Guinea

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For other uses, see Guinea (disambiguation).

Guinea i /ni/, officially the Republic of Guinea (French: Rpublique de Guine), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea
(French: Guine franaise), the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry in order to distinguish it from other parts of the wider region

Republic of Guinea
Rpublique de Guine

of the same name, such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea.[7] Guinea has a population of 10.5 million and an area of 245,860 square kilometres
(94,927 sq mi).[1]
Guinea is a republic. The president is directly elected by the people and is head of state and head of government. The unicameral Guinean National
Assembly is the legislative body of the country, and its members are also directly elected by the people. The judicial branch is led by the Guinea Supreme
Court, the highest and final court of appeal in the country.[8]
Guinea is a predominantly Islamic country, with Muslims representing 85 percent of the population.[9] Guinea's people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups.
French, the official language of Guinea, is the main language of communication in schools, in government administration, in the media, and among the
country's security forces, but more than twenty-four indigenous languages are also spoken.

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: "Travail, Justice, Solidarit" (French)

"Work, Justice, Solidarity"

Anthem: Libert (French)

Guinea's economy is largely dependent on agriculture and mineral production.[10] It is the world's second largest producer of bauxite, and has rich deposits of

Freedom

diamonds and gold.[11]

Human rights in Guinea remain controversial. In 2011 the United States government claimed that torture by security forces, and abuse of women and
children (e.g. female genital mutilation) were ongoing abuses of human rights.[12]
The country is named after the Guinea region. Guinea is a traditional name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea. It stretches north
through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The English term Guinea comes directly from the Portuguese word Guin, which emerged in the
mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus, a generic term for the black African peoples below the Senegal River, as opposed to the
'tawny' Zenaga Berbers, above it, whom they called Azenegues or Moors.
The country is currently at the core of the 2014 Ebola outbreak giving it a bleak prospect for the upcoming years in terms of humanitarian situation and GDP
growth.

Contents
1 History
1.1 West African empires and Kingdoms in Guinea
1.2 Colonial era
1.3 Independence and Post-Colonial Rule (1958-2008)
1.4 Recent history
1.4.1 2013 Protests
2 Government and Politics
2.1 Political culture
2.2 Executive branch
2.3 Legislative branch
2.4 Foreign relations
2.5 Military
3 Geography
3.1 Regions and prefectures
4 Economy
4.1 Mining
4.2 Problems and reforms
4.3 Oil
4.4 Transport infrastructure
5 Demography
5.1 Languages
5.2 Ethnic groups
5.3 Religion
6 Education
7 Health
7.1 Ebola
7.2 Maternal and child healthcare
7.3 HIV/AIDS
7.4 Malnutrition
7.5 Malaria
8 Culture
8.1 Polygamy
8.2 Music
8.3 Cuisine
8.4 Female genital mutilation
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Location of Guinea (dark blue)

in Africa (light blue & dark grey)
in the African Union (light blue)

Capital
and largest city

Conakry

Official languages

French

Vernacular
languages

Fula
Maninka
Susu

Ethnic groups

30.3% Fula
35.8% Mandinka
11.0% Susu
6.5% Kissi
12.8% Kpelle
11.6% others[1]

Demonym

Guinean

Government

Presidential republic

- President

Alpha Cond (RPG)[2]

Mohamed Said Fofana (RPG)

- Prime Minister

[3]

History
Main article: History of Guinea
The land that is now Guinea belonged to a series of African empires until France colonized it in the 1890s, and made it part of French West Africa. Guinea
declared its independence from France on 2 October 1958. Since independence until the presidential election of 2010, Guinea was governed by a number of
autocratic rulers.[13][14][15]

West African empires and Kingdoms in Guinea

Main articles: Imamate of Futa Jallon and Wassoulou Empire

931N 1342W

Legislature

National Assembly

Independence
- from France

2 October 1958

Area
- Total
- Water (%)
Population
- 2000 estimate

245,836 km2 (78th)

94,926 sq mi
negligible
8,746,128[4] (81st)
10,628,972

What is now Guinea was on the fringes of the major West African empires. The Ghana Empire is believed to be the earliest of these which grew on trade but
contracted and ultimately fell due to the hostile influence of the Almoravids. It was in this period that Islam first arrived in the region.

- 2014 census
- Density

The Sosso kingdom (12th to 13th centuries) briefly flourished in the void but the Islamic Mandinka Mali Empire came to prominence when Soundiata Kta
defeated the Sosso ruler, Soumangourou Kant at the semi-historical Battle of Kirina in c. 1235. The Mali Empire was ruled by Mansa (Emperors), the most
famous being Kankou Moussa, who made a famous hajj to Mecca in 1324. Shortly after his reign the Mali Empire began to decline and was ultimately
supplanted by its vassal states in the 15th century.

