TITLE OF THE RESEARCH

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science and Geology
Presented to the
College of Arts and Sciences

NAME
NAME
NAME

October 2015

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction
The introduction of the study of any thesis or research work is the part which introduces
the reader to the topic being investigated. The introduction of the study should not be too lengthy
as to discourage the reader from reading them nor should it be too short that it will fail to cover
salient items for the introduction. The ideal number of pages for an introduction is the 1-3 pages.
In writing the introduction, the researcher should consider the following:
1. Describe the problem situation globally, nationally, an/or locally, specifically the trends
and issues in the field.
2. Cite the legal bases of the study (if applicable). Just use the in-text citation format.
3. Link the situation to the existing body of knowledge. Cite statistics and authoritative
sources to support the idea.
4. State the contribution of the study.
5. Make a clinching statement that will relate the introduction to the proposed research
problem.
6. Quotes, anecdotes, questions, examples, and broad statementsall of them can used
successfully to write an introduction for a research paper.
You may use the following examples when you write your introduction:
We in America today are nearer the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the
history of any land.Herbert Hoover, August 11, 1928

Like an earthquake, the stock market crash of October 1929 cracked startlingly across the
United States, the herald of a crisis
Take, for example, the opening sentences of Robert L. Herberts sweeping study
Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society: When Henry Tuckerman came to Paris in
1867, one of the thousands of Americans attracted there by the huge international exposition, he
was bowled over by the extraordinary changes since his previous visit twenty years before.
(Robert L. Herbert, Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 1988, p. 1.)
Ex:
A central problem in social science is that of accounting for the function of some kind of
social system. Yet in most social research, observations are not made on the system as a whole,
but on some part of it. In fact, the natural unit of observation is the individual person. (Coleman,
1999)
Or you may state
The study of Coleman (1999) suggests that accounting poses a crucial problem for social
science hence it is
If you copy more than 40 words from an original source, use the hanging-indented format:

According to Duke (2015):

In The Sopranos, the mob is besieged as much by inner infidelity as it is by the federal
government. Early in the series, the greatest threat to Tony's Family is his own biological

family. One of his closest associates turns witness for the FBI, his mother colludes with
his uncle to contract a hit on Tony, and his kids click through Web sites that track the
federal crackdown in Tony's gangland. (p. 18)
If you just used a phrase or a sentence, you use quotation like the following example:
Take, for example, the opening sentences of Robert L. Herberts sweeping study
Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society: When Henry Tuckerman came to Paris in
1867, one of the thousands of Americans attracted there by the huge international exposition, he
was bowled over by the extraordinary changes since his previous visit twenty years before.
(Robert L. Herbert, Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 1988, p. 1.)
If it is from a newspaper you may write:
As stated in the Financial Review (2 August 2007, p. 17) 'two of Europe's biggest banks
yesterday unveiled hefty increases in income'.
Objectives
Write a general objective first. State: Generally, this research study aims to investigate the
geology and mineralization of the Seaman Gulch area, east Shasta mining district, Shasta
County, California.
Specifically it aims to:
1. Describe and map the Seaman Gulch and determine the rock units found in the area.
2. Determine if the volcanic rocks found in the area are of tertiary and quarternary age
altered by hydro-thermal and (or) metamorphic processes.
3. Examine the mineralization in the Seaman Gulch and other deposits and assess the
economic potential of the area.

Assumption
Assumption is a realistic expectation which is something that we believe to be true. It
provides a basis to develop theories and research instrument and therefore, influence the
development and implementation of the research process.
Hypothesis
Is a tentative answer to a specific question posed at the beginning of the investigation or
as specified in the sub-problem. It may be alternative or otherwise called operational hypothesis
(Ha), which is in the affirmative, without using no or not. On the other hand, then null hypothesis
(Ho) is stated in the negative.
Significance of the Study
In making this part of the research study, you must identify who will benefit from the results
of the investigation and what they may get from the investigation after the data have been
gathered, analysed and interpreted.
The result of this study will greatly benefit the following:
Respondents. The facts and information generated from this study will help them to
improve their .
Beneficiary 2. This study will provide insights for them.
Beneficiary 3. From the result of this research
Community. The results will provide information.
Other Researchers. The results of this study may help them .
Scope and Delimitation

The scope and delimitation of the study set the boundaries of the investigation. This part
specifically discusses the variables included in the investigation and the justification why they
are included. Likewise, it cites the variables which are excluded from the study and the reason
for their exclusion.
Scope refers to the area of coverage of the study while limitation refers to the furthest
extent within the coverage of the study which the researcher could cover due to inevitable
restriction. This part may also include the timeframe of the study, the possible respondents and
the place where the study is to be conducted.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related literature

