Broadband Technologies and ADSL Ver 3

Broadband Technologies
Broadband
Technologies
ITI Limited
Raebareli
Issue: 01
ITI Limited, Raebareli
Contents
Introduction
Competing Broadband Technologies
Wireless Technologies
Fixed Line Technologies
Broadband Technology Comparison
Future Perspectives
ADSL
Introduction
DSL connectivity
ADSL - Network and Architecture
Carrierless Amplitude Phase
Discrete Multi-tone (DMT)
Data over ADSL
PPPoE
Introduction
The broadband revolution is forcing the competition in the broadband service

market and broadband service providers to plan their strategies for delivery of
services with voice, data and video provided by a single connection. Over recent
years, as the internet and intranets have evolved, increasing requirements for
bandwidth intensive applications such as peer to peer file sharing and tele-working
have resulted in relentlessly increasing demands for higher broadband bandwidth
provisioning. However, it is the bandwidth required by next generation TV
and video services, such as Video on Demand (VoD), and more significantly,
high definition TV (HDTV) which have recently begun to place the most
pressure on bandwidth provisioning in broadband networks. Even with the
latest data compression techniques, HDTV requires in the order of 15 to 20
Mbps of downstream bandwidth and this is testing the capabilities of a
number of broadband technologies.
There are quite a few competing technologies which can provide the bandwidth
required to deliver broadband services, but each technology has its limits in terms
of bandwidth, reliability, cost or coverage. Optical fiber offers almost limitless
bandwidth capabilities, has excellent reliability and is becoming increasingly
economical to install. Consequently fiber seems to be unsurpassed in its
superiority over the other broadband technologies. However, many competitive
copper and wireless technologies are developing at a significant pace and some
technologies have so far managed to continually meet the ever increasing
bandwidth requirements of the consumer.
The latest developments in the broadband access technologies and we will
meat the future requirements of the broadband users. Each one has some
advantages over the other technologies.
Competing Broadband Technologies
In general broadband solutions can be classified in two groups:

Fixed line technologies
Wireless technologies
The fixed line solutions communicate via a physical network that provides a
direct wired connection from the customer to the service provider. The best
example of this is the plain old telephone system (POTS) where the customer is
physically connected to the operator by a pair of twisted copper cables. Wireless
solutions use radio or microwave frequencies to provide a connection between
the customer and the operators network; mobile phone connectivity is a prime
example.
Fixed Line Technologies
Fixed line broadband technologies rely on a direct physical connection to the

subscribers residence or business. Many broadband technologies such as
cable modem, xDSL (digital subscriber line) and broadband powerline have
evolved to use an existing form of subscriber connection as the medium for
communication. Cable modem systems use existing hybrid fiber-coax Cable TV
networks. xDSL systems use the twisted copper pair traditionally used for
voice services by the POTS.
Broadband powerline broadband technology uses the power lines feeding into
the subscribers home to carry broadband signals. In general, all three
aforementioned technologies strive to avoid any upgrades to the existing
network due to the inherent implications for capital expenditure. By contrast,
fiber to the home (FTTH) or fiber to the curb (FTTC) networks require the
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installation of a new (fiber) link from the local exchange (central office) directly
to or closer to the subscriber. Consequently, although fiber is known to offer the
ultimate in broadband bandwidth capability and the installation costs of such
networks have, up until recently, been prohibitively high.
The fixed line technologies evaluated here include:
Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC): Cable TV & Cable Modems
Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)
Broadband Power Line (BPL)
Fiber to the Home/Curb (FTTH/FTTC)
Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC): Cable TV & Cable Modems
Digital cable TV networks are able to offer bi-directional data transfer
bandwidth in addition to voice and digital TV services. Using a cable modem in
the customer premise and a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) at the
networks head-end, the well established HFC standard, DOCSIS 1.1, provides for
a data transmission service with speeds of up to a 30 Mbps on one 8 MHz
channel (6 MHz is used in the US) using QAM modulation techniques.
The recently proposed HFC standard, DOCSIS 3.0, may be capable of 100 Mbps
of bandwidth per channel in the near future. Data transmission over Cable TV
networks has the advantage that where the coaxial cable is in good condition and
RF amplifiers exist (or can be installed) to extend the network reach, relatively
high bandwidths can be provided to the end user without distance limitations.
However, a cable TV broadband service relies on a hared network architecture
(see Figure 1); this results in the limitation that the amount of bandwidth
delivered to the customer is dependant on how many people share the
connection back to the head-end.
Typically a service of 1 Mbps downstream and 128 kbps upstream is offered
(more recently a 3-5 Mbps downstream service has become available), but up to
1000 users may share the connection to the head-end and so the actual
bandwidth obtained can be lower due to excessive loading of the system by other
users.
Figure 1: A typical shared network Architecture
Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)

DSL technology uses the existing copper telephone infrastructure to facilitate high
speed data connections. DSL equipment achieves this by dividing the voice and
data signals on the telephone line into three distinct frequency bands. For
4
example with Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), voice conversations are carried in the 0 to
4 KHz (3 KHz in U.S.) band (as they are in all POTS circuits), the upstream data
channel is carried in a band between 25 and 160 KHz and the downstream data
channel begins at 240 KHz and goes up to about 1.1 MHz. Complex data
modulation techniques enable data rates of up to 12 Mbps. DSL access modules
(DSLAMS) are placed in the local exchange or at nodes in the access network to
transmit and receive the data signals. However xDSL has the disadvantage that it is a
distance-sensitive technology. As the connection length from the user to the DSLAM
increases, the signal quality decreases and the connection speed goes down (see
Figure 2).
There are a number of different DSL technologies, the key ones are ADSL, SDSL
(symmetric), VDSL (Very high bit rate DSL) and ADSL2+. More recently,
ADSL2++ has been introduced. Table 1 shows that ADSL technology can
provide maximum downstream speeds of up to 12 Mbps and upstream speeds of
up to 640 Kbps at a distance of about 0.3 km. The ultimate distance limit for
ADSL service is 5.4 km, but at this distance transmission speeds are limited to
approximately 500 Kbps. In order to maximise network coverage out to the full
5.4 km, the ADSL speeds widely offered today in Europe are 500 Kbps
downstream, with upstream speeds from 128 Kbps. For business applications it is
possible to get Symmetric DSL (SDSL) which allows high speed download and
uploads, but again the maximum available bandwidth is around 3Mbps. With
VoD requiring at least 3Mbps and HDTV requiring approximately 15 to 20
Mbps, clearly neither ADSL or SDSL can meet the bandwidth requirements for
HDTV and may well struggle to provide VoD and/or a basic video service over
the full network.
Figure 2: Connection length from the user to the DSLAM increases vs the signal quality
and the connection speed
However, VDSL and the more recently introduced ADSL2+ can offer
bandwidths high enough to allow video services. VDSL can offer up to 52 Mbps,
but only over very short distances. Therefore in order to offer VDSL to a
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significant proportion of the population the DSLAMs need to be relocated to