GDP (PPP)
- Total

$11.464 billion[5]

- Per capita

$1,082[5]

GDP (nominal)

2011 estimate

40.9/km2
106.1/sq mi
2011 estimate

The most successful of these was the Songhai Empire, expanding its power from about 1460, and eventually surpassing the Mali Empire in both territory and
wealth. It continued to prosper until a civil war over succession followed the death of Askia Daoud in 1582. The weakened empire fell to invaders from
Morocco at the Battle of Tondibi just 3 years later. The Moroccans proved unable to rule the kingdom effectively, however, and it split into many small
kingdoms.
After the fall of the major West African empires, various kingdoms existed in what is now Guinea. Fulani Muslims migrated to Futa Jallon in Central Guinea
and established an Islamic state from 1735 to 1898 with a written constitution and alternate rulers. The Wassoulou or Wassulu empire was a short-lived
(18781898) empire, led by Samori Ture in the predominately Malink area of what is now upper Guinea and southwestern Mali (Wassoulou). It moved to
Ivory Coast before being conquered by the French. Guinea was the country Mufasa died.

Colonial era
The slave trade came to the coastal region of Guinea with European traders in the 16th century. Slavery had always been part of everyday life but the scale
increased as slaves were exported to work elsewhere in the triangular trade.
Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid-19th century. French domination was assured by the defeat in 1898
of the armies of Samori Tour, Mansa (or Emperor) of the Ouassoulou state and leader of Malink descent, which gave France control of what today is
Guinea and adjacent areas.

- Total

$5.212 billion[5]

- Per capita

$492[5]

Gini (1994)

70.3
very high

HDI (2013)

0.212[6]
low 179th

Currency

Guinean franc (GNF)

Time zone

(UTC+0)

Drives on the

right

Calling code

+224

ISO 3166 code

GN

Internet TLD

.gn

France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the British for Sierra Leone, the Portuguese for their Guinea colony
(now Guinea-Bissau), and Liberia. Under the French, the country formed the Territory of Guinea within French West Africa, administered by a governor general
resident in Dakar. Lieutenant governors administered the individual colonies, including Guinea.

Independence and Post-Colonial Rule (1958-2008)

In 1958 the French Fourth Republic collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies, especially Indochina and Algeria. The
founding of a Fifth Republic was supported by the French people, while French President Charles de Gaulle made it clear on 8 August 1958 that France's colonies
were to be given a stark choice between more autonomy in a new French Community and immediate independence in the referendum to be held on 28 September
1958. The other colonies chose the former but Guinea under the leadership of Ahmed Skou Tour whose Democric Party of Guinea (PDG) had won 56 of 60
seats in 1957 territorial elections voted overwhelmingly for independence. The French withdrew quickly, and on 2 October 1958, Guinea proclaimed itself a
sovereign and independent republic, with Skou Tour as president.
Following France's withdrawal, Guinea quickly aligned itself with the Soviet Union and adopted socialist policies. This alliance was short lived, however, as
Guinea moved towards a Chinese model of socialism. Despite this, however, the country continued to receive aid and investment from capitalist countries such as
the U.S.. Even the relationship with France improved, after the election of Valry Giscard d'Estaing as president, trade increased and the two countries exchanged
diplomatic visits.
By 1960, Tour had declared the PDG the only legal party. For the next 24 years, the government and the PDG were one. Tour was reelected unopposed to four
seven-year terms as president, and every five years voters were presented with a single list of PDG candidates for the National Assembly. Advocating a hybrid
African Socialism domestically and Pan-Africanism abroad, Tour quickly became a polarising leader, and his government became intolerant of dissent,
imprisoning hundreds, and stifling free press.
At the same time, the Guinean government nationalised land, removed French appointed and traditional chiefs from power, and broke ties with French
government and companies. Vacillating between support for the Soviet Union and (by the late 1970s) the United States, Guinea's economic situation became as
unpredictable as its diplomatic line. Alleging plots and conspiracies against him at home and abroad, Tours regime targeted real and imagined opponents,
driving thousands of political opponents into exile.

Samori Ture was the founder of the

Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic state in
present-day Guinea that resisted French
colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until
Ture's capture in 1898.

