2 Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Multiple choice questions

1

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

10 D

[1]

Structured questions
11 a Weigh three mung beans after removing testa

Place beans in barrel of syringe

Allow apparatus and beans to equilibrate for three minutes
Germinating mung beans would take up oxygen and give
off carbon dioxide during respiration
Carbon dioxide is absorbed by soda lime, so the pressure
inside of syringe would decrease
This would cause the coloured water to move towards the
syringe
Distance moved by coloured water is directly proportional
to volume of oxygen uptake
Using a graph page/ruler, measure distance (d) moved by
coloured water per minute for five minutes
Calculate volume of O2 uptake using r2d (r = radius of
capillary tube) per minute
Calculate volume of O2 uptake using r2d (r = radius of
capillary tube) in mm3 min-1 g-1
Capillary tube could be too short
Variations in temperature can affect the volume/pressure in
the syringe
Variations in atmospheric pressure can affect the
volume/pressure in the syringe
Connections may not be airtight
Intrinsic error due to measuring with a ruler
Soda lime can become saturated with carbon dioxide
Any correct answer

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

Any 2 points well

explained [1]
Max [3]

Any 1 point [1]

Max [2]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

Replace germinating seeds with an inert material/glass

beads/boiled seeds of equivalent mass to mung beans
Leave for same length of time
Control would compensate for pressure changes in the
apparatus/changes due absorption of atmospheric carbon
dioxide by soda lime
Distance moved by meniscus can be added (if meniscus
moved away from syringe)/or subtracted (if meniscus
moved towards the syringe) from experiment results

Any point from

1st and 2nd [1]
Point 3 [1]
Point 4 [1]

x-axis correct (independent variable time in seconds) and

properly labelled
y-axis correct (independent variable distance moved by
meniscus/mm) and properly labelled
Points plotted correctly
Appropriate title

Title: Graph showing the distance moved by meniscus

during the uptake of oxygen by mung beans

-1

Average distance moved per min = 67.0/3 = 22.3 mm min

Average volume = 3.14 0.12 22.3 = 0.70 mm3 min-1
Rate of O2 uptake per min per g = 0.70/0.5
= 1.4 mm3 min-1 g-1

Remove soda lime from experiment tube

Replace soda lime with same mass of glass beads/inert
material
Reset the meniscus/push plunger of syringe down
Leave seeds for same length of time and
conditions/temperature as experiment tube
Measure the distance moved per minute for same length of
time as experiment tube
Determine average distance moved per minute
Use oxygen uptake data to calculate carbon dioxide release

Each point [1]

Max [4]

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

3 points [2]
12 points [1]
Correct answer with no
working [1]
Max [3]

Point 1 [1]
Any 2 points [1]
Max [2]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

ii

iii

Acts as a control chamber/acts as a

thermobar/thermobarometer
Eliminates the effects of external temperature or
pressure changes
External pressure or temperature changes act equally on
both sides of the manometer and cancel them out

Used to reset equipment

When opened, used to equalise atmospheric pressure
When closed, used to keep the apparatus airtight/close
off apparatus to external atmospheric pressures

iv
12 a

[1]

To maintain a constant temperature

[1]

Each point [1]

Actual diameter of mitochondrion = Length of A

Magnification
= 58000 m = 0.71m
82000

ii

[1]

Allows movement in the tube to be measured directly as

volume. This removes the need to find out how much
liquid in the tube
Allows for resetting of manometer fluid
Keeps apparatus airtight

I matrix
II cristae
III outer membrane
IV intermembrane space
V inner membrane
i

Any point [1]

Allows for rapid diffusion of gases and other substances

Short diffusion pathway to middle of organelle

Complete working [2]

Partial [1]
Correct answer with
no working [1]

Any point [1]

Structure labeled I

[1]

ii

Structure labeled II

[1]