street cabinets (closer to the subscriber) and fiber feeds installed to the street
cabinets. The cost of this upgrade and laying fiber to the cabinets means that
VDSL is prohibitively expensive relative to ADSL technology and VDSL
deployments have been limited.
The latest technologies to emerge from the DSL family are ADSL 2+ and ADSL
2++. ADSL2++ is still in its infancy and is not yet supported by an appropriate
standard. ADSL2+ however, is standardized and allows transmission of sufficient
bandwidth for some video services, over greater distances than VDSL, without
the need for DSLAM relocation. As a result ADSL2+ is becoming the upgrade
path for operators wishing to improve upon their standard ADSL service
offerings.
Table: xDSL bandwidth versus distance capability
Technol
ogy
Max
Upstream
Capacity
Max
Downstrea
m
Capacity
Max
Downstre
Distan am
ce
Capacity
( KM) @Max
Distance
Frequency
Range
ADSL
640 kbps
12 Mbps
(0.3 Km)
5.4
1.5 Mbps
Up to 1.1
MHz
SDSL
3 Mbps
3 Mbps
2.7
2 Mbps
Up to 1.1
MHz
ADSL 2+
1 Mbps
26 Mbps
(0.3 Km)
3.6
4 Mbps
Up to 2.2
MHz
VDSL
16 Mbps
52
Mbps(0.3
Km)
1.3
13 Mbps
Up to 12
MHz
Note: the maximum data capacities shown are in the table not available at
the maximum distance. There is always a trade-off between distance and
bandwidth.
Broadband Powerline (BPL)
BPL systems allow for high speed data transmission over existing power lines, and
do not need a network overlay as they have direct access to the ubiquitous power
utility service coverage areas. BPL systems are being promoted as a cost-effective
way to service a large number of subscribers with broadband. In a BPL system,
the data is transmitted over the existing power line as a low voltage, high
frequency signal which is coupled to the high voltage low frequency power
signal. The frequency transmission band has been chosen to ensure minimum
interference with the existing power signal. Typical data rates in current trials are
2 to 3 Mbps, but vendors have indicated that commercially systems offering up
to 200 Mbps could eventually become available. However, there is no clear
upgrade path to higher data rates.
Most BPL systems at present are limited to a range of 1km within the low voltage
grid, but some operators are extending this reach in to the medium voltage grid.
Experience has shown that BPL requires a high investment cost, to upgrade the
power transmission network and bypass transformers, to support high speed and
6
reliable broadband services. In addition, the frequencies used for BPL often
interfere with amateur radio transmission and some BPL trials have consequently
suffered considerable opposition. At present, given the cost and the lack of an
upgrade path, it seems unlikely that BPL will emerge as a leading broadband
technology, but will remain as a niche fixed-line broadband option
Fiber to the Home/Curb (FTTH / FTTC)
FTTx is a generic term for those technologies which bring fiber, a step closer
to the subscriber. However, not all fiber solutions in access networks bring the
fiber directly to the home/subscriber as shown in Figure 3. Some technologies
in the access that rely on fiber, like VDSL, bring fiber from the local exchange
(central office) down to a node in the access network or to the curb, where
equipment is housed in a street cabinet to convert signals from optical to
electronic, ready for the final hop to the subscriber over twisted copper pair.
This level of fiber provision in the network would be called FTTC (fiber to the
curb) or FTTN (fiber to the node). Other architectures include FTTB (fiber to the
building) and FTTP (fiber to the premises) where the fiber is brought as far as
the building and then distributed amongst the resident subscribers over
twisted copper pair or using wireless technology. FTTH is the ultimate fiber
access solution where each subscriber is connected to an optical fiber.
As FTTH has matured, applications have converged on to two consensus
solutions. The first is the Passive Optical Network, or PON. PONs have been
described for FTTH as early as 1986. In this architecture the main signal from the
local exchange is passively split such that it is shared by between 16 and 32
subscribers (see Figure 3).
Privacy is ensured by time shifting, and personal encryption of each subscribers
traffic. Upstream traffic is enabled by Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
synchronization. Fixed network and exchange costs are shared among all
subscribers. This reduces the key cost per subscriber metric. The PON solution
benefits from having no outside-plant electronics. This reduces network
complexity and life-cycle costs, while simultaneously improving reliability.
Figure 3: Fiber directly to the home/subscriber
The second common FTTH architecture is a point-to-point (P2P) network

which is often referred to as an All Optical Ethernet Network (AOEN). In this
solution, each home is directly connected by optical fiber to the local
exchange. This provides a dedicated line of connection to the operator for
each subscriber, which is the main advantage of P2P networks over PONs. The
7
dedicated connection lines of a P2P network facilitate subscriber specific

service supply, higher subscriber bandwidth with improved traffic security,
and simple provision of symmetric services.
The P2P network architecture is similar to the common enterprise Local Area
Network (LAN) design and so has the advantage of being able to use existing
components and equipment, which helps to reduce system cost. However,
P2P networks require actives in the field which can increase installation,
operating and life-cycle costs and also reduce reliability.
Figure 4: VDSL, bring fiber from the local exchange (central office) down to a node in
the access network or to the curb
Standards are established for both PON and P2P networks and suppliers exist
for both PON and P2P systems, offering either Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) or IP/Ethernet transmission on either architecture type. As a result there
are many vendors offering many increasingly competitively priced P2P or PON
networking products.
Current Ethernet PON (EPON) systems can operate at up to 1 Gbps over distances
of up to 20 km, which is 40 times greater bandwidth delivery than ADSL2+ can
achieve at 1km. EPON systems will soon be offering 2.5 Gbps split between 64
users (although 32 users is more likely). Even with the EPON bandwidth shared
amongst 64 consumers, the bandwidth offered to the FTTH consumer can greatly
outstrip anything achievable by cable services or ADSL2+ over a radial coverage
area of 20 km.
In addition Wavelength Division Multiplexed PON (WDM PON) is now being
explored. This technology, by bringing a single optical channel to each
subscriber (eliminating bandwidth sharing), will further increase the bandwidth
offered by PON systems. Therefore it is an unchallenged fact that fiber, as a
communication medium, offers almost infinite bandwidth over far greater
distances relative to all its competitors.
Wireless Technologies
Generally, wireless broadband refers to technologies that use point-to-point

or point-to-multipoint microwave in various frequencies between 2.5 and 43 GHz
to transmit signals between hub sites and an end-user receiver. While on the
network level, they are suitable for both access and backbone infrastructure, it is in
the access network where wireless broadband technology is proliferating. As a
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consequence, the terms wireless broadband and wireless broadband access

