied to these capacitors must be
polarized; one specified terminal must always have positive potential with respect to
the other. Ceramic capacitors are generally non-polarized.
CAPACITOR CODING:
Generally, they use an alphanumeric marking system. A number code is often used
on small capacitors where printing is difficult: the 1st number is the 1st digit, the 2nd
number is the 2nd digit, the 3rd number is the power of ten to be multiplied, to give
the capacitance in pF. Any letters just indicate tolerance and voltage rating. For
2

example: 102 means 10 X 10 pF = 1nF and 472J means 47 X 10 pF = 4.7nF (J

means
tolerance).

5%

They may also be written out directly, for instance, 2n2 = 2.2 nF. Small value
capacitors have their values printed but without a multiplier. For example 0.1 means
0.1F = 100nF.

3. DIODES
There are so many different types of diodes; hence a system of identification is
needed to distinguish one diode from another. The first number in the system
indicates the number of junctions in the semiconductor device. Thus 1 designates a
diode; 2 designate a transistor; and 3 designate a tetrode. The letter "N" following the
first number indicates a semiconductor. The 2- or 3-digit number following the letter
"N" is a serialized identification number. If needed, this number may contain a suffix
letter after the last digit. For example, the suffix letter "M" may be used to describe
matching pairs of separate semiconductor devices or the letter "R" may be used to
indicate reverse polarity. Other letters are used to indicate modified versions of the
device which can be substituted for the basic numbered unit.
For example, a semiconductor diode designated as 1N345A is given
as 1-diode
N-semiconductor material 345type.
A-improved
version

3. TRANSISTORS

Transistors are semiconductor devices used for applications like amplification of

voltages, current and are also used in oscillator circuits and switches. Its a two

junction and 3 terminal devices made of three layers of n and p type materials. The
three regions are emitter, base and collector. They are of 2 types (i) pnp and (ii) npn.
4. LED

Leds are pn junction devices which emit light radiation when biased in the forward
direction. When the pn junction is forward biased, the electrons are excited to
conduction band and when they fall to the valence band, they give out energy in the
form of radiation corresponding to the Energy gap of the material.
Conventional LEDs are made from the following
materials:
Material

Colour emitted

AlGaAs

Red

GaAlP

Green

GaAsP

Orange

GaP

Yellow

GaN

blue

A very important precaution while using a LED is the amount of current being
passed through it. For most LEDs the maximum allowable current is 20 mA
beyond which the led can burn out.

5. WIRES

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are
used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire
comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually circular in
cross-section, wire can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or
other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such
as high-efficiency.
Different types of wire
are:
1. Solid wire
2. Stranded wire
3. Braided wire

6. CABLES

Copper wiring used in co-axial cable is the same type of wire used for cable TV. It
provides more protection from interference than twisted pair cable. The coaxial cable
consists of a single wire surrounded by a heavier metal shield. In coaxial cable it
forms a flexible cylinder around the inner wire that provides a barrier to
electromagnetic radiations.

7. FUSES

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low resistance resistor

that acts as a sacrificial device to provide over current protection, of either the load or
source circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too
much current flows through it, interrupting the circuit that it connects. Short circuits,
overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the prime reasons for excessive
current. Fuses are an alternative to circuit breakers. A fuse interrupts excessive
current ("blows") so that further damage by overheating or fire is prevented.

8. SWITCHES

In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an

electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to
another.
Electronics
specification and
abbreviation

Expansion

Britis

of

abbreviati

main

on

Description

wirin
SPST

Single

g
One

pole,

single

wa

throw

A simple on-off switch: The

two terminals are either
connected together or
disconnected from each

Symbol

other. An example is a light

switch.

SPDT

DPST

Single

Two

pole,

double

wa

throw

Double

Doubl

A simple changeover switch:

C (COM, Common) is
connected to L1 or to L2.

Equivalent to two SPST

pole,

switches controlled by a

single

pole

single mechanism

throw

DPDT

Double

Equivalent to two SPDT

pole,

switches controlled by a

double

single mechanism.

throw

9. RELAYS

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to

control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Calculate the resistance value of the given resistor using colour coding technique?

2. Identify the given capacitor and note its capacitance value?

3. What are the different types of wires available?

4. What are the advantages of electrical fuses?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 2
Date:

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS & DATA SHEETS

AIM: To Study the drawing of electronic circuits using BIS/IEEE symbols and to
interpret data sheets of discrete components.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SERIAL NO.