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

13 a

Folded inner membrane/cristae increases surface area

available for more stalked particles and electron carriers
/more oxidative phosphorylation/ATP synthase
complexes/more protons pumped across membrane
Intermembrane space allows accumulation of protons/H+
Impermeability of inner membrane to protons/H+
maintains proton gradient/protons only go through
channels in ATP stalked particles
Stalked particles/ATP synthase channel for protons
Linear arrangement on ETC on inner membrane greater
efficiency
Membranes separate mitochondrion from cytoplasm
allows for different pH
Inner membrane has attachment of stalked particle
protruding into matrix allows for passage of protons
down a diffusion gradient
Matrix contains enzymes for oxidation and
decarboxylation
Diameter does not exceed 1.0 m to ensure short diffusion
path/distance to centre: allows for rapid diffusion
Any correct answer
Enters: ADP/Pi/NADH/O2/pyruvate/fatty acids/amino
acids
Leaves: water/carbon dioxide/ATP/ NAD
Any correct answer
Is a series of reactions in which a 6C sugar is split into two
molecules of pyruvate, a 3C acid
Two molecules of ATP are used to phosphorylate glucose
but four molecules of ATP are produced by substrate level
phosphorylation, yielding a net synthesis of two ATP for
each molecule of glucose
It is the first of a series of reactions in the respiration process
Location cytoplasm
Enzymes specific for a limited range of reaction
Allows greater control over the breakdown pathway
Allows intermediates to be available for other reactions
Allows for coupling with ATP synthesis
To prevent large heat losses

Any point well

explained [1]
Max [4]

Both points correct [1]

Term well explained [1]

Location [1]

Any 2 points [2]

Between glucose and glucose-6-phosphate

Between fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-bisphosphate

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

[1]
[1]

ii

It increases the activation energy of glucose thereby

making the molecule unstable
It blocks the glucose from leaking out since the cell
lacks transporters for glucose-6-phosphate which no
longer fits the glucose carrier
This ensures the pure glucose is kept at a very low
concentration inside the cells so it will always diffuse
down a concentration gradient from the tissue fluid into
the cell
Glucose-6-phosphate is the starting material for
pentose sugars (and therefore nucleotides) and
glycogen
Point 1 and any other point [2]

When the phosphate group is added to fructose-6phosphate, fructose bisphosphate is formed. This
molecule has symmetry and would allow for formation
of two smaller reactive trioses
This allows for another phosphate group to be added thereby
increasing the activation energy of the molecule

On arrows from fructose-bisphosphate to triose phosphate

ii

Opening of a stable ring structure

Lowers molecular mass
Makes available bonding groups in the form of
phosphates
Production of the three carbon end product, pyruvate,
which has a lower energy level

[1]

Any 2 points [2]

Produces a high energy phosphate group in an organic

substrate
To phosphorylate ADP to form ATP by substrate level
phosphorylation

[1]

Any point [1]

2 ATP

[1]

ii

Substrate level/ground level phosphorylation

[1]

2 molecules of pyruvic acid/pyruvate

2 molecules of reduced NAD/NADH/NADH + H+
2 ATP
2 molecules of water

Any point [1]

It is at the point where NAD is converted to reduced NAD

(between fructose bisphosphate and triose phosphate)

Enters the mitochondrion to be oxidised to carbon dioxide

and water if oxygen is available
Is reduced to lactate if no oxygen is available

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

All products [2]

23 points [1]

Any point [1]

Max [2]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

Essay questions
14 a

Decarboxylation: removal of carbon dioxide

Dehydrogenation: removal of hydrogen/H

Pyruvate enters mitochondrion by active uptake/ATP used

Into matrix of the mitochondrion
CO2 is removed/decarboxylation from pyruvate and
removal of hydrogen/dehydrogenation (oxidation)
NAD reduced/reduced NAD formed
1 molecule of CO2 formed per pyruvate molecule
Forms 2-carbon acetyl compound
Which combines with CoA to form acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA combines with a 4C molecule/oxaloacetate to
form citrate in Krebs cycle

Coenzyme for dehydrogenase

When reduced, carries electrons/protons/H+/hydrogen/H/2H to
electron transport chain/cytochromes from glycolysis, link
reaction and Krebs cycle
When reoxidised, 3 ATP formed per molecule
Aids in oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate in glycolysis
Is regenerated in anaerobic respiration to allow glycolysis
to continue

[1]
[1]

