Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
P Carnielli,
Iiigrid
Boerlage,
Herman
J Degenhart,
ABSTRACT
The
triglycerides
Twelve
effect
on intestinal
infants
were
Luijendijk,
and
of
the
each
fed,
JJ
structure
fat absorption
of
remains
human
for 1 wk in a crossover
The
human
triglycerides
palmitate
mineral
contained
similar
was mainly
balances
period.
better
Myristic,
from
the
reduced.
During
only
in triglyceride
triglycerides
were
measured
palmitic,
3 formula,
the
at
feeding
design,
in
to the
contained
formula.
Am
KEY
WORDS
triglyceride
structure,
fat absorption,
Formula
infant
premature
J Clin
study,
formula,
in the presence
free
FAs
and
of sufficient
well-absorbed
as free
FAs,
monoglyceride.
The
absorption
calcium
fatty
acid
in comparison
Nutr
intestinal
with
1995;61:l037-42.
calcium
acid,
insoluble
magnesium.
be greater
position
positions.
from
containing
diets
formation
and
though
early
onstrate
(eg,
infant
studies
in term
newborn
similar
infants
(20,
Introduction
lack
of effect.
in preterm
most infant
formulas.
is almost
complete,
nates
(2-5).
exhibit
This
denal
(8-10).
concentrations
In addition,
of energy
Whereas
newborns
impaired
is believed
absorption
during
the
to be caused
mainly
is reported
to be lower
difference
has
than
milk
lipase
(6, 7) and
of fat from infant
from
explained
first weeks
of life
by low intraduo-
human
by
the
milk
(4,
absorption.
accounts
esterified
for
mainly
In human
milk
presence
triglycerides,
bile salts
formulas
1 1-13).
of
human
milk (14, 15) and by the unique
stereoisomeric
of human
milk triglycerides
(1, 16) that favor
their
and
(1) and in
Nuir
lipases
1037-42.
calcium
studied
et al (18)
in rats
indicated
better
We
in the
and
Al-
by Filer
absorption
of
Differences
in the
from
their
populations
whether
soap
of calcium.
fatty
acid
palmitic
acid
may explain
palmitic
acid
f3
in the
and in amounts
similar
to those
fat, FAs, and calcium
absorption
did this
isomeric
using
synthetic
position
triglycerides
of palmitic
that
acid.
palmitic
Printed
in USA.
1995
American
Patients
and
Formulas,
methods
subjects,
and
infant
and
formulas
fatty acid
clinical
design
used
profile,
in this study
but different
had a similar
isomeric
po-
in
I From
structure
digestion
the Department
University
acid
20-25%
of total
milk
fatty
acids
and
it
to the center
sn-2 position
of the triglyceride
l995;6l:
infants.
only
The two
composition
This
2 Supported
3 Reprints
Sophia
Society
of Pediatrics,
Hospital/Erasmus
University
Sophia
Childrens
Rotterdam,
Hospital
Rotterdam,
and
Nether-
lands.
is
glycerol
(f3 position)
(1, 16). In contrast,
in cow milk fat or in
vegetable
oils, it is predominantly
esterified
to the sn-i
and
sn-3 positions
(a positions)
(16). Because
the acyl chain
at the
Aiz J Cli,z
differed
We
sn-2
in human
adults
fat absorption
and especially
premature
neo-
of pancreatic
the absorption
been
in human
by avoiding
21).
as
therefore,
at the
esterified
to the sn-2 position
in premature
infants
have
benefits
as
not
at the sn-1,3
in high-calcium-
absorption
of the formulas,
apart
differences
in the patient
and
such
are
absorbed
acid,
it is esterified
by Tomarelli
position
of dietary
triglycerides
found
in breast
milk improves
source
better
palmitic
formulas)
balance
of
of
is well-absorbed
with bile acids
probably
intestinal
composition
content,
and
the
are
activ-
products
divalent
cations
fatty acids,
which
fat when
improving
palmitic
acid when
more
recent
studies
mineral
soaps
with
Saturated
lipase
final
than when
it is esterified
predominantly
This could
also be advantageous
et al (19)
triglycerides,
fatty acids,
absorption,
form
and
could
excre-
the
1-wk
each
are
digestion
i 7). 2-Monoglyceride
it readily
forms
mixed
micellae
absorbed
was
not
of
pancreatic
2-monoacylglycerol
end
synthesized
palmitic
infants,
ity,
triglyceride
because
conventional
resistant
to the lipolytic
action
of
acids (FAs)
in the 3 position
remain
during
digestion
and
absorption.
cannot
calcium
fecal
human
milk
has significant
effects
on
absorption
and improves
mineral
balance
Anneke
is relatively
lipase,
the fatty
monoglycerides
Therefore,
to those
acids
were
fat excretion
of /3 formula
J Sulkers,
currently
marketed,
Fatty acid, fat, and
the
and stearic
but total
Eric
13 position
pancreatic
intact
as
milk
configuration.
similar
to those
in formulas
at the sn-l,3
positions.