In 1970, Portuguese forces, from neighboring Portuguese Guinea, staged Operation Green Sea, a raid into Guinea with the support of exiled Guinean opposition
forces. Among other goals, the Portuguese military wanted to kill or capture Sekou Toure due his support of the PAIGC, a guerilla movement operating inside
Portuguese Guinea.[16] After several days of fierce fighting, the Portuguese forces retreated after achieving most of their goals. The regime of Skou Tour
increased the number of internal arrests and executions.
Skou Tour died on 26 March 1984 after a heart operation in the United States, and was replaced by Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui, who was to serve
as interim president pending new elections.
The PDG was due to elect a new leader on 3 April 1984. Under the constitution, that person would have been the only candidate for president. However, hours
before that meeting, Colonels Lansana Cont and Diarra Traor seized power in a bloodless coup. Cont assumed the role of president, with Traor serving as
prime minister until December.

President Ahmed Skou Tour was supported

by the Communist bloc states and in 1961
visited Yugoslavia.

Cont immediately denounced the previous regimes record on human rights, released 250 political prisoners and encouraged approximately 200,000 more to
return from exile. He also made explicit the turn away from socialism, but this did little to alleviate poverty and the country showed no immediate signs of
moving towards democracy.
In 1992, Cont announced a return to civilian rule, with a presidential poll in 1993 followed by elections to parliament in 1995 (in which his party - the Party of
Unity and Progress - won 71 of 114 seats.) Despite his stated commitment to democracy, Cont's grip on power remained tight. In September 2001 the opposition
leader Alpha Cond was imprisoned for endangering state security, though he was pardoned 8 months later. He subsequently spent a period of exile in France.
In 2001 Cont organized and won a referendum to lengthen the presidential term and in 2003 begun his third term after elections were boycotted by the
opposition. In January 2005, Cont survived a suspected assassination attempt while making a rare public appearance in the capital Conakry. His opponents
claimed that he was a "tired dictator"[17] whose departure was inevitable, whereas his supporters believed that he was winning a battle with dissidents. Guinea still
faces very real problems and according to Foreign Policy is in danger of becoming a failed state.[18]
In 2000 Guinea became embroiled in the instability which had long blighted the rest of West Africa as rebels crossed the borders with Liberia and Sierra Leone
and it seemed for a time that the country was headed for civil war.[19] Cont blamed neighbouring leaders for coveting Guinea's natural resources, though these
claims were strenuously denied.[20] In 2003 Guinea agreed plans with her neighbours to tackle the insurgents. In 2007 there were big protests against the
government, resulting in the appointment of a new prime minister.[21]

Recent history
Cont remained in power until his death on 23 December 2008[22] and several hours following his death, Moussa Dadis Camara seized control in a coup,
declaring himself head of a military junta.[23]
Protests against the coup became violent and 157 people were killed when, on 28 September 2009, the junta ordered its soldiers to attack people who had
gathered to protest Camara's attempt to become president.[24] The soldiers went on a rampage of rape, mutilation, and murder which caused many foreign
governments to withdraw their support for the new regime.[25]

Monument to commemorate the 1970

military victory over the Portuguese raid. The
only objective not accomplished by the
Portuguese raid was the capture of Ahmed
Skou Tour.

On 3 December 2009, an aide shot Camara during a dispute about the rampage of September 2009. Camara went to Morocco for medical care.[25][26] VicePresident (and defense minister) Skouba Konat flew back from Lebanon to run the country in Camara's absence.[27] On 12 January 2010 Camara was flown from Morocco to Burkina Faso.[28] After meeting
in Ouagadougou on 13 and 14 January, Camara, Konat and Blaise Compaor, President of Burkina Faso, produced a formal statement of twelve principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within
six months. It was agreed that the military would not contest the forthcoming elections, and Camara would continue to remain outside of Guinea.[29] On 21 January 2010 the military junta appointed Jean-Marie
Dor as Prime Minister of a six-month transition government, leading up to elections.[30]
The presidential election was held on 27 June[31][32] and was the first free and fair election since independence in 1958. Ex Prime Minister Cellou Dalein Diallo and his rival Alpha Cond emerged as the two
runners-up for the second round.[33] However, due to allegations of electoral fraud, the second round of the election was postponed until 19 September 2010[34] and then again until 10 October.[35] Yet another
delay until 24 October was announced in early October.[36] Elections were finally held on 7 November. Voter turnout was high, and the elections went relatively smoothly.[37]
16 November 2010, Alpha Cond, the leader of the opposition party Rally of the Guinean People (RGP), was officially declared the winner and he promised to reform the security sector and review mining