NAME

SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Transformer

230V/9V, 1A

Diode

IN4007

Capacitor

470F, 50V

Capacitor

0.01 F, ceramic

Voltage regulator

LM7805

LED

3V

Resistor

1K, 1/4W

Multi meter

Connecting wires -

THEORY:
1. Drawing

of

electronic

circuit

diagrams.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the national Standards Body of India
working under the Government of India. The major functions of the Bureau are the
formulation, recognition and promotion of the Indian Standards.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is the world's largest
association of technical professionals. Its objectives are the educational and technical
advancement of electrical and electronic engineering, telecommunications, computer

engineering and allied disciplines.

An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and

electronic devices in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit.
Symbol

Component
Wire
Wires Joined

Unjoined Wires

Cell

Battery

Fuse

Transformer

Earth/Ground

Capacitor

Diode

Light Emitting Diode

(LED)
Photo Diode

Resistor

Transistor

2. Introduction

to

EDA

tools.
Todays semiconductors and electronic systems are complex that designing them
would be impossible without electronic design automation (EDA). EDA tools are a
collection of softwares that are used for the design of electronic components such as
chips, circuit boards etc.
One of the most important tools used for EDA is HDL (Hardware description
language). A hardware description language provides a way to implement a design
without going into much architecture, simulate and verify the design output and
functionality.

Figure: steps in electronic design.

Major Companies in EDA Tools

Cadence Design Systems

Synopsys

Avanti

Tanner

The various techniques used for EDA are:

System-level Design

Functional Verification

Emulation and Acceleration

Synthesis/Place-and-Route

Analog, RF, and Mixed-signal Design

Custom IC Layout

Physical Verification and Analysis

IC Packaging

PCB Design

3. Data sheets of discrete components.

The ratings of a diode are the limiting values of operating conditions, which if
exceeded could cause damage to a diode or overheating.
1. DC BLOCKING VOLTAGE [VR]the maximum reverse dc voltage that

will not cause breakdown.

2. AVERAGE FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP [VF(AV)]the average forward

voltage drop across the rectifier given at a specified forward current and
temperature.
3. AVERAGE RECTIFIER FORWARD CURRENT [IF(AV)]the average

rectified forward current at a specified temperature, usually at 60 Hz with a

resistive load.
4. AVERAGE REVERSE CURRENT [IR(AV)]the average reverse current at

a specified temperature, usually at 60 Hz.

5. PEAK SURGE CURRENT [ISURGE]the peak current specified for a given

number of cycles or portion of a cycle.

6. PEAK REVERSE VOLTAGE [PRV]the maximum reverse voltage that can

be applied before reaching the breakdown point. (PRV also applies to the
rectifier diode.)
7. REVERSE CURRENT [IR]the small value of direct current that flows

when a semiconductor diode has reverse bias.

8. MAXIMUM FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP AT INDICATED FORWARD

CURRENT [V F@IF] the maximum forward voltage drop across the diode
at the indicated forward current.
9. REVERSE RECOVERY TIME [trr]the maximum time taken for the

forward-bias diode to recover its reverse bias.

OBSERVATION:
Parameters

Value

VR
VF(AV)
IF(AV)
IR(AV)
ISURGE
PRV
IR
V F@IF
Trr

PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain the data sheets of the components from the respective manufacturers

website.
2. Note down the values of the different parameters.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Define IEEE and BIS?

2. Draw the standard symbol of electrolytic capacitor and transistor?

3. What are the important steps in engineering design automation?

4. What is peak surge current?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 3
Date:

FAMILIARISATION OF TESTING INSTRUMENTS

AIM: To Study the application of testing instruments and commonly used tools.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SERIAL NO.

NAME

QUANTITY

Multimeter

Function generator

CRO

THEORY:
1. Multimeters:

A multimeter is an instrument which measures electrical parameters such as

AC or DC voltage, current, and resistance. Rather than having separate meters, a
multimeter combines a voltmeter, an ammeter, and an ohmmeter. The two main
kinds of a multimeter are analog and digital. Refer fig 10. A digital multimeter has an
LCD screen that displays the value of the parameter being measured. While in an
analog multimeter display, a needle moves through a graduated scale. Topmost scale
is usually for resistance and the readings increases from right to left while other
scales readings increase from left to right. Another name for an analog multimeter is
Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM).
Each type of meter has its advantages and disadvantaged. When used as a
voltmeter, a digital meter is usually better because its resistance is much higher, 1 M
or 10 M, compared to 200 for an analogue multimeter for a similar range. On the
other hand, it is easier to follow a slowly changing voltage by watching the needle on

an analogue display. Most modern multimeters are digital and traditional analogue
types are becoming obsolete.

Block diagram of a VOM is given in figure below.