Goudoever,
controversial.
formulas
formula
B van
Sauer
Childrens
GJ, Rotterdam,
for
by grants
not
from
available.
Hospital,
Room
Zoetermeer,
Netherlands.
correspondence
to
Sp 3456,
Dr Molewaterplein
VP
Carnielli,
60, 3015
Netherlands.
Received
December
Accepted
for publication
Clinical
Nutricia,
Address
Nutrition
22,
1993.
October
31,
1994.
I037
differed
Johannes
Pieter
two
sn-2
that
HT
CARNIELLI
1038
f3
El
AL
TABLE
Clinical
characteristics
(wt:wt)
two
of FM
as palmitic
acid,
which
is predominantly
ester-
1-wk
diet
of preterm
triglycerides
by interesterifying
ture
of other
Rhizomucor
gen)
known
as Betapol.
a tripalmitin-rich
by using
the
oils
(code
miehei
palm
sn-1,3
SP-392;
This
fraction
specific
Novo
with a mixlipase
from
Industries,
Copenha-
(22).
Twelve
tween
preterm
infants
28 and 32 wk were
13formula
for
were then
subsequent
crossed
week.
formula
and
born
1 wk at a postnatal
then
over
Half
after
randomly
a gestation
assigned
age
other
were
whereas
Head
age (wk)
circumference
infants
29.9
1.4
27.8
1.2
Length(cm)
(3 Formula
period
1.4 0.2
(kg)
Gestational
a Formula
period
2.1 0.3
2.1 0.3
-
31.8
31.6
1.1
442
1.6
442
Postnatal
age (d)
38 7
38 6
Fat mass
(%)
8.6 3.5
8.2 3.1
be-
of 38 7 d. The
to receive
the
of the infants
the f3 formula
ranging
to be fed the a or
at birth
At birth
Weight
is produced
infants
periods
the a formula
week
and six
the formulas
the first
infants
were
week
were
reversed.
of the study
six infants
the f3 formula.
fed
There
were
During
were
no significant
density
value
fed
the second
differences.
formula
for the
first fed the a
the other
half
multiplying
received
the
volume
by
the
of
1035
g/L,
pometric
the
characteristics
of the patients
7-d feeding
periods
are
The study was conducted
Ethical
Committee
Netherlands,
of
which
Declaration
reported
according
the
agree
at birth
and
in Table
to the
2.
Erasmus
with
at the end
guidelines
University,
of
of the
Rotterdam,
the principles
expressed
in the
period.
Fecal
of the
balance
period
the
formulas
bottles or by recording
tube feeding.
Conversion
were
determined
by
weighing
the
the volume
with syringes
in the case of
from volume
into grams was done by
collection
diapers
for
losses
of formula
fed to preterm
infants
13 Formula
a Formula
(%)
1.99
much
4.16
measured
Calcium
0.102
0.099
Phosphate
0.045
0.046
0.0065
0.0067
(%)
(%)
Magnesium
(%)
Fatty
acids
(% of total
fatty
acids
by wt)
4.5
6:0-10:0
(ND)
4.0
12:0
12.1 (17.2)
14:0
5.4 (3.3)
16:0
25.7
(ND)
(16.2)
4.9 (3.9)
(9.8)
2.6 (1.1)
18:0
10.6
25.4
(58.0)
3.7 (2.4)
(ND)
0.26
(ND)
during
hydrochloric
2380;
concentrated
measured
H2S04
and urinary
effects
were
(ND)
0.05
(ND)
0.17
(ND)
0.21
(ND)
pounds
of interest.
dividing
the apparent
the intake, and then
(ND)
22:1
0.03
(ND)
0.08
(ND)
24:1
0.02
(ND)
0.03
(ND)
18:2w6
12.1 (22.1)
12.6
(5.1)
18:3w3
2.0 (0.3)
Value
position.
in parentheses
Both
is the fatty
ready-to-feed
and docosahexaenoic
acid
formulas
(22:6o3).