Review of related literature provides the needed information on the theories, concepts
and principles which are essential in developing the conceptual and theoretical framework of the
planned topic. It provides the investigator with information on the theories about past researches
related to the topic under the study. In other words, the review of related literature and studies is
a proof that the current undertaking is not duplicative of any other work.
Related literature refers to books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, legal reports and
other published materials containing facts, laws, theories/and other documented observations.
Related studies refers to theses, dissertations and research studies substantially
characterized by the presence of the following part: research problem, hypotheses, objectives,
related literature, methodology, findings, conclusions, recommendations and bibliography.
Just make sure that when making chapter 2 always be guided by the topic under
investigation. As much as possible gather as many related literatures and researches for your
study. Make sure the materials are as recent as possible; objective and unbiased as possible; and
as relevant as possible. You should also be able to identify the variables of the study, the
problems, the scope and delimitation and methodology. Organize the related literature and
related studies reviewed. Write a summative description of the research literature and studies
undertaken.
Just like your introduction, this part of the research paper must the in-text citation of
sources.
Example:
Webster and Phalen (1997) argued that people have fundamental needs for seeking out
news, but the expression of these needs is dependent of the media environment. In other words,

personal needs are limited by structural factors. A combination of both explanations is therefore
expected.
Schement (1998) argues is the calculus of modern media, ethnicity has emerged as a
potent determinant for organizing media segments.
As most people are aware, broadsheet newspapers tend to sell more within the elite and
upper middle classes, the mid markets tend to sell to the middle and lower middle classes and the
red tops tend to sell to the working classes, as shown by Worcester (1998).
Related studies
Use the following example is making your related studies:
In his supranational research, Lauf (2001) found that age has become the most powerful
explanatory value to understand the decline in newspaper readership. The reading population of
paid newspapers becomes older every year.
In the research conducted by Miller, Rainie, Purcell, Mitchell & Rosenstiel (2012) they
find out that along with rural residents, people who live in smaller towns are more likely to rely
on traditional news platforms such as television and newspapers to get local news; newspapers
are especially important to them for civic information

Synthesis of the Art

This part of the chapter includes a brief summary of the literature and studies reviewed. It
specifically stresses on the subject matter reviewed. From the related studies reviewed, the

researcher, should be able to identify the similarities and differences of the reviewed studies with
the present investigation. It is in this part of the research where one is able to identify whether
the research being investigated is a novel one, or a replication or duplication of another research.
Gap Bridged of the Study
This part of the research/thesis identifies the variables which were not explored by other
researchers, thus, became the focus of the investigation. The gap may either be along the subject
of the study, the methodology, the scope or coverage of the study or the subjects or the
respondents of the study.

Theoretical Framework
This is the logical presentation of the theory or theories that is or are linked to each of the
variables of the study which serves as a fundamental structure of the thesis.

What you will include in here is the illustration of the theories you have gathered and its
connection with your study.

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

This part of the research paper must consist of the concepts (which are the variables of
your study). Concepts are by definition abstraction of observable phenomena, and our world
view and views and how those concepts are defined and operationalized.

Illustration of the connections of variables

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design
Research Design is the plan and structure of the investigation conceived so as to obtain
answers to research questions. This refers to a classified or categorized procedure for conducting
the research. The most popular classifications of research method are: Historical, Descriptive
(Qualitativecase study, ethnographic research; Quantitative---survey, cross-sectional,
longitudinal such as trend studies, cohort studies, panel studies), Correlational, Ex-post facto,
Evaluation, Experimental, and Exploratory.
Respondents
If the study requires a group of respondents, you may describe them here. Their gender,
age, their backgrounds. You get them through a sampling method. Types of sampling are:
probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Types of non-probability sampling are:
accidental sampling, quota sampling, convenience sampling. For probability sampling method
you may use: pure random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, purposive
sampling or cluster sampling method. Just consult statistical books to learn more about these
sampling methods.
Methodology
Here your may discuss the: Preliminaries. Letter to the
barangay/captain/dean/manager/respondents, etc.; Orientation/briefing of
enumerators/interviewers; Distribution system; Retrieval date; Follow-up activities and others.
This part may be sometimes called Data Gathering Procedure.

Data Gathering Instruments

Discuss the following: The construction of your instrument; the parts/section of your
instrument; the validity and reliability of the instrument; evaluation and scoring
Statistical Tools
Indicate the statistical tools of the study. Identify which part of the research problem will
make use of the specified statistical tool. Include the formula.

References