contracts.[38]
On the night of 18 July 2011, President Cond's residence was attacked in a failed attempted coup.[39][40]
In April 2012, President Cond postponed legislative elections indefinitely, citing the need to ensure that they were "transparent and democratic".[41]
2013 Protests
The opposition coalition withdrew from the electoral process in mid-February, mainly due to President Conde's insistence on using a suspicious South African firm Waymark Infotech to draw up the registered
voter list.[42][43] In late February 2013, political violence erupted in Guinea after protesters took to the streets to voice their concerns over the transparency of the upcoming May 2013 elections. The
demonstrations were fueled by the opposition coalitions decision to step down from the electoral process in protest at the lack of transparency in the preparations for elections.[44] Nine people were killed
during the protests, while around 220 were injured, and many of the deaths and injuries were caused by security forces using live fire on protesters.[42][45]
The political violence also led to inter-ethnic clashes between the Fula and Malinke peoples, the latter forming the base of support for President Cond, with the former consisting mainly of the opposition.[46]
On 26 March 2013 the opposition party backed out of the negotiation with the government over the upcoming 12 May election. The opposition claimed that the government has not respected them, and have
not kept any promises they agreed to. This is expected to lead to more protests and fighting in the streets of Guinea.[47]

Government and Politics

Further information: Politics of Guinea
The country is a republic. The president is directly elected by the people and is head of state and head of government. The Unicameral National Assembly is the
legislative body of the country, and its members are directly elected by the people. The judicial branch is led by the Guinea Supreme Court, the highest and final
Court of appeal in the country.[8]
Guinea is a member of many international organizations including the African Union, Agency for the French-Speaking Community, African Development Bank,
Economic Community of West African States, World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, IMF, and the United Nations.

Political culture
President Alpha Conde derives support from Guinea's second-largest ethnic group, the Malinke.[48] Guinea's opposition is backed by the Fula ethnic group, also
known as Peul, who account for around 40 percent of the population.[48]

Executive branch
The president of Guinea is normally elected by popular vote for a five-year term; candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected president. The
president governs Guinea, assisted by a council of 25 civilian ministers appointed by him. The government administers the country through eight regions, 33
prefectures, over 100 subprefectures, and many districts (known as communes in Conakry and other large cities and villages or "quartiers" in the interior).
District-level leaders are elected; the president appoints officials to all other levels of the highly centralized administration.
Since the 2010 Presidential Elections, the head of state has been Alpha Cond.

Legislative branch

Alpha Cond, the current President of

Guinea.

The National Assembly of Guinea, the country's legislative body, has not met since 2008 when it was dissolved after the military coup in December. Elections
have been postponed many times since 2007. In April 2012, President Cond postponed the elections indefinitely, citing the need to ensure that they were "transparent and democratic".[41]
The 2013 Guinean legislative election were held on 24 September 2013.[49] President Alpha Cond's party, the Rally of the Guinean People (RPG), won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly of Guinea,
with 53 out of 114 seats. The opposition parties won a total of 53 seats, and opposition leaders denounced the official results as fraudulent.

Foreign relations
Further information: Foreign relations of Guinea
Guinea's foreign relations, including those with its West African neighbors, have improved steadily since 1985.[50]

Military
Main article: Military of Guinea
Guinea's armed forces are divided into five branches army, navy, air force, the paramilitary National Gendarmerie and the Republican Guard whose chiefs report to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, who is subordinate to the Minister of Defense. In addition, regime security forces include the National Police Force (Sret National). The Gendarmerie, responsible for internal security, has a strength of
several thousand.
The army, with about 15,000 personnel, is by far the largest branch of the armed forces. It is mainly responsible for protecting the state borders, the security of administered territories, and defending Guinea's
national interests. Air force personnel total about 700. The force's equipment includes several Russian-supplied fighter planes and transports. The navy has about 900 personnel and operates several small
patrol craft and barges.

Geography
Main article: Geography of Guinea
Guinea shares its northern border with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali, and its southern border with Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast. The nation forms a crescent as it curves from its western border
on the Atlantic Ocean toward the east and the south. The sources of the Niger River, Gambia River, and Senegal River are all found in the Guinea Highlands.[51]
At 245,857 km2 (94,926 sq mi), Guinea is roughly the size of the United Kingdom. There are 320 km (200 mi) of coastline and a total land border of 3,400 km (2,100 mi). Its neighbours are Ivory Coast (Cte
d'Ivoire), Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal and Sierra Leone. It lies mostly between latitudes 7 and 13N, and longitudes 7 and 15W (a small area is west of 15).
Guinea is divided into four main regions: Maritime Guinea, also known as Lower Guinea or the Basse-Cot lowlands, populated mainly by the Susu ethnic group; the cooler, mountainous Fouta Djallon that
run roughly north-south through the middle of the country, populated by Fulas, the Sahelian Haute-Guinea to the northeast, populated by Malink, and the forested jungle regions in the southeast, with several
ethnic groups. Guinea's mountains are the source for the Niger, the Gambia, and Senegal Rivers, as well as the numerous rivers flowing to the sea on the west side of the range in Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast.
The highest point in Guinea is Mount Nimba at 1,752 m (5,748 ft). Although the Guinean and Ivorian sides of the Nimba Massif are a UNESCO Strict Nature Reserve, the portion of the so-called Guinean
Backbone continues into Liberia, where it has been mined for decades; the damage is quite evident in the Nzrkor Region at 73217N 82950W.