Voltage measurement by multimeter:

For the case of a VOM, a zero adjustment has to be made every time the
multimeter is to be used. To do the zero adjustment, set the mode selection knob in
resistance mode. Connect the two leads to positive and common terminals
respectively and short the leads. The needle should move to extreme right to the last
reading on the ohms scale. If it stops before or goes beyond then the zero adjustment
knob has to be rotated (clockwise or anticlockwise) such that the needle rests at the
last reading on the right end of the bar on the ohms scale.
Subsequently, to measure voltage, the multimeter has to be first set in AC or
DC mode. After selecting a suitable range defined by the uppermost limit of the
expected value, the range knob has to be set. Next connect the common (gnd)
terminal through a lead (black) to the gnd of the circuit and the red lead to the point
where voltage is to be measured. For the case of an analogue multimeter, if the
needle goes the wrong way the leads have to be reversed or if the needle doesnt
move at all the range has to be changed. To find the value of the voltage, read the
number from that scale that matches the range being used. In a digital multimeter, if
1 is displayed then the range has to be increased.
Resistance Measurement:
To measure resistance in a circuit, first the power supply is to be turned off (or
disconnected) otherwise the multimeter might get damaged. Next, select a range on
the multimeter and touch two metal points in the circuit. If the needle doesnt move
or goes all the way to the end of the scale, select another range. One cannot use this
method to measure the resistance of a resistor in the circuit because there may be
other paths between the nodes of a resistor. One leg of a resistor must be
disconnected from the circuit to make sure that the only path between the two probes
is through that resistor. To measure the resistance of a resistor, select the range on the

meter that might be closest to the right value and use the probes to touch either side
of the resistor. If the right range is selected then the needle will be somewhere
between the left and the right end of the scale. To find the value of the resistor, read
the number from the scale that matches the range you are using.
2. FUNCTION GENERATORS

Function Generators are instruments capable of generating an ac signal of any

frequency (~ 100Hz hundreds of kHz), voltage (~1 mv 20V) and various forms
(e.g. sine wave, Square pulse, Saw tooth wave, and Triangular wave or noise
waveform). They also provide a continuously variable dc offset, variable duty
cycle. They are usually of 2 types: (i) analog and (ii) Digital.
Some of the front panel controls of a typical function generator
are:
1. Power Switch: For switching on the power

supply
2. Digital Display: This is a 4 digit frequency

meter
3. OFFSET: This knob is for adding a dc voltage to the output signal
4. Amplitude: This does the continuous adjustment of output

voltage
5. Speed: This is for setting wobulation

speed
6. Width: This knob is for setting the wobulation

width
7. Frquency: This knob is for selecting the frequency range from 0.3 Hz to 3MHz in

decade steps.
8. Sweep On: This is a push button for activating internal

sweep
9. Mode Selection: Push Button for triangular, sine Square

etc.

10. BNC connector: This is a 50 output BNC connector

11. -20 db, - 20 db: A push button control for -20 db attenuation. When both buttons

are pushed then a total of 40 db attenuation is got.

3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
CRO is an instrument which is used to measure voltages that change with time
and to display the waveforms in real time mode. There is a graphical scale present on
the screen which is used to calculate the voltage or frequency value. A very
important specification of a CRO is its bandwidth which gives the maximum
frequency of a signal which a CRO can measure. A simple oscilloscope consists of a
cathode ray tube, a vertical amplifier, a time base, a horizontal amplifier and a power
supply. Fig shows the block diagram of a CRO.
Cathode-ray tube is a vacuum tube in which a beam of electrons is produced
and focused onto a fluorescent screen. The electrons kinetic energy is converted into

light energy as they collide with the screen. It is an essential component of television
receivers, computer visual display units, and CRO. Between the electron gun and the
screen are two pairs of metal plates: (i) Horizontal Deflection Plates and (ii) Vertical
deflection plates. These are driven by Horizontal Deflection system and Vertical
deflection system respectively.

In the vertical deflection system, the vertical amplifier is driven by an external

voltage (the vertical input) that is to be measured. The amplifier has very high input
impedance, typically one mega ohm, so that it draws only a tiny current from the
signal source. The amplifier drives the vertical deflection plates with a voltage that is
proportional to the vertical input. The gain of the vertical amplifier can be adjusted to
suit the amplitude of the input voltage. A positive input voltage bends the electron
beam upwards, and a negative voltage bends it downwards, so that the vertical
deflection of the dot shows the value of the input. The horizontal deflection system
consists of a time base circuit which is an electronic circuit that generates a ramp
voltage (saw tooth waveform). Refer figure shown below:

CRO controls from the front

panel

Intensity

This knob controls the brightness of the trace by adjusting the

number of electrons emerging from the gun

2

Focus

This control is for making the trace on the screen sharper. It is

connected to the anode of the electron gun whose voltage collimates the electron
beam.

Vertical Position & Horizontal Position Through these controls the beam can

be positioned at variable vertical or horizontal positions as desired. These knobs

apply a dc voltage to the vertical and horizontal deflection plates.
4

V / Div.