Occurs in matrix of mitochondria

Allows for repeated oxidation and decarboxylation by
building up the number of carbon bonds and attached
H2OH groups.
Series of steps/intermediate occurs
Enzyme catalysed reactions
Decarboxylation/removal of CO2 from 6C compound and
then 5C compound
Decarboxylation allows for oxidation of the group
Dehydrogenation/oxidation
Dehydrogenation/oxidation occurs four times (with NAD
being used as the hydrogen acceptor three times and FAD
used once) per turn of cycle
1 ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation
Oxaloacetate regenerated
Produces 2CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 per turn of
cycle
Any correct answer

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

Any 2 points [2]

78 points [4]
56 points [3]
34 points [2]
12 points [1]

Any point well explained [1]

Max [7]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

15 a

ii

Found in all cells/all organisms

Easily transported because it is small and water soluble
Produced where energy is released
(ADP + Pi + energy = ATP)
Breaks down to release energy where required by
removal of third phosphate group by hydrolysis
Immediate source of energy
Couples energy-releasing reactions/catabolic and
energy-requiring/anabolic reaction

Glycolysis
Active transport
Muscle contraction
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
Cell division
Flagella beating
Endocytosis
Any correct answer

Any 2 points [2]

Any 2 points [2]

Occurs in ETC stage of respiration

ETC located in the cristae of the mitochondria
ETC made up of co-enzymes and cytochromes/electron
carriers
It is made up of four complexes: complex IIV
reduced NAD and reduced FAD from glycolysis, link reaction
and Krebs cycle enters chain
dehydrogenases/enzymes present
removes H from coenzymes
H split into H+ + e_
electrons flow through carriers/cytochromes
release energy
energy used to pump protons/H+ across membrane into
intermembrane space
protons accumulate in the intermembrane space
proton gradient established/proton motive force/
electrochemical gradient/pH gradient
proton flow back through ATP synthase/stalked particles
into matrix

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

Since oxygen is the final electron/proton/hydrogen

acceptor in the ETC, it therefore allows the ETC to
continue by maintaining a flow of electrons and protons
If absent, reduced NAD and FADH2 would remain reduced
Flow of electrons down the chain would stop
No release of energy to create proton motive force
No phosphorylation of ADP
Cytochromes and hydrogen carriers would not be
reoxidised/regenerated
The Krebs cycle stops, no oxidised NAD and FAD for
oxidation
No substrate level phosphorylation

16 a

formation of ATP from ADP + Pi/chemiosmotic synthesis

of ATP
oxygen acts as final acceptor
water is formed
for every reduced NAD, 3 ATP formed and for
every reduced FAD, 2 ATP formed

Diagram [2]
6 well explained points [6]
Each point [1]

Any well explained

point [1]
Max [3]

Reduced NAD and pyruvate remain in cytoplasm

[1]

Yeast:
Pyruvate converted into ethanal with removal of carbon
dioxide/decarboxylation
Ethanal reduced to ethanol
Using 2H/H from reduced NAD
Using alchohol dehydrogenase
NAD reoxidised and recycled to glycolysis
Ethanol passes into the medium

2 well explained points [2]

Mammalian cells:
Pyruvate reduced to lactic acid/lactate
Using 2H/H from reduced NAD
Using lactate dehydrogenase
NAD reoxidised and recycled to glycolysis
Lactate passes into blood/liver

2 well explained points [2]

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

ii

Mammalian muscle cell

Occurs in one step
No decarboxylation/CO2
released
Lactate dehydrogenase
used
Lactate passes into
blood/liver
Process reversible

Yeast
Occurs in 2 steps
Decarboxylation
Alcohol dehydrogenase used
Ethanol passes into medium
Irreversible

Any 2 points [2]

Production of carbon dioxide to make dough rise

Using sugar from the hydrolysis of starch in flour

Production of ethanol and carbon dioxide in alcoholic
drinks
Using sugar/maltose, from germinating cereal grains/other

named sources
c

ii

Any 2 points [2]

During vigorous exercising, oxygen deficit occurs

The additional oxygen that must be taken into the

body after vigorous exercise to restore all systems

to their normal states is called the oxygen debt

Well explained [2]

Incomplete [1]

Lactate formed
Removed to liver via blood
Lactate oxidised to pyruvate
Pyruvate forms glucose or glycogen
Or enters Krebs cycle via link reaction

Point 1 [1]
Any other point [2]
Max [3]

Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011