Regions and prefectures

Main article: Administrative divisions of Guinea
The Republic of Guinea covers 245,857 square kilometres (94,926 sq mi) of West Africa, about 10 degrees north of the equator. Guinea is divided into four natural regions with distinct human, geographic,
and climatic characteristics:

Maritime Guinea (La Guine Maritime) covers 18% of the country

Middle Guinea (La Moyenne-Guine) covers 20% of the country
Upper Guinea (La Haute-Guine) covers 38% of the country
Forested Guinea (Guine forestire) covers 23% of the country, and is both forested and mountainous

Guinea is divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirtythree prefectures. Conakry is Guinea's capital, largest city, and economic centre.
Nzrkor, located in the Guine forestire region in Southern Guinea, is the
second largest city.
Other major cities in the country with a population above 100,000 include
Kankan, Kindia, Labe, Guckdou, Boke, Mamou and Kissidougou.
Region
Conakry Region

Capital
Conakry

Population
(2014 census)
1,667,864

Nzrkor Region Nzrkor 1,663,582

Kankan Region

Kankan

Kindia Region

Kindia

1,986,329
1,559,185

Bok Region

Bok

1,081,445

Lab Region

Lab

995,717

Faranah Region

Faranah

942,733

Mamou Region

Mamou

732,117

The capital Conakry with a population of 1,667,864 ranks as a special

zone.

Economy
Main article: Economy of Guinea
Guinea has abundant natural resources including 25 percent or more of the
world's known bauxite reserves. Guinea also has diamonds, gold, and other
metals. The country has great potential for hydroelectric power. Bauxite and
alumina are currently the only major exports. Other industries include processing
plants for beer, juices, soft drinks and tobacco. Agriculture employs 80 percent of
the nation's labor force. Under French rule, and at the beginning of independence,
Guinea was a major exporter of bananas, pineapples, coffee, peanuts, and palm oil.

A map showing Guinea's cities and administrative divisions.

Mining
Guinea possesses over 25 billion tonnes (metric tons) of bauxite and perhaps up to one-half of the world's reserves. In addition,
Guinea's mineral wealth includes more than 4-billion tonnes of high-grade iron ore, significant diamond and gold deposits, and
undetermined quantities of uranium. Guinea has considerable potential for growth in agricultural and fishing sectors. Soil, water, and
climatic conditions provide opportunities for large-scale irrigated farming and agro industry. Possibilities for investment and commercial
activities exist in all these areas, but Guinea's poorly developed infrastructure and rampant corruption continue to present obstacles to
large-scale investment projects.
Joint venture bauxite mining and alumina operations in northwest Guinea historically provide about 80% of Guinea's foreign exchange.
Bauxite is refined into alumina, which is later smelted into aluminium. The Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinea (CBG), which exports
about 14 million tonnes of high-grade bauxite annually, is the main player in the bauxite industry. CBG is a joint venture, 49% owned by
the Guinean Government and 51% by an international consortium known as Halco Mining Inc., a joint venture controlled by aluminium
producer Alcoa ( AA), global miner Rio Tinto and Dadco Investments.[52] CBG has exclusive rights to bauxite reserves and resources in
north-western Guinea through 2038.[53]
The Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia (CBK), a joint venture between the Government of Guinea and RUSAL, produces some
2.5 million tonnes annually, nearly all of which is exported to Russia and Eastern Europe. Dian Dian, a Guinean/Ukrainian joint bauxite
venture, has a projected production rate of 1,000,000 t (1,102,311 short tons; 984,207 long tons) per year, but is not expected to begin
operations for several years. The Alumina Compagnie de Guine (ACG), which took over the former Friguia Consortium, produced about
2.4 million tonnes in 2004 as raw material for its alumina refinery. The refinery exports about 750,000 tonnes of alumina. Both Global
Alumina and Alcoa-Alcan have signed conventions with the Government of Guinea to build large alumina refineries with a combined
capacity of about 4 million tonnes per year.

Regions of Guinea.