acid
composition
are devoid
ND,
2.7 (0.5)
(wt:wt)
of arachidonic
not determined.
in each
collected
red stool
were
(double
added.
includ3
placed
made
d later
inside
for
weighing
the
accidental
of the diaper)
of the infants
total amount
(double
of feces
period
was
weighed
of the homogenate
(or
were
urine)
Determination
The
of the sn-2
was
were
(20:4w6)
were
Calcium
CT)
(2:1, by vol)].
calcium
and
and
was
by
FA
by
magnesium
after
[3 h at
acid
digestion
mixture
The total
magnesium
of
of HNO3
and
urine volume
were also
was
mea-
In all
Phosphate
cases,
the
standard
by
multiplying
the
the
concentration
in the formulas
of the
and
volume
transesterified
(C9),
by
HCI
heptadecanoic
methanol
(C17),
of
com-
by
by
in the feces
formulas
after
and
the
calculated
excretion)
and
of the
determined
by gas chromatography
(GC),
and
done in triplicate.
Fresh
fecal samples
of 5-10
nonanoic
was
matrix
addition
of
Intestinal
absorption
was
amount absorbed
(intake
multiplying
by 100.
content
were
(model
means
calculated
produced
of FAs
individual
and
spectrophotometer
spectrophotometry.
method
(24).
eliminated
method
(25).
Excretions
0.03
(13.2)
twice
were
to the buttocks
swabs).
The
sured by atomic-absorption
measured
by a colorimetric
16:lco7
0.32
Corrections
Norwalk,
24:0
34.8
sheets
of a concentrated
feces
(ND)
Plastic
Perkin-Elmer,
#{176}C
in 5 mL
300
0.12 (ND)
(41.8)
in 3 mL
tube or in
of the 72 h) and
were
the last
an atomic-absorption
0.11 (ND)
0.20
period.
acid
with
0.22
34.8
excluding
and
measured
at the end
Feces
and
sticking
cleaning
22:0
18:1w9
it was
and
averaged.
20:0
20:1
by carmine
freeze-dried.
Fat excretion
was determined
by using a modification of the method
of Jeejeebhoy
et al (23), with twice as
4.08
Fat (%)
out bracketed
red were
dissolved
via the nasogastric
stool;
the feces
of the
2.01
Protein
red
collection.
of feces
collected
homogenized
Composition
first
red stool
for each
and for
weighing
TABLE
carried
studies
Intakes
were
of carmine
given
either
the mouth just before the 1200 feed on days 4 and 7 of each
diet. Intestinal
transit time was assumed
to be equal to the time
elapsing
from the administration
of the carmine
red and the
production
of Helsinki.
Balance
collections
the
feces
analyses
mg each
addition
tricosanoic
of
(C23)
the formula
in the reverse
order.
All infants
were free of
manifest
disease,
were not receiving
any medication,
and had
grown
normally
before
the study.
The investigators
were
blinded
to the type of formula
given to the infants. The anthro-
3-PALMITATE
acids
as internal
FA
methyl
standards.
esters
Hewlett
fused-silica
Packard,
column
diameter,
0.25-sm
The
was
separation
performed
Amstelveen,
(Supelcowax
film
and
by
GC
IN
5890
Netherlands)
equipped
10, 60 m X 0.25 mm
thickness;
Supelco,
of
TABLE
Concentrations
with
a
internal
Leusden,
at 60 #{176}C
initially
was raised
15 mm.
peak
temperature
#{176}C.
Helium
areas
(Hewlett
were
sanoic acids
by comparing
was
was
then
used
the
oven
increased
with
using
Prep,
Elysian,
MN).
All
reagents
were
fatty
acids
in feces
1 wk
acid
for
of infants
fed the a
1 wk
a Formula
/3 Formula
feces)
fat)
6.8 0.6
5.1 0.7
2.7
1.9
0.1
0.22
14:0
(mg/g
wet
feces)
11.8 1.0
7.7 0.8
fat)
4.7 0.2
2.8 0.22
(% of fecal
16:0
software
(mg/g
wet
feces)
140.4
10.0
fat)
56.3
1.6
38.6
1.62
feces)
28.7
2.1
22.4
1.7
(% of fecal
trico-
were identified
standards
(Nu
analytical
wet
(% of fecal
and
and
Fatty acids
with known
Fatty
#{176}C/min
station
heptadecanoic,
as internal
standards.
the retention
times
of selected
for
(mg/g
for
0.2
gas (2 mL/min)
HP-Chem
nonanoic,
formula
12:0
temperature
again
as a carrier
calculated
Packard)
Chek
then
20 #{176}C/min
to 205 #{176}C
and held at this temperature
The
to 222
for 5 mm,
Nether-
lands),
a flame-ionization
detector
(280 #{176}C),
and a split-splitless injector
used
in splitless
mode
(280 #{176}C).
