Student's Laboratory Book 2014-2015

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BUCHAREST
GEOTECHNICS AND FOUNDATIONS DEPARTMENT
2014 - 2015
STUDENTS LABORATORY BOOK
STUDENT NAME: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
YEAR: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ GROUP: _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _

Table of contents
1
Soil grading. Sieving method (STAS 1913/5-85) .......................................................................... 3

1.1
Graphical representation: histogram, frequency curve, grading curve ( SR EN 14688 1/2004) ............................................................................................................................................... 4
2
Soil grading. Hydrometer method ( STAS 1913/5-85).................................................................. 5
2.1
Grading curve ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004) ................................................................................ 6
2.2
Ternary diagram ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004) ............................................................................ 7
3
Soil indices ..................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1
Particle density (STAS 1913/3-76) ........................................................................................ 8
3.2
Bulk density assessement by mould method (STAS 1913/3-76) ....................................... 9
3.3
Density ratio ......................................................................................................................... 10
4
Consistency of soils ..................................................................................................................... 11
4.1
Natural moisture content (STAS 1913/1-82) ....................................................................... 11
4.2
Plastic limit assessment by soil cylinder method (STAS 1913/4-86) .................................. 11
4.3
Liquid limit by Casagrande cup method (STAS 1913/4-86) ............................................... 12
4.4
Liquid limit by cone method (BS 1377 Part 2 1990) ........................................................... 13
4.5
Results interpretation ........................................................................................................... 14
5
Permeability coefficient (STAS 1913/6-76) ................................................................................ 15
5.1
Constant head permeameter ................................................................................................. 15
5.2
Falling head permeameter .................................................................................................... 16
6
Oedometer compressibility test (STAS 8942/1-89) ..................................................................... 17
6.1
Compression-settlement curve ............................................................................................. 18
6.2
Compression-porosity curve ................................................................................................ 19
7
Oedometer consolidation test (STAS 8942/1-89) ........................................................................ 20
7.1
Oedometer consolidation curve ........................................................................................... 21
8
Direct shear test (STAS 8942/2-82)............................................................................................. 22
8.1
Test results ........................................................................................................................... 23
8.2
Mohr-Coulomb failure line .................................................................................................. 24
8.3
Shear strength mobilisation curve ........................................................................................ 24
9
Triaxial compression test UU (unconsolidated, undrained) (BS 1377/6,7,8) ........................... 25
9.1
Failure line ........................................................................................................................... 26
9.2
Stress paths representation in MIT coordinates (s-t) ........................................................... 27
10 Results summary borehole log .................................................................................................. 28
Pag 2 din 28

Soil grading. Sieving method (STAS 1913/5-85)
Dry mass of the sample:

Dry mass of the sample, after washing on the 0.063mm sieve:
Dry mass of the material that passed through the sieve when washed:
mi [g]
d [mm]
ai [%]
md = _ _ _ _ _ _
m=_______
mfine = _ _ _ _ _ _
mp [%]
20
10
8
6.3
5
4
2
1.4
1
0.85
0.63
0.5
0.315
0.25
0.18
0.125
0.09
tray:
Total:
mi mass of the material rested on sieve ' i '
dn
dn-1
d3
d2
d1
mp[%]
______________________
a1=m1/md*100
mp1=(mcutie+mfin)/md * 100
a2=m2/ md *100
mp2=mp1+a1
a3=m3/ md *100
mp3=mp2+a2
ai=mi/ md *100
mpi=mp(i-1)+a(i-1)
an=mn/ md *100
mpn=mp(n-1)+a(n-1)
mn-1
..
..
d4
mn
a[%]
______________________
m4
m3
m2
m1
mtray
Pag 3 din 28

1.1
Argil
/ Clay
Graphical representation: histogram, frequency curve, grading curve ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004)

Praf / Silt
Fin / Fine
Pietri / Gravel
Nisip / Sand
Mijlociu / Medium
Mare / Coarse
Fin / Fine
Mijlociu / Medium
Mare / Coarse
Fin / Fine
Mijlociu / Medium
Bol ovni
/ Cobbl es
Mare / Coarse
100
90
80
70
mp [%]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001
0.002
0.0063 0.01
0.02
0.063
0.1
0.2
0.63
d [mm]
Pag 4 din 28
6.3
10
20
63
100