are used interchangeably.
There are a wide range of frequencies within which wireless broadband
technologies can operate, with a choice of licensed and unlicensed bands.
Generally speaking, higher frequencies are advantaged relative to lower
frequencies as more spectrum is available at high frequencies and smaller
antennas can be used, enabling ease of installation. Most higher bandwidth
systems use frequencies above 10 GHz. However, high frequency systems are
severely attenuated by poor weather conditions (e.g. rain or fog) and therefore
suffer from distance limitations.
Wireless technologies can be broadly categorized into those requiring line-ofsight (LOS) and those that do not. Point-to-point microwave, Local Multipoint
Delivery System (LMDS), Free Space Optics (FSO), and Broadband Satellite all
require line-of-sight for reliable signal transmission while cellular technologies
like GSM, CDMA, 3G, WiFi, WiMax, and fixed wireless broadband technologies
like Multipoint Multichannel Distribution System (MMDS) require no line-ofsight between the transmission hub and receiving equipment. Clearly, the non
line-of-sight (NLOS) technologies provide advantages in terms of ease of
deployment and wider network coverage.
This section gives an overview of each of these wireless technologies. The
technologies evaluated here include:
Microwave links
MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service)
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service)
FSO (Free Space Optics)
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
Satellite
3G (Third Generation Mobile Network)
Microwave Links
Microwave links are the traditional workhorse of fixed-wireless broadband
systems and were around long before the term wireless broadband was
coined. It is the point-to-point LOS wireless transmission method for up to 155
Mbps (STM1 or OC-3), with a range of up to 5 km. Single channel microwave
links are relatively inexpensive and simple to install. This is particularly true in
areas of difficult (e.g. mountainous) terrain or of high population density where
the installation costs of a traditional buried cabled network are prohibitively
high.
However, microwave networks have the great disadvantage of being limited
by a very low data rate and are therefore of little use for high capacity links or
for networks where it is essential to ensure that bandwidth capability is never
outstripped by consumer bandwidth demand. Microwave capacity can be
enhanced by installing more links, but deployment of additional links will soon
push the overall cost of a microwave network to the point where it outstrips the
cost of a much higher bandwidth traditional buried cables system. For
networks with a low predicted capacity, microwave can be the lowest cost
solution, but microwave will inhibit significant capacity expansion and in the
longer term may result in lost business opportunity.
MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service)
For a wide coverage area, a microwave system will require a multitude of point
to point links. MMDS allows the point-to-point antenna system used for
microwave links to be replaced by a sector antenna in the transmitting base
station which sends signals to multiple locations within a 60 or 90 angle
sector. By overcoming the point to point limitations of microwave links and
enabling a wide coverage area, MMDS offers a microwave solution with a
reduced cost per link. MMDS uses this point to multipoint architecture to
deliver television signals and, more recently, telephone/fax and data
communications.
Initially referred to as wireless cable, MMDS has been around since the 1970s.
MMDS was introduced as an alternative to Cable TV, to provide coverage in
areas of remote or difficult terrain where the cost of cable installation were
prohibitively high. MMDS service is delivered using terrestrial based radio
transmitters that use frequencies in the lower end of the ultra-high frequency
(UHF) range of the radio spectrum (between 2.1 and 2.7 GHz). The
transmitters are sited at the highest location in the intended coverage area.
Each subscriber receives MMDS using a small digital receiver placed at their
location with line of sight to the transmitters. The workable range can reach up
to 100 km in flat terrain but is significantly less in hilly or mountainous areas.
MMDS channels are 6 MHz wide and run on licensed and unlicensed bands.
In the US a bandwidth block of 200 MHz is allocated to a licensed MMDS carrier,
which originally facilitated 33 analog TV channels of 6 MHz each. With the
migration to digital services, the 33 analog channels were converted to 99 digital,
10 Mbps data streams, enabling full Ethernet connectivity and a total capacity
of up to 1 Gbps. Capacity can be further increased by multiplexing the use of
frequencies and sector cells. However, as a large number of users may share the
same radio channels, data throughputs are typically much lower than they
are for many other broadband wireless options, with practical data
throughputs in the range of 500 kbps to 1 Mbps.
Figure 5: Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
Customers are protected from interference from other users when the provider
uses licensed frequencies and due to the use of the lower frequencies on the
UHF radio spectrum, rain, fog or snow do not affect performance. However,
the ultimate limitation of MMDS is the limited number of licensed channels
available. Only 600 MHz of bandwidth is available between 2.1 and 2.7 GHz
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and licensed MMDS is typically operated only in the 200 MHz section from 2.5
GHz to 2.7 GHz. This restricts the available bandwidth and thereby limits the
data rate per subscriber or the total number of possible subscribers, making
MMDS a broadband solution that is suited only to low data rate or localized
services.
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service)

Like MMDS, LMDS uses a sector antenna at the base station to transmit in a
point to multi-point fashion over a wide coverage area . By operating in the
higher UHF radio frequencies (27.5 GHz to 31 GHz), LMDS can offer much
higher bandwidth but the range of the radio signals is limited to approximately
8 km, due to higher free space attenuation. Hence, it is a very localized service.
In the US LMDS has been allocated the 27.5 to 29.5 GHz band and is currently
intended to deliver digital TV services with each channel occupying 20 MHz of
bandwidth. LMDS can also used to provide two-way broadband services such as
voice, data, video and internet. Each LMDS channel is capable of 45 Mbps
downstream (with an upper limit of 155 Mbps) but requires LOS between the
base station and customer transceiver. Like MMDS, LMDS offers a more
economical solution for wide area coverage than point to point microwave links.
However, LMDS is distance limited and the ultimate subscriber capacity and
their respective maximum data rate are also limited by the available radio
spectrum.
Figure 6: Local Multipoint Distribution Service
FSO (Free Space Optics)