The GC was
operated
1039
INFANTS
II;
identification
(model
PRETERM
106.0
9.8
18:0
(mg/g
wet
(% of fecal
grade.
fat)
8.5 042
1 1.5 0.4
18:1w9
(mg/g
Statistical
are
stated.
paired
presented
Comparison
data after
significant
as group
mean
of means
was made
analysis
of variance
period
effect
for
all the
unless
SE
by Students
t test
(ANOVA)
showed
studied
variables.
for
no
(mg/g
patients
(mg/g
All
at the
design
time
Fecal
when
kg
the clinical
of each
for
significantly
60 2%)
output,
fed
study
characteristics
were
almost
of
identical
kg
the
a
although
somewhat
a formula
(6.1
f3 formulas,
. d
,
in the
higher
0.8 and
respectively),
and
different
by treatment.
Neither
nor fat (1.5
0.2 and 1.3
tively.
Mean
4.3
was
0.6
not
water
(66 2 and
0.3 g kg_i
. d1)
in infants
intestinal
fed
transit
concentrations
stearic
(18:0)
oleic (18:1w9)
when
fed
of
acids
and
the
a and
time
was
the
myristic
f3 formulas,
also
of myristic,
13 formula.
the
palmitic,
infants
a
and
received
formula.
not
respec-
Intestinal
lower
and fat absorption
with the a formula,
but
(Table
4).
(16:0),
and
concentrations
in their feces
of
than
acid
between
in Table
stearic
the
palmitic
lower
acids
acids
(18:3w3)
was
3 formula
than
absorption
of
5%
these
in feces
was
Fat and FA
absorption
significantly
when
oleic
better
they
and
were
of
different
between
the a
was on average
0.2 g kg
higher
with the
differences
were
fed
25.5
5.22
8.8 1.0
1.0
feces)
0.9 0.1
1.5 0.3
fat)
0.4 0.06
0.5 0.06
12.
different
Significantly
0.002,
0.7
lower,
whereas
and
2.3
phosphorus
the
mg
period
was
/3 than
.
not
excretion
kgt
d,
retained
period,
0.001,
<
0.004,
fecal
excretion
82.0 9.9
excretion
of calcium
kg
mg
was
was
higher,
d1
4.0
kg
d (P < 0.05),
than during
(Table
4). The intestinal
absorption
of
mg
different
of phosphorus
the
a formula:
0.5
the a formula
urinary
from
0.01.
the /3 formula
periods
between
was
periods;
significantly
respectively,
(11.4
P < 0.02).
significantly
more
however,
lower
the
during
1.9 and
16.7
On the /3 formula
phosphorus
than
2.3
the
when
fed
the a formula
(58.1 3.3 and 49.2 2.7 mg kgt
d,
respectively,
P < 0.03).
Urinary
phosphorus
losses
were
inversely
and significantly
correlated
with calcium
absorption
(r
-0.43,
P = <0.05).
Magnesium
data were not different
during
the two diet
periods
(Table 4). Palmitic
acid was the major fecal fatty acid
in the majority
of the infants. We found significant
correlations
between
fecal calcium
excretion
and the excretions
of fat and
of the major
fatty acids.
Palmitic
acid showed
the highest
correlation
coefficient,
followed
by oleic acid and linoleic
acid
(Figure
1).
The fecal calcium
content
was significantly
correlated
with
myristic
(r
0.42, P = 0.04), palmitic
(r = 0.46, P = 0.039),
and stearic (r = 0.42, P = 0.025)
acids,
ie, the major
saturated
fatty acids, but not with the mono- or the polyunsaturated
fatty
acids. No correlation
was observed
between
the fecal concentrations
of fat
or of individual
fatty
acids
and
phosphorus
or
magnesium.
linoleic
and
3.7
significantly
Linolenic
significant
(14:0),
and significantly
linoleic
(18:2co6)
not significantly
different
balance
data are reported
when
wet
infants
different
between
diet periods:
29 4 and 30 5 h, respectively, for the a and /3 formula.