Soil grading. Hydrometer method ( STAS 1913/5-85)
R 1.4
R cor R R
Dry mass of sample: m= 50g

Particle density: s=2.70g/cm3
Water density: w=1g/cm3
Hydrometer rod length: Lt=16.5cm
Hydrometer readability: div=1mm
Distance from the bulb and the last mark: Lsb=1.2cm
Bulbs volume: Vb=100cm3
Area of the cylinders cross-section: dc=30cm2
Bulb height: hb=16.8cm
Vs=1000 cm3
d 10
18 0.01005
Hr
s w
t 1000
Time
Time
t
(s)
Reading
R
Ct 9 10-5 T3 9 104 T2 0.1118 T 2.5443
R cortemp R cor Ct
mp
Meniscus
correction
R
15''
15
1.4
30''
30
1.4
1'
60
1.4
2'
120
1.4
4'
240
1.4
8'
480
1.4
15'
900
1.4
30'
1800
1.4
1h
3600
1.4
2h
7200
1.4
4h
14400
1.4
8h
36000
1.4
24h
86400
1.4
s
s w
Corrected
reading (1)
Rcor
Rcortemp
1
1000
div
R
H L t 2 cortemp
1
10
100
Rcortemp
m
Temperature
correction
Ct
Corrected
reading (2)
Rcortemp
Pag 5 din 28
(g/cm3)
H
(cm)
Hr
(cm)
V
H r H 0.5 h b s
dc
d
(mm)
mp
(%)
Temperature
T
(C)

2.1
Argil
/ Clay
Grading curve ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004)
Praf / Silt
Fin / Fine
Pietri / Gravel
Nisip / Sand
Mijlociu / Medium
Mare / Coarse
Fin / Fine
Mijlociu / Medium
Mare / Coarse
Fin / Fine
Mijlociu / Medium
Bol ovni
/ Cobbl es
Mare / Coarse
100
90
80
70
mp [%]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001
0.002
0.0063 0.01
0.02
0.063
0.1
0.2
0.63
d [mm]
Pag 6 din 28
6.3
10
20
63
100

2.2
Ternary diagram ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004)

100
90
10
85
Sa
80
20
40
gr.Sa
50
Nis
40
sa.Si
sa.cl.Si
sa.si.Cl
sa.Cl
30
60
gr.sa.si.S
gr.sa.cl.S
gr.sa.Si
gr.sa.Cl
sa.gr.si.S
sa.gr.cl.S
sa.gr.Si
sa.gr.Cl
20
10
50
gr.si.Sa
gr.cl.Sa
Si
cl.Si
si.Cl
Cl
m)
3m
..6
(2.
si.Sa
cl.Sa
60
tris
ip
(
30
Pie
0.0
63
...2
mm
)
70
sa.Gr
70
sa.si.Gr
sa.cl.Gr
80
gr.Si
gr.cl.Si
gr.si.Cl
gr.Cl
si.Gr
cl.Gr
Gr
90
0
100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
15
10
40
30
20
15
10
Argila si Praf
(<0.063mm)
100
90
80
70
60
50
Si
10
cl.Si
20
si.Cl
Argila(<0.002mm)
30
40
50
Cl
60
70
80
90
100
Si
Legenda:
Si - Silt - Praf
Cl - Clay - Argila
Cl
S - Soil - Pamant
Sa - Sand - Nisip
Gr - Gravel - Pietris
cl.Si - clayey Silt - Praf argilos
si.Sa - silty Sand - Nisip prafos
si.Cl - silty Clay - Argila prafoasa
cl.Sa - clayey Sand - Nisip argilos
si.Gr - silty Gravel - Pietris prafos
sa.Gr - sandy Gravel - Pietris nisipos
gr.Sa - gravely Sand - Nisip cu pietris
cl.Gr - clayey Gravel - Pietris argilos
gr.Si - gravely Silt - Praf cu pietris
gr.Cl - gravely Clay - Argila cu pietris
sa.si.Gr - sandy silty Gravel - Pietris prafos cu nisip
sa.cl.Gr - sandy clayey Gravel - Pietris argilos cu nisip
gr.si.Sa - silty Sand with gravel - Nisip prafos cu pietris
gr.cl.Sa - clayey Sand with gravel - Nisip argilos cu pietris
sa.cl.Si - silty Clay with sand - argila prafoasa cu nisip
gr.sa.Si - sandy Silt with gravel - Praf nisipos cu pietris
gr.sa.Cl - sandy Clay with gravel - Argila nisipoasa cu pietris
gr.sa.si.S - gravely sandy silty Soil - Pamant prafos nisipos cu pietris
gr.sa.cl.S - gravely sandy clay Soil - Pamant argilos nisipos cu pietris
sa.gr.si.S - sandy gravely silty Soil - Pamant prafos cu pietris si nisip
sa.gr.cl.S - sandy gravely clayey Soil - Pamant argilos cu pietris si nisip
sa.gr.si.S - sandy gravely silty Soil - Pamant prafos cu pietris si nisip
sa.gr.cl.S - sandy gravely clayey Soil - Pamant argilos cu pietris si nisip
sa.gr.Si - gravely Silt with sand - Praf cu pietris si nisip
sa.gr.Cl - gravely Clay with sand - Argila cu pietris si nisip
gr.cl.Si -clayey Silt with gravel - Praf argilos cu pietris
gr.si.Cl - silty Clay with gravel - Argila prafoasa cu pietris
sa.Si - sandy Silt - Praf nisipos
sa.Cl - sandy Clay - Argila nisipoasa
sa.cl.Si - clayey Silt with sand - Praf argilos cu nisip
sa.si.Cl - silty Clay with sand - Argila prafoasa cu nisip
Pag 7 din 28

