Identification the Effect of Silver Waste as Additive on

the Propertiesof Cement

Group 10, Petroleum Engineering, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
This paper was prepared for the last test of drilling cement analysis

Abstract
Cement additive in drilling has a very

in cement suspensions that affect the physical

properties of cement itself.

important role, especially in terms of the physical

In this paper examined some of the physical

properties of set cement to be able to perform

properties include density, Rheology, filtration loss,

optimally in accordance with the conditions of their

and OSP. Cement suspension density is the ratio

formation. Nowadays, it has many kinds of additives

between the total weight of slurry, mixing water and

were found and used in the drilling process,

additive to total volume cement, water and additive

especially in terms of cementing.

mixing. Cement rheological test in the plastic

Wide variations from the past until now

viscosity is often described as part from resistance to

makes the drilling process getting better because it

flow caused by mechanical friction and the yield

has found a new additive-additive that has better

point is part from resistance to flow by the attractive

function than the additive-additive previous. This

forces between particles. Attractive force is due to

paper discusses the waste of silver, which is used as

the charge on the surface of the particles dispersed in

an additive in cement drilling and affect the physical

a fluid phase. Filtration loss is defined as the event

properties of cement itself. Several experiments were

from suspension of cement fluid loss into permeable

performed include measuring density, rheological,

formations that it passes. Fluids are lost in this

filtration loss , and OSP.

formation often referred to as filtrate. To determine

The results of this paper are expected to

the quality from cement used testing the OSP.

provide recommendations on waste silver as additive

in cement.

Silver Waste
Silver is a chemical element in the periodic

Introduction

table that has the symbol Ag and atomic number 47

Cementing is one of the step in the process

which is a transition metal soft, white, shiny, has the

of drilling which is very important because the

highest electrical and thermal conductivity around

success or failure of a drilling depends on its

the metal, has a density of 10.49 g / cm , a melting

cementing process. Laboratory research is one of

point of 960 C, boiling point of 1955 C, absorbs

important things to do to determine good or bad

oxygen, and atomic radius 1.44.

quality of cement, so it will be known the

Basically, the content of silver in Indonesia

composition and physical properties from cement

is very rich because there is almost throughout the

itself which will be adapted to the conditions of

island. Because of the large waste does not

formation in order to cement able to work optimally.

accumulate then silver waste is unavoidable. For that

It is closely related to the additive or additives used

reason in this paper we use silver wastes are located

in areas Patalan RT 39 RW 08 Kotagede Yogyakarta

Identification the Effect of Silver Waste as Additive on

the Propertiesof Cement
Group 10, Petroleum Engineering, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
This paper was prepared for the last test of drilling cement analysis

as a cement additive in drilling where there are

and calculations are theoretical terms, whereas

handicraft cottage industries with raw materials

qualitative analysis based on chart interpretation of

derived from silver, with the hope of silver waste if a

experimental results.

suitable additive in drilling cement, in addition to

raising the value of economics, is also able to reduce
the environmental pollution caused by waste from
the silver itself.
Metodologi
In this paper the authors use an empirical
approach is to use material obtained from the field,
where research is a field research (field research),
intended to get the primary data, to obtain data that
can be justified truth in testing in the laboratory. In
addition, this study is also a research library (library

Flowchart of Metodologi

M
C
D
ue
dn
m
se
Bin
at
ly
a
n
c
e

research), from the literature in the form of books,

papers, articles and etc..

Result and Discussion

Sources of data, in the form of primary data,

Calculation of Density

it means data directly obtained from sample testing.

Samples were tested here is a waste silver as a

additive

Densitas (gr/cc)

kesalahan

cement additive and Tiga Roda cement. Testing

Sampel

( gr )

teoritis

pengukuran

laboratory data includes four types of experiments,

15.6

15.3

1.9

15.25

15.1

0.96

PV (cp) 3 YP (lb/100
5 ft2) 14.8

14.4

2.7

the testing of cement with a mud density balance,

viscosity cement with a
Fann

VG

viscometer,

filtration loss with a filter

press, and OSP with a
blaine permeameter.
Techniques of data

Sampel

additive
( gr )