This control is used to control the voltage sensitivity. This is

internally connected to an attenuator of the vertical system. It determines the voltage

required by the vertical plates to deflect the beam vertically by one division.
5

Time / Div

This determines the time taken for the spot to move horizontally

across one division of the screen when the sweep is generated by triggering process.
The signal which is fed to the vertical deflection plates provides the triggering to the
waveform. Each position of the time/ div knob is applicable for a particular
frequency. This determines the horizontal sensitivity of the observed signal.
6

Trigger Source

This selects the source of the trigger to be applied to the

saw tooth waveform. There are usually three possible sources (i) Internal: This is
mostly used for all applications. The vertical signal applies the triggering signal. (ii)
Line: This is generally used when the voltage to be measured is related to the line
voltage. This selects the 50Hz line voltage. (iii) Ext.

In this case an external signal

is applied to trigger the saw tooth waveform.

7

Slope This determines whether the time base circuit responds to the positive

or negative slope of the triggering waveform.

8

Level

This determines the amplitude level on the triggering waveform

which can start the sweep

9

AC, DC, GND:

This selects the coupling mechanism for the input signal

to the CRO. In dc mode the vertical amplifier receives both ac and dc components of
the input signal. In ac mode the coupling capacitor blocks all dc components and
displays only pure ac waveform. In gnd configuration, the input signal is grounded

and one gets a straight line. To measure the dc component of any signal (ac or dc),
one has to switch from ac to dc mode and observe the vertical shift of the waveform.
The amount of vertical shift in volts gives the corresponding dc component.
10

X-Y mode:

In this mode of operation two signals are superimposed at right

angles on each other. The saw tooth time base circuit is disconnected from the
horizontal deflection plates and the external signal which is fed to channel two is
given to time base instead. Hence if two sine waves are fed to two channels
respectively then the electron beam will undergo deflection according to right angle
superposition of two sine waves. It will trace lissajous figures.

Few experiments
CRO:
Objective:

related

with

To measure voltage and frequency of an ac signal

Voltage measurement: To measure the voltage of an ac waveform, connect the ac

signal from signal generator to CRO channel 1 such that a stable waveform is
displayed. Here Vpp is the peak to peak voltage and Vm is the maximum voltage.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the function generator to the CRO.
2. Select different waveforms from the function generator.
3. Note the values of different parameters like Vm, Vpp, f, T etc.
4. Measure the values using multimeter also.
5. Vary the amplitude and frequency and repeat the steps.

OBSERVATION:
Parameter

Value (V)

Amplitude of sine wave

Peak to peak voltage
Frequency
Time period

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between analog multimeter and digital multimeter?

2. What are the different types of waveforms available from a function generator?

3. Mention the important uses of a CRO?

4. What is the use of time/div knob in CRO?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 4
Date:

TESTING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

AIM: To test electronic components using multimeter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SERIAL NO.

NAME

SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Diode

1N4007

Capacitor

470F, 50V

Transistor

BC107

Resistor

1K, 1/4W

Multi meter -

THEORY:
1. MULTIMETER TEST OF DIODES

One can know whether a specific terminal of a diode is n or p by measuring the

resistance with multimeter. To do so keep the multimeters in resistance mode connect
its positive lead to the anode of diode and negative lead to its cathode. During the
test, the multimeter passes current through the diode and the diode gets forward
biased. It thus indicated very low resistance of the order of 100 ohm. If the leads are
now reversed than the diode gets reverse biased and offers very high resistance of the
order of Mohm. This can be read in the multimeter again. If a diode reads very low
resistance in the forward as well as reverse bias then it is shorted. On the other hand
if it reads high resistance in the forward as well as reverse bias then it is open.

2. Test for transistors:

Transistors are basically made up of two Diodes connected together back-to-back.

We can use this analogy to determine whether a transistor is of the type PNP or NPN
by testing its Resistance between the three different leads, Emitter, Base and
Collector. Use a multimeter or a simple tester (battery, resistor and LED) to check
each pair of leads for conduction. Set a digital multimeter to diode test and an
analogue multimeter to a low resistance range.
Test each pair of leads both ways (six tests in total):
The base-emitter (BE) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way
only.
The base-collector (BC) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way
only.
The collector-emitter (CE) should not conduct either
way.
The diagram shows how the junctions behave in an NPN transistor. The diodes are
reversed in a PNP transistor but the same test procedure can be used.
Transistor Resistance Values for the PNP and NPN transistor types

3. TEST

FOR

RESISTOR
One leg of a resistor must be disconnected from the circuit to make sure that the only

path between the two probes is through that resistor. To measure the resistance of a

resistor, select the range on the meter that might be closest to the right value and use
the probes to touch either side of the resistor. If the right range is selected then the
needle will be somewhere between the left and the right end of the scale. To find the
value of the resistor, read the number from the scale that matches the range you are
using.
PROCEDURE:
1. Select

different
capacitors.

resistors

and

2. Note down the theoretical value of resistors and

capacitors.
3. Measure the actual value using multimeter.
4. In the case of diodes and transistors, identify the different

terminals.