3
3.1
Soil indices
Particle density (STAS 1913/3-76)
Dry soil powder
Pyknometer
filled with water
Pyknometer
filled with water
and soil powder
Excess water
m1
mass of water: m2
mass of water+soil:
m3
mass of excess water:

m4
Measurement
unit
Computation data
Mass of pyknometer
m0
Mass of soil
m1
Mass of pyknometer + water
m2
Mass of pyknometer + soil + water
m3
Temperature
Water density
w t
g/cm3
Correction factor
Particle density
= +1
g/cm3
Average
g/cm3
Particle volumic weight: s=9.81s
kN/m3
Pag 8 din 28
Pyknometer no..
1
2
3

3.2
Bulk density assessement by mould method (STAS 1913/3-76)
Measurement
unit
Computation data
Mould mass
m2
Mass of mould + soil
m1
Inner volume of the mould (soil sample

volume)
V0
cm3
=
Average density
Volumic weight
1 2
0
g/cm3
=9.81
Pag 9 din 28
g/cm3
kN/cm3
Sample no.
2

Measurement unit
3.3
Computation data
Density ratio
Natural state
Loosest state
Densest state
Mould no.
Mould volume
cm3
Mould mass
Mass of mould + dry soil
m1
m1 - m
n = (1
1
)100
n average
%
100
e=
1
%
100
%
%
n=
nmax=
nmin=
e=
emax=
emin=
Pag 10 din 28

4.1
Consistency of soils
Natural moisture content (STAS 1913/1-82)
Natural moisture content, w [%]

1
Sample no.
Wet mass of sample, A
Dry mass of sample, B
g
g
% =
100
Plastic limit assessment by soil cylinder method (STAS 1913/4-86)

Plastic limit, wP [%]
1
Sample no.
g
g
% =
wP%average
100
w%average
4.2
Pag 11 din 28

4.3
Liquid limit by Casagrande cup method (STAS 1913/4-86)
125
Automated Casagrande cup

B-B lateral view
Moisture content [%]
150
60
A-A cross
section
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
20
25 30
40
50
Number of blows (log(N)) [-]
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
1
10
Number of blows (log (N)) [-]
100
Liquid limit, wL [%]

1
Sample no.
Wet mass of sample A
Dry mass of sample B
g
g
% =
wL%average
100
Pag 12 din 28

4.4
Liquid limit by cone method (BS 1377 Part 2 1990)
Penetration [mm]
35
30
25
20
15
10
6
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Legend
1. Body
2. Micrometer
3. Rod
4. Cone
5. Stopper
6. Mould with soil sample
50.0
45.0
Penetration [mm]
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Pag 13 din 28
70
80
90
100


