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Advanced Contact Technology
Test & Measureline

Test & Measurement
Safe Testing and Measuring

According to IEC/EN 61010-031
A brief guide to electrical
testing and measuring
(with special regard to safety at work)
CAT I
CAT II
CAT III
CAT IV
Amendments to the Standard

IEC/EN 61010-031 (2002 / 2008);
Examples for Special Insulation Requirements
Special aspects of measuring

and answers to frequently asked questions (FAQ)
Measuring
equipment
12 16
Test Categories
(according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
17 25
Safety at Work
8 11
3 7
Contents
Glossary with explanation

of terms relating to measuring and
our test accessories
26 45
Iconstant
www.multi-contact.com
We frequently receive inquiries about safety issues and the compatibility of our test accessories with existing standards.
From this we conclude that there is a need to supply information on this not always straightforward subject, and hope that this guide Safe Testing and Measuring will provide some
useful hints that will assist you in the choice and use of the right test accessories and to
keep you informed of changes to IEC/EN 61010-031 which is the most important standard
for the safe operation of electrical measuring equipment.
IEC/EN 61010-031
Most important Safety Standard for

electrotechnical Test Accessories
The middle part of this publication provides information on special aspects of measuring
(Kelvin measurement, frequency dependence of the rated voltage etc.) while its final part
contains a glossary with explanations of terms related to testing and measurement and to
our test accessories.
Safety at Work
The highest possible standard of safety when using electrical test accessories must be the
ultimate goal for you the user and for us the producer.
It is self-evident that safe working with electrical test accessories requires technical knowledge.
U=R*I
Obligatory: Technical knowledge.
To avoid accidents, it is also important, when making a choice of test accessories, to take
into consideration the specific situation in which they will be used.
The choice of Test Accessories

should be well-considered.
Users of test accessories should familiarise themselves with the points presented on the
following pages before they begin work.
Safety at Work
Which parameters are to be measured and

how is the point of measurement accessed?
Practical considerations for the performance of the measuring task: Geometry of the test
connection, use of solely hand-held test accessories (clips, probes etc.) or installation of
special adapters.
U=?
I=?
What voltages and currents can occur, ie. are the

rated values sufficient for the envisaged applications
of the test accessories?
The test accessories should be rated for voltages and currents that are at least as high as
the highest expected voltages and currents. The rated values of our test accessories are
stated in the catalogue wherever possible, and marked on the products.
1000 V
CAT IV
Observe data on products and/or on documents

supplied with them (e.g. package leaflets) !
RZ xzy
In certain cases, however, the space on the products is insufficient. They are then marked
with the symbol A, which indicates documentation supplied with the accessory. You will
find the number of the relevant document (RZ....) in the catalogue next to the product description.
At what point in the mains supply

will the measurement be taken?
The user must know exactly where in the installation (in the mains supply) he will be working. The hazards that may occur depend very much on the location within the installation.
Safety at Work
What are the environmental conditions of the object

under test? What pollution is expected in the planned
application?
The working environment in which the equipment is to be used must be considered. Users
should consider whether the accessories are likely to be exposed to moisture or pollution.
Operating instructions
A prerequisite for ensuring safety is normal use

of the test accessories
Normal use means, for example, observing the safe handling areas on probes, grips etc.
Misuse or the use of damaged products means an elevated, unpredictable safety risk.
!!
! !
The safety at work is the

primary responsibility of the user!
We wish to state however that the safety at work is the primary responsibility of the user,
who must ensure that appropriate test accessories for the application are being used
(normally). In general, the following equation is valid:
TEST ACCESSORIES
+ CORRECT USE
= SAFETY AT WORK
Safety at Work
Dangers in case of inadequate fuse protection
Measurements on circuits with a high level of energy, eg. on the input side of an electrical
installation, require an extremely high standard of safety. The employed test instruments
and the accessories should therefore incorporate effective measures against high short-circuit currents.
HELP
Depending on the energy level in the circuit undergoing measurement,

the consequences of a short circuit can be catastrophic.
The use of high breaking capacity fuses

In high-energy low-voltage systems it is advisable to use high breaking capacity (HBC) fuses
in order to avoid unforeseeable consequences in the event of short circuits.
High breaking capacity fuses are able to disconnect even extremely high short-circuit currents of up to many thousands of amperes.
High breaking capacity fuses can be integrated into test probes or connecting clips, fitted in
the measuring circuit by means of fuse adapters, or, as in the case of our new fused test
leads, incorporated into the test lead. Besides ease of handling, fused leads have the advantage of allowing standard connecting clips, probes and adapters to be used for protected
measurements.
Our articles that can be equipped with high breaking capacity fuses are shown on the following page.
Safety at Work
Examples of test accessories that can be equipped with high breaking capacity fuses
PF/S4-BS-10x38-S
SPP4-AR/PF
PF/S4-10x38-S
FLU-11
GRIP-DI
XSMF-419 / XSMS-419
DMI-...A
Probes, clips and adapters that can be equipped with high breaking capacity fuses
and our new fused test lead XSM..-419.
Measurement Categories according to IEC/EN 61010-031