OBSERVATION
Resistor

DIODE

Theoretical resistance Actual resistance

FORWARD RESISTANCE REVERSE RESISTANCE

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is VOM? Explain.

2. How will you identify the anode and cathode of a diode using multimeter?

3. How to differentiate the terminals of a transistor?

4. How will you provide zero adjustment in a multimeter?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 5
Date:

INTER-CONNECTION METHODS AND SOLDERING

PRACTICE
AIM: To study breadboard interconnection methods and soldering practice.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:
Bread board, soldering iron, soldering flux, Weller WESD51 soldering
station.
THEORY:
1.Breadboards:
In order to temporarily construct a circuit without damaging the components used to
build it, we must have some sort of a platform that will both hold the components in
place and provide the needed electrical connections. Fig: (a): A typical breadboard
and (b) its connection details. A real breadboard is shown in Fig. 1(a) and the
connection details on its rear side are shown in Fig. 1(b). The five holes in each
individual column on either side of the central groove are electrically connected to
each other, but remain insulated from all other sets of holes. In addition to the main
columns of holes, however, you'll note four sets or groups of holes along the top and
bottom. Each of these consists of five separate sets of five holes each, for a total of
25 holes. These groups of 25 holes are all connected together on either side of the
dotted line indicated on Fig.1(a) and needs an external connection if one wishes the
entire row to be connected. This makes them ideal for distributing power to multiple
ICs or other circuits. These breadboard sockets are sturdy and rugged, and can take

quite a bit of handling.

2.
Soldering
The essential components required for soldering are as
follows:
a) Soldering

iron:
It consists of a control unit and a stand. If the iron has temperature control, set it to
approximately 475 F. If it does not have a display, set the temperature dial roughly
half way. No matter the type of iron being used, do a few practice joints and adjust
the temperature accordingly. The temperature should be adjusted based on the
melting point of the solder that is being used and the components being soldered
together to achieve a quality solder joint without applying excessive heat.

b) Hot

air

station
For hot air soldering, hot air rework station will be used. The temperature and air
flow rate can be adjusted. Similar to the iron, the temperature will need to be set
based on the solder and components you are working with. Start with a lower
temperature (375-425 F) and increase it if needed. As shown in Figure 4, different
attachments can also be placed on the end of the wand via a clamp with a Phillips
screw. Like the iron, there are many different nozzles and selecting the correct one
depends on the application. The 852+ has a different interface and an additional
suction wand to aid in component removal. When powering off the device, it will
stay on and enter a cool down mode. Do not leave either the hot air station or iron
unattended while on.

c) Desoldering

Desolder a few holes using the desolder pump and solder wick. If the wick is
not effectively wicking up the solder, try applying some flux to the wick
before attempting to desolder.

PROCEDURE:
5. Prepare necessary components for assembly as shown in Figure. Components that

will be needed are 1 LED, 1 transistor, 1 330 resistor, 1 10 k resistor, 1

prototype perforated board, and 4 jumper wires approximately 3.5 cm in length
with 3-4 mm of insulation stripped off of the ends. Before building the circuit,
verify the resistor values using the color bands or a multi-meter.

6. Insert the components into the proto board as shown in Figure. Bend the

component leads a bit so that the parts do not fall out when the board is turned
upside down. When satisfied with the component orientation (see step 3), solder
the leads to the protoboard. Although it is usually good practice to clip leads

before soldering to avoid fractured joints, do not cut the leads at this step. It
will be easier to connect the leads together with a wire if the leads are longer.

7. After the circuit has been assembled, clip the leads off of the components. Take

care not to cut into the solder joint and keep the clipped leads from becoming
projectiles! The finished circuit should look similar to Figure 13. It does not have
to be routed exactly as shown below.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What are the main components for soldering?

2. Different types of soldering techniques?

3. What is the composition of solder?

4. What are the different de-soldering methods?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 6
Date:

PCB FABRICATION
AIM: To design and fabricate a single sided PCB with manual etching and drilling.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SERIAL NO.