A FSO system employs the use of infra-red sources or lasers to support freespace data transmission rates of between 10Mbps and 1.25Gbps between a
transmitter and a receiver over distances of up to 4km. LOS is required for such
system, which operate at THz frequencies in the RF spectrum.
The main advantages of FSO systems are the low installation costs and
avoidance of radio spectrum licensing requirements as FSO systems use a light
signal instead of a radio wave. However, due to the point-to-point nature of FSO
systems, they are not cost effective for the wide area coverage required for
competitiveness in todays broadband consumer market. In addition, free-space
optics are susceptible to system outage in poor weather conditions. FSO systems
are therefore primarily suited to private applications.
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WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access)
WiFi is a highly localized adaptation of MMDS, which does not require LOS.
Based on the IEEE 802.11x standard and transmitting in unlicensed spectrum
at 2.4 GHz, WiFi operates in the low frequency are of UHF in a point to multipoint fashion. The increased penetration of signals at these frequencies
allows WiFi transmitters to operate at low power and still achieve ranges of
up to 30 meters in doors and up to 450 meters outdoors. The main application
of WiFi is to provide highly local wireless radio links to end user communications
equipment (e.g. PCs, VoIP phones) within customer premises/residences.
The latest WiFi products support data rates up to 54 Mbps and encryption
software is used to provide user security. WiFi hotspots are premises such as
airports, and restaurants which have set up local WiFi connectivity to the
internet. Although it is best suited to within building applications, in certain cities
(e.g. Amsterdam) WiFi service providers have set up and are using multiple WiFi
transceiver sites to provide city centre WiFi connectivity to individuals and
private enterprises (e.g. hotels) over a radius of approximately 3 km. However,
at present the 54 Mbps per channel capability limits the practical end user data
rate to approximately 1 Mbps.
WiMAX is the latest wireless broadband technology which is designed to
deliver WiFi type connectivity over a much greater range and thereby compete
as a point-to-multipoint last-mile broadband wireless access solution. It is
important to note that there are two types of WiMAX; line of sight (LOS) and
non-line of sight (NLOS). The LOS WiMAX systems are point to point operation
only while the NLOS WiMAX systems are point to multi-point.
Although the LOS systems have much better reach capabilities, they will not
facilitate a large consumer service coverage area and so it is the much
shorter reach NLOS systems which are being developed to offer an alternative
large-scale consumer broadband service technology. WiMAX is based on the
IEEE 802.16 standard and the latest amendment, to facilitate mobile services,
has just been standardized.
WiMAX equipment suppliers aim to provide fixed, nomadic, portable and,
eventually, mobile wireless broadband connectivity without the need for
direct line-of-sight with a base station within a given sector cell. In a typical
cell radius deployment of 3 to 9 km, WiMAX Forum Certified systems aim to
ultimately deliver capacity of up to 75 Mbps per channel, for fixed and
portable access applications. Mobile network deployments are aiming to
provide up to 15 Mbps of capacity within a typical cell radius deployment of
up to 3 km. However, current practical bandwidth capabilities are much lower
and as WiMAX is a shared bandwidth technology, the ultimate bandwidth
delivered to a subscriber can be lower than the channel capacity and will depend
on the customer per channel contention ratio.
For NLOS systems, there is a further choice between indoor self-install or
outdoor customer premise equipment (CPE). The indoor self-install equipment
will be favoured by the consumer market as it has the distinct advantages of
simplicity of installation, but the reach is severely reduced as the signal is
attenuated by the infrastructure of the building. There are also two grades of
WiMAX network installations; standard and full-featured. Table 2 shows that the
performance of WiMAX varies greatly and is a very complex function of the type
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of WiMAX deployed, be it NLOS or LOS, the consumer friendly indoor self-install

or the outdoor equipment, a standard or a full-featured installation.
WiMAX has received much attention as the next generation wireless broadband
solution for backhauling WiFi hot spots and even metro access coverage.
However, pre-standard products from some vendors like Airspan and Alvarion
reveal a practical NLOS cell radius of only 3 to 5 km with maximum bit rates of
only 2 to 10 Mbps per customer premises equipment (CPE). Given the ultimate
limitation of the bandwidth of the frequencies assigned to WiMax in the radio
spectrum, it is unlikely that WiMax will ever be able to provide ubiquitous high
data rate broadband services to a mass consumer base.
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

Primarily a direct-to-home digital TV broadcasting wireless solution, newer
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) services also provide two-way high-speed data
transmission services. DBS uses geostationary satellites operating in the Ku
band with a 12 GHz downlink and a 14 GHz uplink.
Figure 7 shows the architecture of a DBS wireless broadband network, where
the satellite relays the composite signal of digitized video and data services from
a headend via an earth station and then broadcasts that signal to an area of
targeted subscribers. Data rates of between 16 kbps and 155 Mbps can be
obtained but the major drawback is that geostationary satellites being 22,300 km
from the earths surface introduce a 250 ms delay into the network. For most
broadband services this latency is unacceptable. The use of a network of lowearth-orbit or LEOS satellites orbiting at only 1000 km will reduce this latency to
50 ms but such systems are not widely available as yet. However, satellites, like
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all other systems using the radio spectrum are limited in capacity by the
bandwidth available. For satellites operating in the Ku band there a limit of 2 GHz
of available bandwidth.
Figure 7 : Architecture of a DBS wireless broadband network
Mobile Phone Networks: 2G and 3G Networks

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services), which is also known
as 3G, is the next generation high speed mobile system for the existing 2G and
2.5G digital cellular systems that are based on GSM (Global Systems for Mobile).
Since the introduction of GPRS, mobile phones have had data transfer and
internet connectivity and as a consequence can be considered as a
broadband solution. Standard digital GSM based mobile phone services of the 2G
era offer voice and low data rates.
GSM networks are circuit switched and use a combination of the TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
standards to enable multiple subscriber bandwidth access at data transfer
rates of up to 14.4kbps. A more advanced mobile bandwidth access technology is
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) but this was not adopted for GSM.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is an additional technology which is
applied as an overlay on GSM networks to facilitate higher data rates (up to
170 kbps) and transfer of larger data files. GPRS involves overlaying a packetbased air interface on the existing circuit switched GSM network. This gives the
user the option to use a higher data rate packet-based data service. As GPRS
introduces packet switching and IP to mobile networks, it therefore functions as
an interim step for GSM networks on the route to 3G services. GPRS enables
simultaneous voice and data handling. GPRS users can have always-on connectivity to
the internet, high speed delivery of emails with large file attachments, web
surfing using WAP (wireless access protocol) and access to corporate LANs
(Local Area Networks).
For many operators the upgrade path from GSM-GPRS is 3G technology.
However, the GSM Association is also pushing for EDGE (Enhanced Data for
Global Evolution) as an interim step in the migration path from GPRS and GSM
14
systems to 3G. EDGE takes the cellular community one step closer to 3G. Like
GSM, EDGE uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA as the multiple access
control techniques but EDGE uses a new modulation scheme called 8-phase
shift keying (PSK) to enable a more efficient use of bandwidth and as a result
data rates of up to 384 kbps
The migration to 3G systems will enable mobile data transmission rates of
between 384 kbps and 2 Mbps. The 3G mobile phone user will have access to
high speed internet access, videoconferencing and even basic on-line video
and TV services. 3G systems can use one of two international standards for its
radio access technology, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA, as specified by ITU working
group IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telephone). CDMA is a more advanced
method for subscriber bandwidth sharing than either of the FDMA or TDMA
systems used by GSM. W-CDMA is the upgrade path for operators with GSM
while CDMA2000 is the migration path for the minority of operators with a
CDMA one legacy system
Although 3G mobile phone services will ultimately offer up to 2 Mbps in
broadband data transmission capability, this bandwidth is not sufficient for 3G
to be considered as a major competitor in the broadband (to the home)
technology market. Mobile 3G will be a service that is used in addition to
mainstream broadband services
Broadband Technology Comparison
Each broadband technology has its own unique characteristics, including
advantages and disadvantages. In some deployment scenarios, the choice of
technology is obvious, being driven by factors such as the nature if the terrain
or expense of rights of way (ROW).
However, in many other circumstances, the choice is not exactly simple, and it
depends very much on the type of services to be provided, the penetration
rate, the availability of alternatives, and other economical and technical
considerations.
To assist in the difficult task of broadband technology selection, in Table below
we compare the major broadband technologies on spectrum usage, capacity,
coverage/reach, advantages and limitations.
Comparison of capabilities of Fixed Line and Wireless broadband
technologies
Techn Spectrum
o-logy Usage
Capac Capacit
ity
y
Share
d?
Max
Range
Advanta
ges
Limitation
s
Fixed Line
15
HFC
7 - 860 MHz
(Typically 7550 MHz) 6
MHz per
channel
Yes
(by up
to
1000)
40 Mbps
per
channel,
upgrade
path to
50 Mbps
propose
d
Typical
bandwid
th
peruser
0.5 - 3
Mbps
ADS
L
Up to 1.1 MHz
No
VDS
L
Up to 1.1 MHz
ADSL2 Up to 1.1 MHz