Diamonds and gold also are mined and exported on a large scale. AREDOR, a joint diamond-mining venture between the Guinean
Government (50%) and an Australian, British, and Swiss consortium, began production in 1984 and mined diamonds that are 90% gem
quality. Production stopped from 1993 until 1996, when First City Mining, of Canada, purchased the international portion of the
consortium. The bulk of diamonds are mined artisanally. The largest gold mining operation in Guinea is a joint venture between the
government and Ashanti Goldfields of Ghana. Socit Minire de Dinguiraye (SMD) also has a large gold mining facility in Lero, near
the Malian border.
Guinea has large reserves of the steel-making raw material, iron ore. Rio Tinto is the majority owner of the $6 billion Simandou iron ore
project, which the firm says is the world's best unexploited resource.[54] Rio Tinto has signed a binding agreement with Aluminum Corp.
of China Ltd. to establish the joint venture for the Simandou iron ore project. This project is said to be of the same magnitude as the
Pilbara in Western Australia.
In September 2011, Guinea adopted a new mining code. The law set up a commission to review deals struck during the chaotic days

A proportional depiction of Guinea's export products.

between the end of dictatorship in 2008 and Cond coming to power.[55]

Problems and reforms

In 2002, the IMF suspended Guinea's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) because the government failed to meet key performance criteria. In
reviews of the PRGF, the World Bank noted that Guinea had met its spending goals in targeted social priority sectors. However, spending in other areas,
primarily defense, contributed to a significant fiscal deficit. The loss of IMF funds forced the government to finance its debts through Central Bank
advances. The pursuit of unsound economic policies has resulted in imbalances that are proving hard to correct.
Under then-Prime Minister Diallo, the government began a rigorous reform agenda in December 2004 designed to return Guinea to a PRGF with the IMF.
Exchange rates have been allowed to float, price controls on gasoline have been loosened, and government spending has been reduced while tax collection
has been improved. These reforms have not reduced inflation, which hit 27% in 2004 and 30% in 2005. Currency depreciation is also a concern. The Guinea
franc was trading at 2550 to the dollar in January 2005. It hit 5554 to the dollar by October 2006.
Despite the opening in 2005 of a new road connecting Guinea and Mali, most major roadways remain in poor repair, slowing the delivery of goods to local
markets. Electricity and water shortages are frequent and sustained, and many businesses are forced to use expensive power generators and fuel to stay
open.

Malinke fisher women on the Niger River,

Niandankoro, Kankan Region, in eastern Guinea.

Even though there are many problems plaguing Guinea's economy, not all foreign investors are reluctant to come to Guinea. Global Alumina's proposed alumina refinery has a price tag above $2 billion. Alcoa
and Alcan are proposing a slightly smaller refinery worth about $1.5 billion. Taken together, they represent the largest private investment in sub-Saharan Africa since the Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline. Also,
Hyperdynamics Corporation, an American oil company, signed an agreement in 2006 to develop Guinea's offshore Senegal Basin oil deposits in a concession of 31,000 square miles (80,000 km2); it is
pursuing seismic exploration.[56]

On 13 October 2009, Guinean Mines Minister Mahmoud Thiam announced that the China International Fund would invest more than $7bn (4.5bn) in infrastructure. In return, he said the firm would be a
"strategic partner" in all mining projects in the mineral-rich nation. He said the firm would help build ports, railway lines, power plants, low-cost housing and even a new administrative centre in the capital,
Conakry.[57] In September 2011, Mohamed Lamine Fofana, the Mines Minister following the 2010 election, said that the government had overturned the agreement by the ex-military junta.[58]
Youth unemployment, however, remains a large problem. Guinea needs an adequate policy to address the concerns of urban youth. One problem is the disparity between their life and what they see on
television. For youth who cannot find jobs, seeing the economic power and consumerism of richer countries only serves to frustrate them further.[59]

Oil
Guinea signed a Production sharing agreement with Hyperdynamics Corporation of Houston in 2006 to explore a large offshore tract, recently in partnership with Dana Petroleum PLC (Aberdeen, United
Kingdom). The initial well, the Sabu-1, was scheduled to begin drilling in October 2011 at a site in approximately 700 meters of water. The Sabu-1 will target a four-way anticline prospect with upper
Cretaceous sands and is anticipated to be drilled to a total depth of 3,600 meters.[60]
Following the completion of exploratory drilling in 2012, the Sabu-1 well was not deemed commercially viable.[61] In November 2012, Hyperdynamics subsidiary SCS reached an agreement for a sale of 40%
of the concession to Tullow Oil, bringing ownership shares in the Guinea offshore tract to 37% Hyperdynamics, 40% Tullow Oil, and 23% Dana Petroleum.[62] Hyperdynamics will have until September 2016
under the current agreement to begin drilling its next selected site, the Fatala turbidite fan prospect.[63]

Transport infrastructure
Main article: Transport in Guinea
The railway from Conakry to Kankan ceased operating in the mid-1980s. Domestic air services are intermittent. Most vehicles in Guinea are 20+ years old, and cabs are any four-door vehicle which the owner
has designated as being for hire. Locals, nearly entirely without vehicles of their own, rely upon these taxis (which charge per seat) and small buses to take them around town and across the country. There is
some river traffic on the Niger and Milo rivers. Horses and donkeys pull carts, primarily to transport construction materials.