46

108

30

212

28

102

Calculation of Rheology

analysis is divided into two,

namely the analysis of quantitative and qualitative

Calculation of Filtration Loss

analysis. Quantitative analysis through the formulas

Sampe
l

Additive
( gr )

Teoritis

Filtration Loss ( ml )

% kesalahan

33.16

32

3.49

51.9

50.1

3.46

77.73

75

3.51

Pengukuran

Calculation of OSP

Identification the Effect of Silver Waste as Additive on

the Propertiesof Cement
Group 10, Petroleum Engineering, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
This paper was prepared for the last test of drilling cement analysis

Density of cement slurry (s)

Temperature (T)
Time (t)
Viscocity()
@ 80 F
@ 100 F
@ 82,4 F

= 3,15 gr/cc
= 82,4 F
= 33 detik
= 0,04467 Cp
= 0,04594 Cp
=interpolation

0,04594

0,04467

82.4 20
40 20

x 0,55648 0,58233 0,55648

=

62,4
0,55648
11447,446931
=
= 0,63

So, the amount of OSP :

100

80

23,2 x 3 x t

100 80
82,4 80

0,04594 - 0,04467
x 0,04467

Psx (1 ) x
OSP =

23.2

=
15748,03150 (-0,04467)
-0,04467

OSP =

= 2,4
= 0,0001524

= 0,044822 cp

= 0,045 cp

Porosity ()
@ 20 F

= 0,55648

@ 40 F

= 0,58223

@ 82,4 F

= extrapolation

3.15 1 0.63

0.045

= 219, 887 cm2/gr

Discussion
Mud balance calibration measurements are necessary
in order to obtain density measurements of cement,

0,58233

and the theoretical density with the same value. From

0,55648

89,6

0.633 33

40

20

density measurements using additives (waste silver)

Identification the Effect of Silver Waste as Additive on

the Propertiesof Cement
Group 10, Petroleum Engineering, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
This paper was prepared for the last test of drilling cement analysis

at 0 g, the result of theoretical density are 15.6 ppg,

needed for 161 ml. Sample 2 is done by adding 2

15.3 ppg density measurements, and earn a

grams of additive (silver waste) into 350 grams of

percentage error is 1.9%. In the density measurement

class G cement and total water needed for 161 ml.

using additive (silver waste) of 2 g, the result of

And sample 3 is done by adding 5 grams of additive

theoretical density are 15:25 ppg, 15.1 ppg density

(silver waste) into 350 grams of class G cement and

measurements, and earn a percentage error is 0.96%.

water required total of 201 ml. The working principle

Meanwhile, the density measurement using additive

of rheological testing cement is mixing these three

(silver waste) of 5 grams, the result of the theoretical

ingredients and tested by Fann VG viscometer to get

density 8.14 ppg, density measurements of 14.4 ppg,

the plastic viscosity and yield point of the cement.

and 2.7% gain error percentage. Visible declined

curve which indicates that the additive (silver waste)
is the extender that serves lower density.

Based on the analysis of additive vs. PV graph shows

the curves are irregular, but when viewed on line
trendline as the addition of additives resulted in a

Application field of this experiment was to determine

decrease Plastic Viscosity. While the addition of

the density of the hydrostatic pressure of the cement

additive vs. Yield chart point visible deterioration

suspension in the well, where the hydrostatic

curve, it can be concluded as the addition of

pressure of the cement is expected to balance the

additives result in decreased yield point. Based on

formation pressure. If the density of the cement

the analysis of waste additive silver chart included in

suspension is too large and unable to resist the

the dispersant which serves lower viscosity.

formation will cause the formation of rupture and

loss circulation. However if the density of the cement
is too small than the formation pressure, formation
fluid will cause in and get contaminated with cement
slurry thus damaging the physical properties of
cement suspensions such as cement strength.
In the cement suspension rheological testing is
intended to determine the value of plastic viscosity
and yield point cement and determine the effects of
the addition of rheological additives for cement
suspensions were made.