+
Uses
existing
data
rates.
cable TV
network
Limited
bandwidth
per
channel,
bandwidth
is shared by
many users,
asymmetric
-very low
upstream
data rate.
12 Mbps Max: 5.4

@ 0.3
km
km 8.4
Mbps @
2.7 km
6.3
Mbps @
3.6 km
2 Mbps
@ 4.8
km
1.5
Mbps @
5.4 km
Uses
existing
POTS
Limited
bandwidth
which is
distance
sensitive,
asymmetric
- order of
magnitude
lower
upstream
data rate.
No
52 Mbps
@ 0.3
km 26
Mbps @
0.9 km
13 Mbps
@ 1.3
km
Max: 1.3
km
(from
node)
Mainly
uses
existing
POTS
Limited
distance
requires
fiber feeds.
Bandwidth
is very
distance
sensitive.
No
26 Mbps
@ 0.3
km 20
Mbps @
1.5 km
7.5
Mbps @
2.7 km
Max: 2.7 Uses

km
existing
(any
POTS
further
yields
rates
similar to
ADSL
only)
Bandwidth
is distance
sensitive.
16
Amplifier
s are
installed
to
extend
range.
This is
cost
effective
typically
up to
100 km.
BPL
1 - 30 MHz
FTTH THz
Technol
ogy
Yes
Max:
200
Mbps
Typical:
2-3
Mbps
1 to 3
km
Uses
existing
power
lines
Expensive
power line
upgrades,
with
amateur
radio .
PON:Y
es
P2P:N
o
Up to 1
Gbps
per
channel
per fiber
20 km
Relatively
unlimited
bandwidt
h
Requires
new fiber
access
network.
Spectrum
Usage
Capac Capaci
ity
ty
Share
d?
Max
Range
Advantag Limitation
es
s
Microw
ave
2, 4, 6,
21.3 -23.6
GHz
> 40 GHz
UHF
(Licensed)
Yes
Up to
155
Mbps
per link
5km
Quick
setup
LOS Pointto-point
LMDS
26 - 13
GHz
(Licensed)
Yes
Up to
155
Mbps
per
base
station
4 km
Point to
multipoint
Large
capacity
LOS Not
standardize
d
MMDS
2.5 - 2.6
GHz
(Licensed)
Yes
Up to
10
Mbps
per
base
station
50 km
Point to
multipoint
NLOS Long
range
Low
capacity
Not
standardize
d
3G
(WCDM
A,
CDMA2
00)
1.921.98GHz;
2.11-2.17
GHz
(Licensed)
Yes
Up to 2
Mbps
per
mobile
subscri
ber
Covera
ge area
of host
networ
k
Mobile
terminals
Ride on
existing
cellular
infrastruct
ure
Costly
spectrum
Limited
applications
FSO
Infra-red
THz region
of RF
spectrum
(Unlicense
d)
No
Up to
2.5
Gbps
per link
4 km
Low setup
cost
Unlicensed
spectrum
LOS
Performanc
e is weather
sensitive
Wireless
17
WiFi
2.4, 5.7
GHz
(Unlicense
d
ISM bands
ISM:
Industry,
Scientific
and
Medical
Yes
11, 54
Mbps
Up to
100 m
Ethernet
compliant
Standardiz
ed 802.11
a/b/g
For LAN
applications
only
Security
issues
Standar
d
WiMAX
3.5 GHz
Yes
2.8 to
11.3
Mbps
per
downlin
k per
CPE1
2.8 to
11.3
per
uplink
per CPE
LOS- 10
to 16
km
NLOS1 to 2
km
Indoor
selfinstall
NLOS
0.3 0.5 km
NLOS to
be
standardiz
ed
(except for
first
version
802.16)
Practical bit
rate is 2
Mbps per
subscriber
and
maximum
NLOS cell
size limited
to 1 - 2 km
Full
Feature
d
WiMAX
3.5 GHz
Yes
2.8 11.3
Mbps
per
downlin
k per
CPE2
0.17 to
0.7
Mbps
per
uplink
per CPE
(at
sector
cell
edge)
LOS- 30
to 50
km
NLOS3 to 8
km
selfInstalle
d NLOS
1-2
km
NLOS to
be
standardiz
ed
(except for
first
version
802.16)
Practical bit
rate is 2
Mbps per
subscriber
and
maximum
NLOS cell
size limited
to 1 - 2 km
Satellit
e
Ku-, Ka-,
C-, L- and
S-band
1.5-3.5,
3.7-6.4,
11.7-12.7,
20-30 GHz
(Licensed)
Yes
Up to
155
Mbps
per
downlin
k
Large
coverag
e area
of up to
1000 36,000
km
Large
coverage
Suitable
for multicast
application
s
Expensive
to build
Limited
capacity per
subscriber
Future Perspectives
In order to remain competitive as the broadband market evolves, broadband