Mining operations are expected to start at Simandou before the end of 2015. Rio Tinto Limited plans to build a 650 km railway to transport iron ore from the mine to the coast, near Matakong, for export.[64]
Much of the Simandou iron ore is expected to be shipped to China for steel production.[65]
Conakry International Airport is the largest airport in the country, with flights to other cities in Africa as well as to Europe.

Demography
Main article: Demography of Guinea
The population of Guinea is estimated at 10.5 million. Conakry, the capital and largest city, is the hub of Guinea's economy, commerce, education, and culture. In
2014, the total fertility rate (TFR) of Guinea was estimated at 4.93 children born per woman.[66]

Languages
Main article: Languages of Guinea
The official language of Guinea is French. Other significant languages spoken are Pular (Fulfulde or Fulani), Maninka (Malinke), Susu, Kissi, Kpelle,and Loma,

Ethnic groups
The population of Guinea comprises about 24 ethnic groups. The Fulas or Fulani (French: Peuls; Fula: Fule), comprise 40% of the population and are mostly found
in the Futa Djallon region. The Mandinka, also known as Mandingo or Malink, comprise 26% of the population and are mostly found in eastern Guinea
concentrated around the Kankan and Kissidougou prefectures.[1]
The Soussou, comprising 11% of the population, are predominantly in western areas around the capital Conakry, Forcariah, and Kindia. Smaller ethnic groups make
up the remaining 23% of the population, including Kpelle, Kissi, Zialo, Toma and others.[1] Approximately 10,000 non-Africans live in Guinea, predominantly
Lebanese, French, and other Europeans.[67]

Religion

Guinean women.

Further information: Religion in Guinea

The population of Guinea is approximately 85 percent Muslim, 8 percent Christian, with 7 percent adhering to indigenous religious beliefs.[68] Much of the
population, both Muslim and Christian, also incorporate indigenous African beliefs into their outlook.[68]
Guinean Muslims are generally Sunni of Maliki school of jurisprudence, influenced with Sufism,[69] with many Ahmadiyya;[70] there are relatively few Shi'a in
Guinea.
Christian groups include Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, and Evangelical groups. Jehovah's Witnesses are active in the country and
recognized by the Government. There is a small Baha'i community. There are small numbers of Hindus, Buddhists, and traditional Chinese religious groups among
the expatriate community.[71]
There were three days of ethno-religious fighting in the city of Nzerekore in July 2013.[48][72] Fighting between ethnic Kpelle, who are Christian or animist, and ethnic
Konianke, who are Muslims and close to the larger Malinke ethnic group, left at least 54 dead.[72] The dead included people who were killed with machetes and
burned alive.[72] The violence ended after the Guinea military imposed a curfew, and President Conde made a televised appeal for calm.[72]

Education
Main article: Education in Guinea
The literacy rate of Guinea is one of the lowest in the world: in 2010 it was estimated that only 41% of adults were literate (52% of males and 30% of females).[73]
Primary education is compulsory for 6 years, but most children do not attend for so long, and many do not go to school at all. In 1999, primary school attendance

The Conakry Grand Mosque in Guinea,

one of the largest mosques in West
Africa.

was 40 percent. Children, particularly girls, are kept out of school in order to assist their parents with domestic work or agriculture,[74] or to be married: Guinea
has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world.[75]

Health
Further information: Health in Guinea

Ebola
Further information: Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa
In 2014 there was an outbreak of the Ebola virus in Guinea. In response, the health ministry banned the sale and consumption of bats, thought to be carriers of the
disease. Despite this measure, the virus eventually spread from rural areas to Conakry,[76] and by late June 2014 had spread to neighboring countries Sierra Leone
and Liberia. In early August 2014 Guinea closed its borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia to help contain the spreading of the virus, as more new cases of the

Schoolgirls in Conakry, Guinea

disease were being reported in those countries than in Guinea. The outbreak began in early December, in a village called Meliandou, southeastern Guinea, not far from the borders with both Liberia and Sierra
Leone. The first known case was a two-year-old child who died, after fever and vomiting and passing black stool, on December 6. The child's mother died a week later, then a sister and a grandmother, all with
symptoms that included fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Then, by way of caregiving visits or attendance at funerals, the outbreak spread to other villages.