The fecal concentrations
of the major FAs are reported
in
Table 3. When fed the a formula,
the infants had significantly
higher
9.6 2.3
fat)
significantly
(P < 0.05),
the
accounted
for this difference
in stool
weight.
No differences
were
found
in urine
production,
87
2 and
91
mL
feces)
iSE;n=
2-5
infants
1.72
(% of fecal
SYS-
respectively.
g
wet
During
(Table
a and
9.12
29.8
18:3w3
Correla-
Results
the
82.3
14.3 1.4
(% of fecal
4 P
of the crossover
36.3
18:2w6
otherwise
tions between
the data were by simple
linear regression.
calculations
were performed
with the statistical
package
TAT, version
5.2 (SYSTAT,
mc, Evanston,
IL).
Because
4.6
fat)
feces)
/3
d
/3 formula
than
not statistically
Discussion
The results
of this study
structure
of dietary triglyceride
support
the
on intestinal
importance
of the
FA absorption
and
Data
wet
(% of fecal
analysis
1040
CARNIELLI
TABLE
El
AL
Fat, fatty
acid
for
1 wk
(FA),
and mineral
balances
for
of infants
1 wk
13 Formula
a Formula
Fat
6.3 0.6
6.6 0.7
1.5 0.2
1.3 0.2
76 3
81 4
12:0
951
971
14:0
803
9022
16:0
516
7342
Intake
(g . kg
Fecal
excretion
Intestinal
absorption
intestinal
FA
. d)
(gkg1
absorption
.d_i)
(%)
(%)
912
18:0
6152
18:1w9
883
824
18:2w6
913
845
18:3w3
951
961
FIGURE
(mg
Fecal
. kg
. d
excretion
Intestinal
(mg . kg
(mg . kg
(mg .
. d
. d
i)
i)
(%)
162.1
5.1
162.2
4.9
18:1,
82.0
9.9
58.8
7.8
acid.
49.2
5.9
63.7
5.1
2.3
0.5
4.0
073
10.5
77.9
99.5
8.2
47.7
5.9
61.3
5.0
71.9
2.2
75.3
2.3
Phosphorus
Intake
(mg . kg
Fecal
excretion
. d
Urinary
excretion
Retention
(mg
. d
6.0 1.2
i)
(%)
absorption
Intestinal
i)
(mg . kg
(mgkg
. kg_i
.di)
. d_i)
(%)
5.8 1.0
91.9
1.5
92.2
16.7
2.3
11.4 1.9
1.5
49.2
2.7
58.1
3#{149}35
69.0
4.0
77.0
3.8
Magnesium
Intake
(mg
Fecal
. kg
excretion
Intestinal
. d
excretion
Retention
. d
40.8
(mg . kg_i
(mg.kg_i
. d_i)
.f
4
<
0.02,
<
48.6
6.4
2.8 0.8
2.9 0.9
.d_i)
27.5
SE; n =
Significantly
5.6 0.7
7.0
1.4 0.3
(%)
2-5
1 1.0 0.3
6.1 0.7
1)
(%)
absorption
Urinary
10.4 0.3
i)
(mg . kg
2.6 0.9
23.2
8.5
8.8
12.
different
from
a formula:
<
0.01,
<
0.05,
0.03.
and
1. Correlations
18:2.o6.
to provide
on growth
periods.
All
on mineral
metabolism.
The perception
that the positional
distribution
of the FM in human
milk and in formula
triglyceride is important
during
the processes
of digestion
and abinterest
is not
new
of researchers
(26)
for
and
this
many
problem
years
has
(18-21).
attracted
No
the
conclusive
80
100
Excretion
between
regressions
120
(mg
kg
the excretion
are
140
160
180
d1)
#{149}
#{149}
of calcium
statistically
and of 16:0,
significant.
information
on the effect of the dietary
of the infants,
because
of its relative
FA,
fatty
triglyceride
short study
When
fed the a formula
the infants
had in their feces
significantly
higher
concentrations
of myristic,
palmitic,
and
stearic
acids, and significantly
lower concentrations
of oleic
and linoleic
acids than when fed the /3 formula.
A similar
pattern
of fecal FA concentrations
was described
by Verkade
et
al (21), who compared
the fecal FAs of a group of premature
infants
fed a lard-modified
formula
containing
88% of its
palmitic
acid in the sn-2 position
(and only 14% of oleic)
with
a group fed a formula
that had only 16% of palmitate
but 40%
of the oleic acid in the same position.
These
authors
found
higher concentrations
of oleic acid and lower concentrations
of
myristic
and palmitic
acids in the feces of the infants fed the
lard-modified
formula.