1
Sample no.
g
g
% =
100
wL%average
4.5
Results interpretation
Natural moisture content, w [%]

Plastic limit, wP [%]
Plasticity index, IP [%] = wL wP
Consistency index, IC = (wL-w)/(wL-wP)
Consistency description
Pag 14 din 28

Permeability coefficient (STAS 1913/6-76)

5.1
Constant head permeameter
Time
Water
head
Sample
length
Sample
area
Hydraulic
gradient
[s]
[cm]
[cm]
[cm ]
[-]
Permeability
coefficient at
temperature t
[o C]
kt
[-]
[cm/s]
Discharged
Correlation
water
coefficient
volume
V
3
[cm ]
Average:
Pag 15 din 28
Permeability
coefficient at 20o
C
K
[cm/s]

5.2
= = 2.3 1
2
Time
1/t
t
[s]
[1/s]
Falling head permeameter
c=_____
Initial
head
Final
head
h1
h2
[cm]
[cm]
h1/h2
log(h1/h2)
Permeability
coefficient at
20o C
k
[-]
[-]
[cm/s]
Average:
Pag 16 din 28

Oedometer compressibility test (STAS 8942/1-89)

8
8
12
11
9
3
10
2
2
5
1
Legend
1. Supporting frame
2. Body
3. Lever
dinel=cm
LOESS
SAND
Sample
Time
4. Counter weight
5. Loading weight
6. Ram
Aring=cm
[kPa]
[mm]
7. Saturation cell
8. Micrometer
9. Porous stone
10. Soil sample

11. Loading plate
12. Confining ring
h0=cm
h
h0
[%]
12.5
25
50
100
200
300
500
12.5
12.5
25
50
100
200
300
300 i
Pag 17 din 28
[kPa]
M=
1
M
-1
[kPa ]
mv =

6.1
Compression-settlement curve
-2
[%]
10
12
14
10
100
1000
[kPa]
Pag 18 din 28

6.2
Compression-porosity curve
e e
av = 1 2
e [-]
e0=
10
100
1000
[kPa]
Pag 19 din 28
[kPa]
12.5
25
50
100
200
300
500
[%]
e =
(1 + e0 )
100
e = e0 e
av
[kPa-1]

Sample
Time
[kPa]
[mm]
Oedometer consolidation test (STAS 8942/1-89)
h
h0
[%]
[kPa]
M=
1
M
-1
[kPa ]
mv =
10''
0
1
20''
30''
t1
t2
t50 t100
log(t)
40''
1'
50
2'
CLAY
4'
8'
Consolidation
curve
15'
30'
100
1h
2h
4h
8h
15h
24h
Pag 20 din 28

Oedometer consolidation curve
[%]
7.1
timp[s]
Cv= _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm2/s
Pag 21 din 28

Direct shear test (STAS 8942/2-82)

8
12
13
17
8
10
18
12
15
15
11
14
16
7
2
3
5
1
Legend
1. Supporting frame 4. Counter weight
2. Body
5. Loading weight
3. Lever
6. Ram
7. Saturation box
8. Vertical
displacement
micrometer
9. Horizontal
displacement
micrometer
10. Dynamometer
ring
11. Dynamometer
micrometer
12. Motor
T Horizontal force
Horizontal displacement
Sample 1
Shear stress = T/A
=
c=
13. Upper shearing

box
14. Lower shearing
box
15. Fixing bar
Sample 2
16. Porous stone

17. Loading plate
18. Soil sample
Sample 3
(kPa)
max=
(kPa)
(kPa)
Horizontal cross-section of the
shear box
Loading
plate
T
60 mm
Normal force
Fixed part
60 mm
Shear force
Mobile
part
Pag 22 din 28

8.1
T
(kN)
Sample 1
(mm)
(kPa)
T
(kN)
Test results
Sample 2
(mm)
Pag 23 din 28
(kPa)
T
(kN)
Sample 3
(mm)
(kPa)

8.2
Mohr-Coulomb failure line
200
180
160
140
[kPa]
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
[kPa]
8.3
Shear strength mobilisation curve
200
180
160
140
[kPa]
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
[mm]
Pag 24 din 28
10
12
14