The nature of fluid flow in the pipe should be set in

motion for laminar flow stream of fluid particles
move at a somewhat slower rate, orderly, and parallel
to the direction of movement flow. This things is
done so at time of cementing, the results are good
and form a casing solid without gerowongan.
Based on the analysis of additive vs. PV graph shows
the curves are irregular, but when viewed on line
trendline as the addition of additives resulted in a
decrease Plastic Viscosity. While the addition of
additive vs. Yield chart point visible deterioration

In this experiment we used 3 samples, sample 1 was

curve, it can be concluded as the addition of

done by adding 0 grams of additive (silver waste)

additives result in decreased yield point. Based on

into 350 grams of class G cement and total water

Identification the Effect of Silver Waste as Additive on

the Propertiesof Cement
Group 10, Petroleum Engineering, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
This paper was prepared for the last test of drilling cement analysis

the analysis of waste additive silver chart included in

giving a pressure of 100 psi (pressure difference

the dispersant which serves lower viscosity.

between the hydrostatic pressure and formation

The nature of fluid flow in the pipe should be set in

motion for laminar flow stream of fluid particles
move at a somewhat slower rate, orderly, and motion
parallel to the direction of flow. This is done so at the
time of cementing, the results are good and form a
solid casing without gerowongan.

pressure) into a cup containing cement for 30

minutes and record the volume of filtrate collected in
a measuring cup as a filtration loss of cement. From
the experiments carried out for 30 minutes, get on the
first filtration loss is 32 ml, in the second experiment
obtained filtration rates and a loss of 50.1 ml on the
third trial filtration rates obtained loss is 72.8 ml.

Applications in the field of cement rheological

However, if the determination of the filtration loss

testing was to determine the value of viscosity, and is

calculated theoretically, obtained on the first

also associated with the density so can be known

filtration loss is 33.16 ml, in the second experiment

hydrostatic pressure of cement and also affects the

is 51.9 ml and on the third attempt is77.73 ml. Data

cement pump working when entering into the

from three experiments obtained% error are 3.49%,

borehole, as well as parameters to determine the flow

3.46%, and 3.51. % Error factor due to leaks in the

pattern during the process of cementing. Therefore it

appliance filter press, the lack of accuracy when

can be concluded additive silver waste can be an

reading the scale.

alternative to reduce the viscosity.

From the observations of the graph filtration loss vs

Filtration loss in cement suspension is defined as

Additions additive (silver waste) an increase in the

water that is released from the cement when cement

graph filtration loss due to the addition of waste

in a dynamic state (when the cement supplied) into

silver additive, it can be concluded that the silver

the formation.

waste are categorized extender, which is lower

In the filtration experiments this loss, first make

cement suspension by mixing 350 g of cement slurry

density and Rheology, and increase the filtration loss

in cement suspension.

with 161 ml of water. In the first experiment the

Application in the field of this experiment was to

suspension without added cement additive (silver

determine the number of filtration loss in cement

waste), in the second experiment additive added at 2

made. Filtration loss can interfere cementing

g and on the third attempt additive is added to 5 g of

operation, because the liquid phase of the cement

silver waste. Once the cement is made, then put in a

will enter into the formation and the resulting

cup that has been installed a screen in the bottom and

suspension of cement shortages of water (flash set)

put it on the device filter press. This tool is used to

which makes cement can not work optimally.

measure the filtration loss in mud or cement, that is

Additionally filtrate of cement into the formation can

Identification the Effect of Silver Waste as Additive on

the Propertiesof Cement
Group 10, Petroleum Engineering, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
This paper was prepared for the last test of drilling cement analysis

also cause skin or formation damage. Therefore

The influence of the grain size is the increasingly

filtration loss need to be addressed by the addition of

refined,so the greater the surface area of the cement

additives such as Polymer, CMHEC and Latex.

so that the greater the cation exchange, so the greater

OSP experiments testing aims to determine the type

and quality of cement slurryr based cement slurry
surface.

of the surface area of the cement so that the greater

the cation exchange. Thus, the bonds between the
particles is better, so that the cement has great
strength. Therefore it can be concluded that the tiga

By using cement slurry weighing 2 grams, after

roda cement have good quality and can be used as a

conducting extensive experimental results obtained

replacement for portland cement.

cement slurry surface of 219.887 cm2/gr the

measurement time by 33 seconds, the time needed by

Conclusion

toluene vapor to pass through the lower limit to

upper limit of blaine permeameter. Time is the
average after three times the experiment.

Recommendation
Appendix