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Experiment (II)
to be 13.0 C.
equation:
equation:
(i) Calculate the standard enthalpy of neutralization for experiment (I) and experiment (II)
Explain the difference in values obtained.
respectively.
(ii)
-394.80 kJ mol-1
-488.88 kJ mol-1
+39.48 kJ mol-1
enthalpy of reaction:
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(g)
-242.76 kJ mol-1
-809.34 kJ mol-1
Calculate
(i) the standard enthalpy of formation of H2O(l) at 298K, and
(ii) the enthalpy change for the following reaction at 298K:
CH3COOH(l) CH4(g) + CO2(g)
(8 marks)
(i)
Since
H = -242.76 kJ mol-1
H2O(g) H2O(l)
H = -39.48 kJ mol-1
H = -242.76 kJ mol-1
+ H2O(g) H2O(l)
H = -39.48 kJ mol-1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(l)
H = -282.24 kJmol-1
(ii)
Since
H = -809.34 kJ mol-1
H
2C(s) + 3H2(g) + 0.5O2(g)
CH3CH2OH(l)
+ 3O2(g)
+ 3O2(g)
H1
H2
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
CuSO4.5H2O(s)
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
+ aq
+ aq
H2
H1
CuSO4(aq)
H
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
H = Hf
CuSO4.5H2O(s)
CuSO4(s) + 5 Hf
H2O(l)}
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(ii)
(i)
-285.9
-92.3
HCl(g) + aq HCl(aq)
-71.9
-425.6
NaCl(s) + aq NaCl(aq)
+3.9
The enthalpy of neutralization of ethanoic acid with aqueous sodium hydroxide is 55.2 kJmol-1
while that of hydrochloric acid is 57.3 kJ mol-1. Account for the difference in these two values.
(6 marks)
Reaction
H / kJ mol-1
Na(s) + 1/2 O2(g) + 1/2 H2(g) + aq NaOH(aq)
-425.6
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
-57.3
HCl(g) + aq HCl(aq)
-71.9
1/2 H2(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g) HCl(g)
-92.3
H2O(l) H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)
+285.9
+)
NaCl(aq)
NaCl(s) + aq
-3.9
___________________________________________________________________
Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g) NaCl(s)
-365.1 kJmol-1
-1
i.e. the enthalpy of formation of NaCl(s) is -365.1 kJmol
(ii) As CH3COOH is a weak acid, it will only be slightly ionized. The difference in the two values is mainly due to
the enthalpy change of ionization, i.e. energy is absorbed for iuonization.
CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
H = -55.2 (-57.3) = +2.1 kJmol-1
-726.6 kJ mol-1
-393.5 kJ mol-1
-285.8 kJ mol-1
The standard enthalpy of formation of a compound is the standard enthalpy change that occurs when one
mole of the compound is made from its constituent elements under standard conditions (298 K and 1
atmospheric pressure)
e.g.
(ii)
cyclopropane(g)
-2091
propene(g)
-2058
propane(g)
-2220
water(l)
-285.8
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change involved in the hydrogenation of cyclopropane to propane.
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change involved in the conversion of cyclopropane to propene.
Comment on the relative stabilities of cyclopropane and propene.
(8 marks)
(i)
(g)
+ H2 (g)
CH3CH2CH3(g)
+5O2(g)
+5O2(g)
H1
H2
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
H1
= Hc[cyclopropane(g)] + Hc[H2(g)]
= Hc[cyclopropane(g)] + Hf[H2O(l)]
= -2091 + (-285.8)
=-2376.8 kJmol-1
H2
Since H = H1 - H2
Therefore, H = -2376.8 + 2220 = -156.8 kJmol-1
(ii)
H
CH3CH=CH2 (g)
(g)
+4.5O2(g)
+4.5O2(g)
H1
H2
3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
H / kJ mol-1
-75.0
-393.5
-285.9
H / kJ mol-1
+105.56
-207.36
-167.15
-127.07
Molar mass /g
44
18
32
H = +10 kJ mol-1
Given that the standard enthalpy changes of formation at 298K of AgClO3(s) and AgCl(s) are 30 kJ mol-1
and 127 kJ mol-1 respectively, calculate Hf, 298 [ClO2(g)]. Hence, comment on the stability of ClO2(g)
under standard conditions.