In the above-mentioned
study important differences
in the FA profiles of the formulas
(ie, mediumchain triglycerides
were present
in the control formula
but not
in the lard-modified
sorption
60
formula)
prevented
the authors
from
draw-
of the
sn-2
position
and
the
negative
effect
of esteri-
fication
to the sn-1,3
positions.
However,
because
the fecal
output
was higher
(although
not significantly)
during
the a
formula
period
than during
the /3 formula
period,
the FA
balance
data show
better
intestinal
absorption
of myristic,
palmitic,
and stearic acids during the /3 formula
period,
but no
significant
differences
for oleic and linoleic
acids. The latter
FM
were significantly
more abundant
in the feces of infants
fed the /3 formula
than of those fed the a formula.
The large
variability
introduced
when excretions
are calculated
(fecal
concentrations
are multiplied
by the more variable
fecal output)
may have contributed
to the lack of statistical
difference.
We
cannot explain
the larger (although
not significant)
fecal output
during the a formula
period. Other factors than those measured
difference.
The
tinal
absorption
of
function.
drawback
of
our
study
was
its
inability
by
us
(FM,
fat,
water,
balance
the
saturated
and
data
minerals)
indicate
FAs
may
that
outweighed
account
for
the improvement
the
slightly
the
in
re-
excretion
Retention
. d)
(%)
absorption
Urinary
i)
40
Calcium
Calcium
Intake
20
/3-PALMITATE
duced
absorption
advantage
of the
infants.
Lipid
in term
digestion
infants
contribution
salts.
of the other
FAs.
We speculate
/3 position
could
be even
greater
absorption
in preterm
of pancreatic
The
latter
absorption
are
are reported
infants,
lipase
of
more
abundant
important
for
has
long
between
explored
fecal
calcium
(27).
Increasing
children
(28) and in neonates
and of saturated
FAs. In our
from
during
the
palmitate
both
a
tion
bile
have
observations
so
we
a larger
trapped
of higher
During
and fecal
22
sn-2
can
only
amount
a large
intakes
free
d
26%
of fat
was
9.
the
kg
the mean
calcium
the
that
10.
testinal
in human
been
30).
j3 formula
milk.
reported
could
period
100 mg
intrauterine
in human
acids
d
(31). An
however,
could
retention
of
(26%
the
FM.
The
with
of
of mineral
We gratefully
FAs
balance.
acknowledge
to the recruitment
had
of
a structure
We
15.
3.
in human
In: Lebenthal
acid,
16.
SA,
Bryan
MH,
activities
Pediatr
Res
18.
Hamosh
the
U
protein,
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19.
20.
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23.
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24.
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R. Bile
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1975;69:
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Raven
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80.
14.
increase
increase
a mean
value
Singer
GM,
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1. Jensen
1985;
1978;19:95-8.
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of the lipolytic
enzymes
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uting
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13. Signer
by an increased
and this
(34).
in
esterified
to the /3 position),
was associated
with an
in the absorption
of myristic,
palmitic,
and stearic
and
absorption.
47.
at the
retention
Murphy
formula:
by medium-
increased
infants
triglycerides
milk
DM,
term
PW.
fed formula
was replaced
Berger
the newborn.
human
12.
Improvements
in infants
be achieved
the
kg
most
Mi,
digestion
in the
we demonstrated
that the isomeric
triglycerides
has significant
effects
contained
dominantly
improvement
and
706-13.
11.
retention
with
Alternatively,
metabolism
which
contents
metabolism
market),
of =40-50
mg Ca . kg
content
in the formula,
In conclusion,
FM in dietary
G, Njai
and full
B, Olivecrona
Duodenal
Gut
via formation
phosphorus
. Note
of FAs
on
also
(29,
retention
of
the calculated
Fredrikzon
BA.
intraluminal
perhaps
the precipitation
of calcium
in the formula
detrimental
effects
on fat and FA absorption
during
G, Andreotti
8. Brueton
in
speculate
of
lower
chain
triglycerides
of 22 mg Ca
dietary
intake
in the calcium
period
is found
have
and
formulas
as
balance
in which
calcium
mg . kg
containing
infant
position,
calcium
digestion
Feeding
of
diet
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IV.
Fat absorption
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26.
1983;72:
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27.
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in
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the
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by
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most
7.
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the excretion
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the intake
of calcium
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formula
may
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5. Watkins
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similar
INFANTS
6. Zoppi
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