NAME
1

Mini drill (dremel)

Flat iron

Laser printer/photocopying machine

Latex gloves

Eye protection

Etching solution (ferric chloride)

PCB board

Fine tipped marker

Ruler

10

Magazine paper/glossy paper

11

Plastic tweezers/ plastic straws

12

Small piece of cloth

13

Sanding paper

THEORY:
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) is used to mechanically support and electrically connect
electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched
from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive board. Components are
connected through the conductive material below a non conductive board, the

common conductive material used in packaged PCBs are usually copper, since
copper is cheap and common.
PROCEDURE:
Step 1:
board

design

circuit

First design your own PCB layout. Make your own PCB layout by using a PCB
designing software. One of the best PCB board design software is Eagle Layout
Editor, but for people who are looking for less complicated software can use
Microsoft Powerpoint.

Step 2: Printing Your PCB Layout

When you print your layout be sure to use a Laser Printer or a Photocopying
Machine, Inkjet Printers wouldn't work since its ink is soluble with water so it won't
transfer its ink on the PCB board. Use any kind of glossy paper, magazine papers
would do.

Step 3: Ironing the Printed PCB

Layout
Use a laundry iron to iron your printed PCB layout to your board. Ironing the printed
layout transfers the ink from the paper going to the PCB board. You need to set your
iron's temperature to the highest setting if your paper is thick but if not, set it to the
medium setting.

Step 4: Rubbing the Paper off the

Board
You need to soak the board to a container of tap water for about 2-5 mins, or you can

rub it will you expose it on running water from the sink. Be sure to wait until the

paper on the board becomes soggy, then rub it gently so the ink wont get removed
when you rub the paper off the board.

Step 5: Sawing the Excess Board & Sanding

It
Saw the excess board with a metal saw. Next you need to sand the edges to smoothen
the board with sanding paper, kindly use the finer so you will have a finner finish.

Step 6: Cleaning the Board & Restoring

It
Even though you have rubbed the paper off the board there will still be excess paper
left on the board, remove it using a very sharp object like the tip of the cutter, the
point of a sharp compass or a tooth pick. When you had rub it off or you had sawed

the excess board, some of the inked areas had been remove unintentionally, you
should restore it with a marker and a ruler.

Step 7: Etching the PCB Board

There are different varieties of etching solution but the most common is Ferric
Chloride. Get a plastic container; never use any kind of metal container. Pour the
etching solution on your plastic container. Leave the PCB board for about 30-45
minutes in the container. After for about 30-45 minutes remove it from the container,
leaving it for a long time will etch the ink protected area so please remove it when it's
done.

Step 8:
Board

Rinsing

the

Rinse the PCB board with tap water, after etching it in the solution. Be sure to wear
glover when cleaning it. It is advised to use plastic tweezers, please do not use
metallic materials like pliers or your tool will end up like mine's, its rusty.

Step 9: Removing the Left

Ink
First you should brush the remaining ink with laundry soap after etching the
board to expose the copper part of the board, or you could clean it with a small piece
of sanding paper (fine) while give it its shiny finish.

Step 10:
Holes

Drilling

The

Drill the board with a mini drill a dremel tool will do. After drilling it rinse it again
with water. Be sure to drill it on the copper side, since the copper layout will be your
guide where to drill.

Step 11: cleaning

Be sure to clean it before you solder the
components.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Name the different softwares used for PCB design?

2. Why do we use magazine paper for printing the design?

3. What is the use of ferric chloride solution?

4. What is the need for drilling holes in the PCB?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 7(a)

Date:

FIXED VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY

AIM: To setup a constant 5V power supply using transformer, rectifier diode,
capacitor filter, zener/ IC regulator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SERIAL NO.

NAME

SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Transformer

230V/9V, 1A

Diode

IN4007

Capacitor

470F, 50V

Capacitor

0.01 F, ceramic

Voltage regulator

LM7805

LED

3V

Resistor

1K, 1/4W

Multi meter

Connecting wires -

THEORY:
The supply voltage, 230V is stepped down to 9V using transformer. The 1A Bridge
rectifier is used to convert the ac signal into pulsating dc. Capacitor C1 filters ripples
and 7805 regulates the dc signal to produce a steady +5V DC. IC7805 is a 5V fixed
three terminal positive voltage regulators IC. The IC has features like safe operating
area protection, thermal shut down and internal current limiting, which makes the IC
very rugged. Output currents up to 1A can be drawn from the IC, provided that there
is a proper heat sink. The capacitors possess enough high voltage rating to safely
handle the input voltage feed to circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION:
Terminals

Voltage (V)

Secondary o/p of transformer

Bridge rectifier output
Filtered output

PROCEDURE:
1. Consider one wire from the Transformer as the positive terminal and the other

wire as ground.
2. Connect the positive wire from the transformer to the anode of the diode bridge.
3. Connect the ground terminal of the transformer to the negative side of the

capacitor.
4. Connect the positive terminal of the capacitor to the cathode of the diode bridge.
5. Connect Pin 1 of the voltage regulator IC to the positive side of the capacitor.