Triaxial compression test UU (unconsolidated, undrained) (BS 1377/6,7,8)
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
3 =
kPa - radial stress
c=
kPa
kPa deviator stress

kPa vertical stress
1=3+
2
3
4
Legend
1. Pressure cell
2. Locking system of the pressure cell
3. Top port
4. Loading ram
5. Vertical load transducer
6. Pedestal
7. O rings
8. Membrane
9. Top cap
10. Porous stone
11. Pore water pressure transducer
12. Back pressure and volume
controller
13. Draining water line
14. Cell pressure and volume
controller
7
10
10
7
6
13
12
11
14
Pag 25 din 28

9.1
Failure line
400
350
300
[kPa]
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
[kPa]
Pag 26 din 28
250
300
350
400

9.2
Stress paths representation in MIT coordinates (s-t)

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
13
2

t= 12 3
kPa
kPa
s=
t=
s=
d=
kPa
500
450
400
350
t [kPa]
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
s [kPa]
Pag 27 din 28
300
350
400
450
500

10 Results summary borehole log
3.25
Praf argilos nisipos, galbui, cu

intercalatii cenusii, plastic moale /
Soft yellowish sandy silty clay, with
grey intercalations
39
15
24
26
13
13
n
(%)
Sr
(-)
Pu
(kPa)
k
(cm
s)
Pc
M2-3
(kPa) (kPa)
im3
cv
(%) (kPa-1)
()
c
(kPa)
N lovituri / N blows
Modul edometric /
Oedometer modulus
Coef. de permeabilitate/
Permeability coefficent
Indicele porilor /
Voids ratio
Gradul de saturare /
Saturation ratio
Presiunea de umflare /
Swelling pressure
e
(-)
Efort de preconsolidare/
Preconsolidation stress
w
(%) ( kN
m)
Rezistenta la
forfecare/
Shear strenght
Coef. de consolidare /
Consolidation coef.
Unghiul de frecare
interna Internal
friction angle
Coeziune /
Cohesion
IP
(%)
Tasare spec. la umezire/

Settlement when moist
wP
(%)
Porozitatea / Porosity
Limita de framantare /
Plastic Limit
Indice de plasticitate /
Plasticity Index
Curgator / Liquid
0
Pl.curgator / Very soft
0.25
Pl.moale / Soft
0.50
Pl consistent / Firm
0.75
Pl vartos / Stiff
1.00
Tare / Hard
Umiditatea naturala/
Natural moisture content
Greutate volumica /
Unit weight
Limita de curgere /
Liquid limit
wL
(%)
Indicii de compresibilitate/
Compresibility indices
15.40 - c (cu)
Umplutura si pamant vegetal / Debris

and topsoil
Un
(%)
Indice de consistenta/
Consistancy index
Lim. Atterberg
26.10 - ? (cu)
0.45
Argila / Clay
Praf /Silt
Nisip / Sand
2.000
Pietris / Gravel
63.00
Bolovanis / cobble
Coef. de neuniformitate /
Uniformity coefficient
Denumirea stratificatiei /
Layer material
0.063
Borcan / Disturbed
sample
Granulometrie/
Grading
0.002
Stut / Steel tube
Nr. proba /
Sample #
N.A.S. / G.W.T
Stratificatia / Lithology
Cota terenului /
Ground level
-0.45 0.45
Intocmit / Author:
Verificat / Checked:
Adancimea / Depth
0.00
0.00 mdMN / m Black

Sea lvl
Cota fata de /
Elevation
with respect
to
Grosimea stratului /
Layer thickness
Unitatea Executanta a forajului / Drilling Company:

Amplasamentul / Site:
Fisa sintetica a forajului / Borehole Summary:
(-)
2.00
23
67
10
P3
4.00
42
50
>15
6.00
98
<5
0.59
24
19.10 43
0.75 0.87 24.00
9390 - sat
P2
2.00
1.00
3.00
-3.70 3.70
4.00
5.00
3.50
6.00
7.00
Nisip prafos la nisip, galbui, cu

intercalatii cenusii, mediu indesat /
Medium dense fine and medium
yellow silty sand to sand, with grey
intercalations
P4(SPT)
-7.20 7.20
8.00
P5
8.00
P6
9.50
2.80
9.00
10.00
-10.00 10.00
Pag 28 din 28
0.29
22
22
9/11/13

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Student&#39;s Laboratory Book 2014-2015

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TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BUCHAREST

GEOTECHNICS AND FOUNDATIONS DEPARTMENT