service suppliers must have a strategy to be able to offer a triple play service
18
at some point in the future; that is, voice, data and video. Of these three,
video service is the most challenging as it requires most bandwidth. There are
a myriad of fixed-line and wireless broadband solutions available, with each
technology having its own merits and demerits.
Those fixed-line technologies operating over existing copper, coax or power lines
are bandwidth limited by the nature of the transmission medium. Free space
or wireless technologies that use the radio spectrum are also bandwidth limited,
but in their case, by the amount of available licensed radio spectrum.
Of these, WiMAX is the most promising technology for metro-based
broadband provision. However the NLOS and indoor self-install system
capabilities that are necessary features to attract and reach a widespread
consumer base, place significant restrictions on WiMAX data rate and reach
performance. It is an unchallenged fact that fiber as a communication medium
offers almost infinite bandwidth relative to all its competitors. Fiber has other
highly advantageous benefits such as a much higher level of security and
reliability than copper/wireless networks provided by its immunity to electromagnetic interference.
The unsurpassed reliability of optical systems also leads to low operating
costs. As consequence, direct fiber connections, to each and every home, are
a very desirable concept. Up until recently, the cost of customer premise
equipment (CPE) has been prohibitively high. However, the recent favorable
FCC ruling, which provides competitive protection for fiber to the home
(FTTH) builds in the US, has opened up a mass market for FTTH products. The
economies of scale, associated with the resultant increase in the US FTTH
market size, have driven the cost of CPE equipment down to new much more
affordable levels.
However, FTTH network deployments still require the installation of fiber optic
cables throughout the access network, and the inherent cost of such cable
installation is the major concern of many operators considering FTTH
deployment. Nonetheless, the ultimate bandwidth capability, high reliability,
security and low operating costs of FTTH systems, coupled with the new
affordability of FTTH equipment is beginning to drive further deployment of
FTTH in regions of the world.
ADSL
Introduction
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a technology invented by

BellCore in the mid-1980s as a method to offer video and voice over the same
copper loop. The intent was to offer VoD to their customers when they
wanted it. When the technology fizzled out because VoD failed to take off and
typical deployment of ADSL was too slow to run any real-time video over it;
however, the technology seems to have been forgotten for almost a decade.
ADSL had a renewed interest from phone companies again after their voice
network became overloaded with data. ADSL was being looked at again, but
this time the main application that was driving it was datanot video like it
was originally designed for. In the early 1990s, phone companies wanted to
offer DSL as a method to prevent data from overtaking their voice network but
there was a problem. There's no DSL standard, and phone companies don't
make the equipment themselves.
19
With ADSL, voice and data are separated into two different networks
preventing data from overloading the voice infrastructure.
Benefits of ADSL
High-speed access
Always-on
Low maintenance
Security
ADSL provides a tremendous opportunity for telephone companies to offer
new services such as data and voice over their existing copper infrastructure.
Newer DSL standards, such as very-high-data-rate DSL (VDSL), provides an
extremely fast pipe to the consumer, enabling services such as video over
DSL, VoD, video conferencing, and VoIP, all on top of the regular POTS line.
Applications That Drive High-Speed Access
Having a big data pipe to the house opens up a new world of applications that
were not possible before with analog modems or even ISDN. Applications
such as the World Wide Web and e-mail can be run on top of IP. Plus now with
plenty of bandwidth that DSL provides, other bandwidth hungry applications
can also run on top of IP as well. With a theoretical speed of 8-Mbps download
for ADSL and 52 Mbps for VDSL, data, voice, and video can be run
concurrently over the same copper wire. The following sections discuss
applications that are bandwidth intensive, including
Video over DSL
VoIP
Residential Gateway
High-speed Internet Access and Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Video over DSL
As mentioned previously, ADSL was invented by BellCore to offer VoD over
existing copper pair. Using MPEG-2 compression, each video stream takes
about 3 Mbps to achieve 30 frames per second, a standard rate at which
broadcast television operates.
Although ADSL was initially designed to operate at 7 Mbps of download
speed, distance limitation has cut down the typical ADSL deployment to about
1.5 Mbps peak download.
As DSLAMs are pushed closer to the neighborhood, copper length is becoming
shorter, allowing ADSL to operate at a much higher speed. It also allows other
high speed technologies, such as VDSL, to operate at a maximum theoretical
52 Mbps of download speed. This availability of high bandwidth allows phone
20
companies to offer multiple real-time feeds of TV channels to their

subscribers over VDSL or a single feed of real-time or VoD channels over ADSL.
Customers now can use multiple VoIP phone lines, surf the Internet, and watch
TV at the same timeall over the same copper wire. Because there isn't a
need to run additional wiring to your home, the cost savings as a customer is
significant. This news is great for the telephone companies because the more
bandwidth they can offer to their customers, resulting in the capability to offer
more robust services (a greater amount of digital TV channels, for example).
In the Figure , a multicast server gets its programming either from a