(3 marks)
0.10 g of magnesium was added to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid in a polystyrene foam cup with
negligible heat capacity. The maximum rise in temperature of the mixture was found to be 4.3oC.
Given that the heat capacity of the acid used is 494 Jk-1, calculate the molar enthalpy change of the reaction:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(iii) In a similar experiment, the molar enthalpy change for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with
hydrochloric acid was found to be -90 kJ.
In addition, given that the standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(l) is -285 kJmol-1 and that of CO2(g)
is -393 kJmol-1, estimate the enthalpy change of formation of MgCO3(s) under the conditions of the
experiment.
(7 marks)
(ii)
Based on the standard enthalpy changes of formation given below, calculate the standard enthalpy
changes for the complete combustion of octane and ethanol respectively.
Assuming that gasoline contains only octane, compare the enthalpy change of combustion values, in kJ
g-1 , of gasoline and an alternative fuel containing gasoline and 10% ethanol by mass.
(iii) Besides cutting down petroleum consumption, suggest one additional advantage of using the
alternative fuel over using gasoline.
(9 marks)
(i)
(ii)
Compound
o
H f , 298
/ kj mol -1
H 2 O(l )
HCl(g)
SiO 2 (s)
SiCl 4 (l )
286
92
910
640
State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound.
SiCl 4 (l ) undergoes hydrolysis to give SiO 2 (s)
(I)
Write the chemical equation for the hydrolysis.
(II) Using the above data, calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrolysis.
State ONE assumption made in your calculation.
(III) Does the hydrolysis have a positive, negative or zero entropy change? Explain.
(7 marks)
(v)
Explain why alanine exists as a crystalline solid under room temperature and atmospheric
pressure, whereas amines and carboxylic acids with a comparable molar mass are liquids.
Suggest why proteins in blood can function as a buffer.
In the human body, alanine undergoes biological oxidation to give carbon dioxide, water and urea
(CO(NH2)2). Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
When nitrogen-containing organic compounds are burnt in calorimetric experiments, the nitrogen
they contained is transformed to nitrogen molecules.
Write the chemical equation for the combustion of each of the following compounds in a calorimetric
experiment:
(I)
alanine
(II) urea
Using the equations that you have given in (iii) and (iv), as well as the standard enthalpy changes of
combustion given in the table below:
calculate the energy, in kJ, that can be obtained from the biological oxidation of 1,00 g of alanine at
298 K.
(12 marks)
D
21. [HKAL 2010 II Q2a]
A flight of space shuttle requires the use of three propellants:
A solid propellant, which is a mixture of powdered Al(s) and NH4ClO4(s), is used to power the rockets
carrying the shuttle. Upon ignition, the solid propellant reacts to give Al2O3(s), AlCl3(s), NO(g) and H2O(g).
This reaction provides energy for launching the rockets and the shuttle up to the upper atmosphere.
After the shuttle separates from the rockets, the shuttle is propelled into its designated orbit by a cryogenic
propellant, which is a mixture of H2(l) and O2(l).
When the shuffle is in its orbit, a hypergolic propellant, of which the fuel is CH3NHNH2(l) and the oxidant
is N2O4(l), will provide energy for manoeuvring the shuttle. The fuel and oxidant react upon mixing, without
ignition, to give CO2(g), H2O(g) and N2(g).
(i)
(ii)
Given the following standard enthalpy changes of formation, calculate the standard enthalpy
change, at 298 K, of reaction (I) and that of reaction (II).
Compound
Al2O3(s)
-1676
AlCl3(s)
-704
CH3NHNH2(l)
+53
CO2(g)
-394
H2O(g)
-242
NH4ClO4(s)
-295
NO(g)
+90
N2O4(l)
-20
(iii) Suggest an advantage of using the solid propellant in powering the rockets.
(iv) The cryogenic propellant is also used to produce electricity for use in the shuttle. Briefly describe the
electrochemical processes involved.
(v) State an advantage of using the hypergolic propellant in manoeuvring the shuttle.
(10 marks)