6. Connect Pin 2, called common to the ground wire of the transformer.

7. Take the output across Pin 3 and ground.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Define peak inverse voltage of a diode?

2. What are the advantages of bridge rectifier over centre tapped rectifier?

3. How to differentiate step up and step down transformer?

4. Why LED glow in different colours?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 7(b)

Date:

ASTABLE MULTI-VIBRATOR
AIM: To setup a LED blinking circuit using astable multi-vibrator with transistor BC
107.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:
Resistors,
supply.

capacitors,

LEDs,

Power

THEORY:
Astable Multivibrator is a two stage switching circuit in which the output of the first
stage is fed to the input of the second stage and vice versa. The outputs of both the
stages are complementary. This free running multivibrator generates square wave
without any external triggering pulse. The circuit has two states and switches back
and forth from one state to another, remaining in each state for a time depending
upon the discharging of a capacitor through a resistor.
Principle
experiment:

of

the

This circuit shows a typical simple astable circuit. It works as follows: Consider that
Q1 is turned on and conducting, and Q2 is off. The voltage on the collector of Q1
will be close to zero, causing C1 to charge via R1 and Q1 collector-emitter. The
charge on C1 will keep increasing and so will the voltage at the base of Q2. During
this time, because Q2 is not conducting, the capacitor C2 will charge via R4, through
the base-emitter of Q1. This charging of C2 will be very fast because R4 is small. So,
the end of C2 connected to the collector of Q2 will be at voltage +Vcc (actually less

by the BE voltage of Q1) with respect to the base of Q1. When the voltage at the
base

of Q2 crosses 0.6 volts, which is required to conduct the base-emitter diode of Q2,
the transistor Q2 switches on, and its LED lights up.
The voltage at the collector of Q2 goes to near zero. The right end of C2 is suddenly
brought to 0 volts. So, the other end (base of Q1), sees a voltage -Vcc because of the
charge on the capacitor. That switches off Q1. The capacitor C2 now starts charging
through R2 and the CE of Q2, making the voltage across the it less negative, and then
zero and then positive. C2 keeps charging via R2 until it reaches about 0.6V
(required to conduct the BE diode of Q1), at which point Q1 will switch on again.
The LED in series with Q1 will light up again, and the cycle continues.

CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Test the given transistors, LEDs etc using multimeter.
2. Setup the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Check whether LEDs are blinking or not.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Why is the circuit known as astable multivibrator?

2. What are meant by time period?

3.

Why is the LEDs blinking instead of glowing continuously?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 7(c)

Date:

SQUARE WAVE GENERATION

AIM: To setup a square wave generation circuit using IC 555 timer in IC
base.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:
Resistors, capacitors and IC
555.
THEORY:
555 timer IC in an Astable mode is used to produce square waves for the given
specifications. Specification includes amplitude, frequency or time period.555 timer
is an analog IC used for generating accurate time delay or oscillation. This will
provide time delay ranging from microsecond to hours.

CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION:

PROCEDURE:
1. Test the components required.
2. Setup the circuit as shown in circuit diagram
3. Observe the waveforms at pin numbers 3 and 6 and plot it.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of this circuit?

2. Using this circuit make a LED to blink.

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 7(d)

Date:

DIODE TRANSISTOR LOGIC

AIM: To setup AND and NAND gates in diode transistor logic.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:
Resistors,
diodes.

transistors

and

THEORY:
A Digital Logic Gate is an electronic device that makes logical decisions based on
the different combinations of digital signals present on its inputs. Digital logic gates
may have more than one input but generally only have one digital output. Individual
logic gates can be connected together to form combinational or sequential circuits or
larger logic gate functions.

Truth table for AND gate.

input

Truth table for NAND gate.

outpu
t
Y

input
A

outpu
t
Y

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
AND gate

NAND gate

OBSERVATION:
AND gate:
input
A

output
B

NAND gate
input
A

PROCEDURE:
1. Test the components.
2. Setup the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Verify the output.

RESULT:

output
B

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Why is this circuit known as diode transistor logic ?

2. Draw the symbols of AND, NOR and NOT gate?

3. Why is NAND and NOR gates known as universal gates?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 8(a)

Date:

SETTING UP OF A PA SYSTEM
AIM: To setup a PA system with different microphones, loud speakers, mixer
etc.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:
Microphone, loud speaker, mixer, amplifiers, cables, rack.
THEORY:
A public address system (PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and
distribution system with a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a
person to address a large public. The term is also used for systems which may
additionally have a mixing console, and amplifiers and loudspeakers suitable for
music as well as speech, used to reinforce a sound source, such as recorded music or
a person giving a speech or distributing the sound throughout a venue or building.
1. Microphone
A microphone is an example of a transducer, a device that changes information from
one form to another. Sound information exists as patterns of air pressure; the
microphone changes this information into patterns of electric current.