videotaped classroom or from a satellite feed. A content manager such as an
IPTV content server will broadcast its programming information to any
multicast clients that request for one. The ISP point of presence (POP) will pull
down a multicast stream only if there's a client that requests that
programming. The beauty of multicast is that even if there's a hundred clients
wanting the same programming, the ISP POP will have to pull down only one
stream and replicate that stream a hundred times on an aggregation device,
pushing those streams down the DSL lines to the clients. In the case of an IP
DSL switch, the replication will be done on the switch itself, pushing the
content closer to the subscriber
Voice over IP
Corporations have long known that running two networks, one for voice and
one for data, is very expensive both to deploy and to maintain. Separate pieces
of equipment have to be bought and maintained, while renting leased lines
from telcos incurs on-going monthly expenses. As the phone and data
networks begin to converge, corporations are increasingly running voice over
their fast data networks Figure below shows a typical VoIP application,
sometimes called toll bypass.
21
Residential Gateway
This is a gateway terminating the DSL line from your provider and, in turn,
provide you with different services, such as high-speed Internet access,
multiple phone lines, and video feeds.
Figure below shows how a residential gateway might look.
The residential gateway has several important features built into the box:
1. On the PC side, a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server,
network address translation (NAT), and an Ethernet switch allow
multiple PCs to obtain IP addresses from the residential gateway by way
of a traditional Ethernet cable. A wireless base station might be built
into the gateway instead of an Ethernet hub for wireless 802.11 users.
The ideal gateway should also include VPN and encryption software that
enable telecommuters to connect to their office securely
2. Several voice ports are also built into this box that enable regular
phones to plug into these ports. As mentioned earlier, when a new
phone line is needed, the phone provider can configure their switch and
the gateway for a new phone number. There is no need to run an
additional pair of copper from the CO to the house.
3. Last but not least, a coax port should be available for future VoD over
DSL programming. VoD can be achieved easily, even today, when the
entire movie is downloaded into the high capacity internal hard drive in
the gateway, enabling later playback at any convenient time
High-Speed Internet Access and VPN
The main application of DSL today is still web and e-mail traffic, which does
not need guaranteed bandwidth and delay. One or two seconds delay will not
affect your sending or receiving e-mail. As we move to more time-sensitive
traffic such as voice, a different level of service must be implemented by
service providers to distinguish time-sensitive traffic over the rest of the nontime-sensitive applications.
Corporations can take advantage of high-speed Internet access by allowing
employees to access their corporation from home by various techniques.
Figure shows a typical DSL deployment where a subscriber is connected to
the Internet via an ISP POP.
22
xDSL Flavors
ADSL - Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) is the most widely deployed DSL technology
today with a theoretical download speed of up to 8 Mbps and 1 Mbps
for upload speed.
VDSL - VDSL is an emerging technology that plans to deliver data rates as
high as 52
Mbps in the downstream direction for subscribers that
have shorter loops to the Central Office (CO).
IDSL - IDSL closely resembles the ISDN technology, including the use of the
ISDN 2B1Q
encoding algorithm and offers 144 kbps for both uploading
and downloading.
SDSL - SDSL was an attractive option for small businesses looking to replace
their expensive T1 lines. SDSL is symmetric in nature, which in
simple language means you get the same bandwidth in both
upstream and downstream direction. With SDSL, the maximum
bandwidth that can be achieved is 2.3 Mbps. The typical maximum
reach for SDSL is approximately 4 km, or 12,000 feet.
G.shdsl The highly anticipated G. shdsl standard from the ITU was
developed to replace or enhance many previous DSL standards,
making DSL roll out much easier and addressing the interoperability
issues at the same time. It is multi rate because it supports data
rates from 192 kbps to 2.3 Mbps. G.shdsl uses G.hs (handshake) to
negotiate the framing protocol.
Protocols supported include ATM, T1, E1, ISDN, and IP. The flexibility
of G.shdsl enables the transport of virtually any type of service. It
makes use of Trellis Coded Pulse Amplitude Modulation (TC-PAM) line
coding that enables interoperation due to the low complexity level of
the transceivers. G.shdsl is suppose to deliver approximately 30
percent greater reach than currently employed transport
technologies. G.shdsl is expected to rapidly replace the proprietary
SDSL implementations of today and is mainly used for business class users.
All xDSL flavors, such as ADSL, SDSL, and IDSL, sit at the physical layer of the
OSI reference model. xDSL technology is simply a transmission technology,
much like T1/E1. DSL technology in its simplest form is nothing but a modem
technology. Data from the subscriber gets modulated by the subscriber end
DSL modem before being put on the physical copper loop. The CO equipment
at the other end - comprised of banks of modems - demodulates the signals
and makes necessary switching decisions based on the transport layer used.
23
DSL connectivity
To understand any DSL connectivity, you must understand the components of

the entire DSL network, as shown in figure below:
For any DSL connectivity, you have a DSL modem at the subscriber end at a
minimum, noted in the diagram as an ATU-R (ADSL termination unit-remote)
and more commonly known as customer premises equipment (CPE). At the
CO, a corresponding DSL modem demodulates the signals modulated by the
subscriber modem. The CO is equipped with a digital subscriber line access
multiplexer (DSLAM), which consists of banks of ATU-Cs (ADSL termination
unit-central). Depending on the region that CO is serving, the DSLAM should
have a corresponding ATU-C for each ATU-R at the subscriber end. Because
we are depicting ADSL in the diagram, we made reference to ADSL
termination units. If the Flavor of DSL is SDSL, the subscriber-end modem
then would be called STU-R and so forth.
The splitters shown in Figure reflect a device that differentiates DSL data from
the regular analog voice. It is important to note here that any DSL flavor
usually makes use of the frequency spectrum, which is higher than that used
by regular analog voice (typically 4 kHz). In simplistic terms, the job of the
splitter is to identify whether the signal is below 4 kHz or higher. This is
achieved using a simple low-pass filter technology. By making use of this
splitter technology and by DSL using the upper frequency spectrum, utilizing
the same pair of copper for both regular analog voice as well as DSL data is
possible. If a single pair of copper is used for both the analog voice and DSL
data, a splitter will be used at both the subscriber end as well as one in the
CO.
In the CO, when a signal is received from the subscriber end, the POTS splitter
sends the voice spectrum to a regular phone switch in the CO. Additionally; it
sends the data spectrum to the
ATU-C in the DSLAM. The ATU-C in turn
demodulates the signal. Depending on which transport layer the CPE and
DSLAM agreed on using (whether it is ATM or Frame Relay), the DSLAM makes
the necessary switching decision to forward the subscriber traffic to its final
destination.
One other important aspect worth noting on the reference model in Figure is
upstream and downstream:
Upstream is always referred to as the direction from the subscriber
towards the CO.
Downstream is referred to as the direction towards the subscriber.
24
ADSL Network and Architecture

ADSL is the most widely deployed flavor of xDSL today. The reason for this is
simple: ADSL provides the right suite of bandwidth both in upstream and
downstream directions, required by the most consumers today. ADSL has
gained popularity in today's consumer space, not only as the always-on
technology but also as a cheaper and more suitable alternative to the
common dial modem technology. In addition, ADSL is being offered and
gaining popularity as a cheaper alternative to the traditional T1/Frame Relay
circuits for small offices, home offices, and business customer space.
ADSL has become a relatively mature technology having already been
through several years of development and physical deployment by many
service providers. ADSL can offer rates of 8 Mbps in the downstream direction
and approximately 1 Mbps in the upstream direction.
ADSL is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables

faster data transmission over copper telephone lines
ADSL is capable of providing up to 52 Mbps, and supports voice, video
and data.
ADSL is the #1 Broadband Choice in the World with over 60% market
share
ADSL is now available in every region of the world
What does ADSL mean?

Asymmetric - The data can flow faster in one direction than the other.
Data transmission has faster downstream to the subscriber than
upstream
Digital - No type of communication is transferred in an analog method.
All data is purely digital, and only at the end, modulated to be carried
over the line.
Subscriber Line - The data is carried over a single twisted pair copper
loop to the subscriber premises.
ADSL standards
Comparison of ADSL Speed
25
ADSL Range
In general, the maximum range for DSL without a repeater is 5.5 km
As distance decreases toward the telephone company office, the data
rate increases
Data Rate
Wire gauge
Wire size
Distance
1.5 or 2 Mbps
24 AWG
0.5 mm
5.5 km
1.5 or 2 Mbps
26 AWG
0.4 mm
4.6 km
6.1 Mbps
24 AWG
0.5 mm
3.7 km
1.5 or 2 Mbps
26 AWG
0.4 mm
2.7
For larger distances, you may be able to have DSL if your phone
company has extended the local loop with optical fiber cable
ADSL Speed Factor