Maternal and child healthcare

In June 2011, the United Nations Population Fund released a report on The State of the World's Midwifery (http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html). It contained new data on the midwifery workforce
and policies relating to newborn and maternal mortality for 58 countries. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea is 680. This is compared with 859.9 in 2008 and 964.7 in 1990. The
under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 146 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 29. In Guinea the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death
for pregnant women is 1 in 26. [77] Guinea has the second highest prevalence of female genital mutilation in the world.[78][79]

HIV/AIDS
Main article: HIV/AIDS in Guinea
An estimated 170,000 adults and children were infected at the end of 2004.[80][81] Surveillance surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002 show higher rates of HIV in urban areas than in rural areas. Prevalence was
highest in Conakry (5%) and in the cities of the Forest Guinea region (7%) bordering Cte dIvoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.[82]
HIV is spread primarily through multiple-partner heterosexual intercourse. Men and women are at nearly equal risk for HIV, with young people aged 15 to 24 most vulnerable. Surveillance figures from 2001
2002 show high rates among commercial sex workers (42%), active military personnel (6.6%), truck drivers and bush taxi drivers (7.3%), miners (4.7%), and adults with tuberculosis (8.6%).[82]
Several factors are fueling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guinea. They include unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, illiteracy, endemic poverty, unstable borders, refugee migration, lack of civic
responsibility, and scarce medical care and public services.[82]

Malnutrition
Malnutrition is a serious problem for Guinea. A 2012 study reported high chronic malnutrition rates, with levels ranging from 34% to 40% by region, as well as acute malnutrition rates above 10% in Upper
Guineas mining zones. The survey showed that 139,200 children suffer from acute malnutrition, 609,696 from chronic malnutrition and further 1,592,892 suffer from anemia. Degradation of care practices,
limited access to medical services, inadequate hygiene practices and a lack of food diversity explain these levels.[83]

Malaria
Malaria is prevalent in Guinea. It is transmitted year-round, with peak transmission from July through October.[84] Malaria is one of the top causes of disability in Guinea.[85]

Culture
Polygamy
Further information: Polygamy in Guinea
Polygamy is prohibited by law in Guinea.[86] UNICEF reports that 53.4% of Guinean women aged 1549 are in polygamous marriages.[87]

Music
Further information: Music of Guinea
Like other West African countries, Guinea has a rich musical tradition. The group Bembeya Jazz became popular in the 1960s after Guinean
independence.

Cuisine

A market stall selling vegetables in Dinguiraye Prefecture,

Guinea.

Further information: Cuisine of Guinea

Guinean cuisine varies by region with rice as the most common staple. Cassava is also widely consumed.[88] Part of West African cuisine, the foods of Guinea include fufu, jollof rice, maafe, and tapalapa
bread. In rural areas, food is eaten from a large serving dish and eaten by hand outside of homes.[89]

Female genital mutilation

According to Anastasia Gage, an associate professor at Tulane University, and Ronan van Rossem, an associate professor at Ghent University,[90] female genital mutilation in Guinea had been performed on
more than 98% of women as of 2009.[91] In Guinea almost all cultures, religions, and ethnicities practice female genital mutilation.[92]

See also

Outline of Guinea
Index of Guinea-related articles
List of Guineans
Agriculture in Guinea

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External links
http://www.minorityrights.org/5503/guinea/guinea-overview.html
http://www.africaguinee.com
Official website (http://www.presidence.gov.gn/) (French)
Le Jour Guine (http://www.lejourguinee.com) (French)
Guinea (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html) entry at The World Factbook
wikiGuine (http://www.wikiguinee.net)
Guinea (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/guinea.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Guinea (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Guinea) at DMOZ
Guinea profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13442051) from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Guinea
The State of the World's Midwifery Guinea Country Profile (http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_GuineaC_SoWMy_Profile.pdf)
'Media and Telecommunication Lansdcape in Guinea' (http://infoasaid.org/sites/infoasaid.org/files/guinea_media_landscape_guide_updated_300811.pdf), a 'infoasaid' (http://infoasaid.org/) guide, April
2011, 69 pp.
Key Development Forecasts for Guinea (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GN) from International Futures
CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE, D'INDUSTRIE ET D'ARTISANAT DE GUINE Allemagne (CCIAGA) (http://www.cciaga.org)

Trade
Guinea 2008 Summary Trade Statistics (http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GIN/Year/2008/Summary)