2. Loud Speaker
A loudspeaker/speaker is an electro acoustic transducer, device which converts an
electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. Woofer: Woofer loudspeakers are
specifically designed to reproduce low frequencies (below 500Hz) Cone type drivers
are used to make the 'sound producing part' of the woofer, with a metal chassis. Mid
range speaker generally, produce frequencies from 500Hz up to not higher than 1.5
KHz. Tweeters are designed to reproduce the highest frequencies, and are mostly
crossed over above 6 KHz, but are crossed over lower in some speaker cabinets.

3. Amplifier
An amplifier is used to increase the amplitude of a signal waveform, without
changing other parameters of the waveform such as frequency or wave shape. They
are one of the most commonly used circuits in electronics and perform a variety of
functions in a great many electronic systems.

4. Mixer

Also known as a mixing console or mixing board, a sound mixer blends the audio
channels generated during a music performance or recording session into an overall

sound. A good mixer can vary the sound in each channel - treble, bass or mid-range to make the final mix sound better than the sum of its individual channels. Even if
you're brand new to the scene, using a mixer won't be hard -- and it'll give your
music a professional touch.

The final arrangement of PA system is as follows:

PROCEDURE:
1. Install the two speakers, one on each side of the front of your audience.
2. Place your microphone on its stand where you plan to place the person

speaking but never in front of the speakers.

3. Connect the microphone cable to your mixer/preamp at input one.

4. Connect the preamplifier/mixer mono output to the mono input of your

amplifier.
5. Connect the output channels of your amplifier to the left and right speakers.
6. Now that you're all connected, you can set levels.
7. When you've got your proper settings on the preamplifier, slowly turn your

amplifier volume controls up until a good listening volume is achieved.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the need for mixer?

2. Name the different type of speakers?

3. What is the range of audible frequencies?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 8(b)

Date:

ASSEMBLING AND DISMANTLING OF COMPUTER

AIM: To assemble and dismantle desktop computers.
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED:
Processor (CPU), Computer Case, Optical Drive (DVD RW and SATA capable),
Memory (RAM), Power Supply, SATA Cables, Motherboard (SATA Capable),
Processor Fan, Case Fan, hard drive (SATA capable), assortment of case and drive
screws.
THEORY:
The following are the steps to assemble a desktop computer.
1. Prepare the motherboard. If you want to assemble the well-liked device.
2. Mount the CPU in the socket of the motherboard. You must choose the correct

CPU for your motherboard, and install it according to its instructions. Be

careful not to install the CPU in wrong.
3. Connect the CPU cooler to the motherboard.
4. Attach the RAM (memory) modules in the corresponding slots.
5. Open the case and mount the power supply (SMPS) which is M-ATX type.

Make sure to connect all the connections to the drives and the motherboard.
6. Attach the motherboard back plate to the case and check the motherboard

mounting positions. The motherboard's instructions should tell the position of

the motherboard.
7.

Suitably position the motherboard in the case.

8. Mount the Hard disk and connect it to the power supply and the motherboard.

There should be separate connections for the power supply and the
motherboard. In SATA Hard disk case, should remove the jumper.
9. Connect the SATA connectors to the drives and the USB connectors and the

case switches to the motherboard.

10. Connect the 20 or 24 pin ATX connector and the 4-pin power supply control

connector to the motherboard.

11. Mount the DVD-ROM drive. After connecting the ATA cable to the device,

hook it up to the power supply.

12. Finally, select a compatible operating system, and follow the instructions to

install.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is SMPS? What is its use?

2. Explain SATA?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. 8(c)

Date:

INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS
AIM: To familiarize the components used in robotics.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Motors, sensors, battery etc.
THEORY:
The different components used in robotics are:
1. Motors:

Motors are used for producing motion. It helps in moving the joints. The different
types of motors used are CIM motors, fisher price motors etc.

2. Gear box

Gear box is used to control the speed of the motor. It also controls the torque
produced. It used for transmission of motion.

3. Drive system

It is a combination of motors, gear boxes and wheels. There are many varieties of
drive systems such as tank drive, mecanum drive systems, swerve drive systems
etc.

4. Camera

Provides vision capabilities for the robot. It will be further programmed. The vision
system connects the robot with environment. It helps in 3D analysis. The camera
helps in positioning.

5. Battery

The battery is used for providing on board power supply. The battery life should be
high for providing long performance of the robot.
RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Name different types of robots?

2. What are the applications of robots?

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT
CRITERIA

GRADES
Beginner 0.5

Punctuality in lab

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Preparation

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

General conduct of experiment

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Solutions

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2
Beginner 0.5

Viva-voce

Novice- 1
Proficient-1.5
Advanced-2

Total

MARKS OBTAINED