The distance from the local exchange
The type and thickness of wires used
The number and type of joins in the wire
The proximity of the wire to other wires carrying ADSL, ISDN and other
non-voice signals .
The proximity of the wires to radio transmitters
ADSL network components
The ADSL modem at the customer premises(ATU-R)
The modem of the central office (ATU-C)
DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM)
Broadband Access Server (BAS)
Splitter - an electronic low pass filter that separates the analogue voice
or ISDN signal from ADSL data frequencies DSLAM.
26
ADSL Loop Architecture
ADSL Requirements
Phone-line, activated by your phone company for ADSL
Filter to separate the phone signal from the Internet signal
ADSL modem
Subscription with an ISP supporting ADSL
How does ADSL work?
ADSL exploits the unused analogue bandwidth available in the wires
ADSL works by using a frequency splitter device to split a traditional

voice telephone line into two frequencies
ADSL Modulation
Modulation is the overlaying of information (or the signal) onto an
electronic or optical carrier waveform
There are two competing and incompatible standards for modulating
the ADSL signal:
Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP)
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT)
Carrierless Amplitude Phase
Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) is an encoding method that divides

the signals into two distinct bands:
1. The upstream data channel (to the service provider), which is
carried in the band between 25 and 160kHz
2. The downstream data channel (to the user), which is carried in
the band from 200kHz to 1.1MHz .
These channels are widely separated in order to minimize the possibility
of interference between the channels.
27
Discrete Multi-tone (DMT)
DMT describes a version of multicarrier DSL modulation in which

incoming data is collected and then distributed over a large number of
small individual carriers, each of which uses a form of QAM modulation.
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) separates the DSL signal so that the usable
frequency range is separated into 256 channels of 4.3125kHz each.
DMT has the capability to step up or down in 32-kbps increments to

maintain quality, although the improved quality sometimes comes at
the sacrifice of speed. This ability to adjust speed, correct errors,
reallocate channels, etc. generates a significantly higher rate of power
consumption to maintain it all.
DMT has 224 downstream frequency bins (or carriers) and 32 upstream
frequency bins.
DMT is more complex than CAP because of the processes and resources
involved in monitoring and allocating information on the individual
channels, coupled with the constant monitoring of the quality of all
channels; however, DMT allows more flexibility than CAP. Until recently,
the resources necessary to make DMT viable were cost prohibitive.
Advances in technology and dropping prices have made DMT feasible.
DMT constantly shifts signals between different channels to ensure that

the best channels are used for transmission and reception.
Data over ADSL

IP packets encapsulated over ATM
Three major approaches:
RFC 1483/2684 Bridged
PPPoE
PPPoA
PPP over Ethernet
Ethernet frame carrying PPP frame
Service provider end:
DSLAM for DSL connection termination
Aggregation router for PPP session termination
Subscriber end:
DSL modem for DSL connection termination
PPPoE client for PPP session termination
The client device is the PC or the router at the CPE
IP is assigned to PPPoE client functioning device.
A CPE router can connect multiple users via a single ADSL
connection using NAT/PAT and DHCP.
PPPoE
Session Variables
DSL and PPPoE deployment types:
Router terminating DSL and with PPPoE client
Modem terminating DSL and router with PPPoE client
Modem terminating DSL and end-user PC with PPPoE client
Session Establishment
PPP session is from PPPoE client to the aggregation router.
Subscriber IP address is assigned by the aggregation router via
IPCP.
PPP over ATM
28
Routed solution
User packets routed over ATM
Service provider end:
DSLAM for DSL connection termination
Aggregation router for PPP session termination
Subscriber end: CPE for DSL connection and PPP session
termination
CPE receives an IP address via IPCP like in the dial model.
Appendix
Abbreviations
3G
Third Generation (Mobile Network)
ADSL
Asymmetric DSL
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BPL
Broadband Power Line
BRI
Basic Rate Interface
CAP
Carrierless Amplitude Phase (Modulation)
CMTS
Cable Modem Termination System
CO
Central Office
CPE
Customer Premise Equipment
DMT
Discrete Multi (Modulation)
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
DSLAM
DSL Access Modulation
EPON
Ethernet PON
FSO
Free Space Optics
FTTC
Fibre to the Curb
FTTH
Fibre to the Home
FTTU
Fiber-to-the user
GPON
Gigabit PON
HDTV
High Definition TV
HFC
Hybrid Fibre Coaxial
IDSL
ISDN DSL
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
LAN
Local Area Network
LMDS
Local Multipoint Distribution Service
MAC
Media Access Control
MMDS
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
MPCP
Multi-Point Control Protocol
OLT
Optical Line Terminal (Equipment)
ONT
Optical Network Terminal (Equipment)
PON
Passive Optical Network
POTS
Plain Old Telephone System
PPP
Point to Point Protocol
PPP.E
PPP over Ethernet
PSTL
Public Switched Telephone Network
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RADSL
Rate Adaptive DSL
SDSL
Symmetric DSL
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services
VDSL
Very High Data rate DSL
VOD
Video On Demand
WAN
Wide Area Network
WiFi
Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access
*****
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ADSL - Network and Architecture

Carrierless Amplitude Phase

Discrete Multi-tone (DMT)

Data over ADSL

ITI Limited, Raebareli

The broadband revolution is forcing the competition in the broadband service

Competing Broadband Technologies

In general broadband solutions can be classified in two groups:

Fixed Line Technologies

Fixed line broadband technologies rely on a direct physical connection to the

ITI Limited, Raebareli

Figure 1: A typical shared network Architecture

Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)

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significant proportion of the population the DSLAMs need to be relocated to

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Figure 3: Fiber directly to the home/subscriber

The second common FTTH architecture is a point-to-point (P2P) network

ITI Limited, Raebareli

dedicated connection lines of a P2P network facilitate subscriber specific

Generally, wireless broadband refers to technologies that use point-to-point

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consequence, the terms wireless broadband and wireless broadband access

ITI Limited, Raebareli

Figure 5: Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

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LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service)

Figure 6: Local Multipoint Distribution Service

FSO (Free Space Optics)

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WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for

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of WiMAX deployed, be it NLOS or LOS, the consumer friendly indoor self-install

Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

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Figure 7 : Architecture of a DBS wireless broadband network

Mobile Phone Networks: 2G and 3G Networks

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ADSL2 Up to 1.1 MHz

12 Mbps Max: 5.4

Max: 2.7 Uses

ITI Limited, Raebareli

ITI Limited, Raebareli

In order to remain competitive as the broadband market evolves, broadband

ITI Limited, Raebareli

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a technology invented by

ITI Limited, Raebareli

ITI Limited, Raebareli

companies to offer multiple real-time feeds of TV channels to their

In the Figure , a multicast server gets its programming either from a

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To understand any DSL connectivity, you must understand the components of

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ADSL Network and Architecture

ADSL is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables

What does ADSL mean?

Comparison of ADSL Speed

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