To facilitate the assignment of test accessories to the appropriate applications, standard
IEC/EN 61010-031 has established a number of categories which define where they can be
used in the power supply network and to lay down appropriate requirements for each category.
Formerly (until 2002), the measurement categories now defined in standard IEC/EN
61010-031 were designated as overvoltage categories. This term originated from the fact
that the classification was based primarily upon the overvoltages (surges) that were likely to
occur in the mains supply.
Actually the measurement categories differ not so much in the level of the expected transient values as with regard to the available energy in each test category in the event of a
short circuit.
In a higher measurement category more energy can be released than in a lower one, with
results that may even have an explosive like character with very serious consequences for
the user.
In standard EN 61010-031 there are four different test categories, abbreviated CAT. The
category CAT followed by a number from I to IV is stated in our catalogues with the rated
voltage, and also marked on the products.
As a general rule, the higher the CAT rating, the higher the safety requirement that applies
to the product. One exception is CAT I Page 9.
CAT I
CAT II
CAT III
CAT IV
Overview of measurement categories according to IEC/EN 61010-031 (VDE 0411-031)

CAT I
Applies to test objects that are not connected to the mains. Here, either no overvoltages occur or only quite specific ones which are not, however, specified in the insulation coordination. In order to establish the requirements for this CAT, it is therefore necessary to know
what overvoltages can occur.
From now on, CAT I will also include all test objects that cannot be assigned to CAT II to
CAT IV. Renaming as 0 or CAT 0 may be considered in future.
Example Page 9
CAT II
Applies to measurements on equipment that is connected to the mains or supplied from the
mains without constituting a part of the mains installation.
Examples Page 10
CAT III
Applies to measurements inside the house or building installation.
Examples Page 10
CAT IV
Applies to measurements at the supply source of the installation (input side).
Example Page 11
Measurement Category CAT I

Inside battery-operated electronic equipment or inside devices in which voltages are generated.
Example: Measurement in motor vehicle (here with automobile fuse adapter PA2-5X0,65/B4)

Measurement Category CAT II
Electrical equipment between appliance and power socket, or inside electrical equipment
such as domestic appliances (Repair shops).
Examples: Electrical laboratory in training establishment and test connection in electronic device
Measurement Category CAT III

Installations in buildings, contactors, protective devices, switches, power sockets
(electricians).
Examples: Measurements in fuse boxes and switch boxes
10

Measurement Category CAT IV
Secondary side of medium-voltage transformers, electricity meters, connection to overhead
lines (employees of power distribution companies).
Example: House junction box and examples of measuring accessories for CAT IV
11

In the latest version of Standard IEC/EN 61010-031 (of 2008), more stringent requirements
have been introduced for the insulation of parts which may be used in higher measuring categories.
For example, irrespective of the probability of touching, IEC/EN 61010-031 requires
hand-held and hand-operated accessories to have an insulation that effectively prevents
touching (IP2X) and provides base insulation or double or reinforced insulation. We strictly
adhere to the provisions of this standard.
In the following we show examples of the concrete effects which the new standard requirements have upon the classification of a number of our products (year of amendment to
standard in brackets):
q Unmated plug connectors, eg. stackable plugs (2002)
Page 13
q
Plugs with retractable sleeves (2002)

Page 14
Exposed conductive parts of probe tips (2008)

Page 15
Parts of test clips that can be touched (2008)

Page 16
12

Unmated plug connectors
Section 6.4.1: ...Connectors
...c) Unmated plug connectors:

i) It must not be possible to touch dangerously live parts of unmated plug connectors.
ii) When in the unmated state, the dangerously live parts of a socket incorporated into
a stackable plug connector must be separated from the touchable parts by clearances
and creepage distances that have been calculated for the base insulation.
The requirements in c) do not apply to connectors that can be locked by a latch or
screw device or to connectors forming part of a test accessory whose touchable current is limited by a protective impedance.
One product line affected by these tighter regulations is the series of test leads with
stackable plugs SLK4..-E...
This is due to the need to observe a minimum creepage distance in the tap socket. For
1000 V, CAT III, this socket would now have to be recessed to a depth of 8 mm, so that a
plug inserted into it would be effectively unable to make proper contact. These products
have therefore been downgraded to 1000V, CAT II or 600 V, CAT III
1000 V, CAT II
600 V, CAT III
MC
SLS425-SE/M
SLS425-SE/Q
SLS425-SE/Q/N
Kriechstrecke
Creepage distance
Ligne de fuite
SLK4075-E/N
SLK410-E/SIL
SLK425-E
SLK425-E/N
Section 6.4:
...Protection against electric shock
Covers and sleeves which be removed by the user without the use of a tool are not
deemed to be a sufficient protection against electric shock, except in the case of parts that
are not intended to be hand-held or hand-manipulated by the user (see note 4).
Note 4: The sole acceptable utilisation are cases in which they are needed in order to connect with apparatus that is not (yet) equipped with terminals that can accept fully insulated
connectors., Page 14.
13

Plugs with retractable sleeves
Plugs with retractable sleeves may no longer carry dangerous voltages when in hand-held
use. The rated voltages of such articles have therefore been reduced to
.
30 VAC / 60 VDC
LK425-ZL
ZGL-410
ZGL-425
ZG410
ZG410/SIL
ZG425
ZG425/SIL
SLS425-ZL
SLS425-ZL/M3
Only leads used as adapter leads for connection to apparatus not (yet) equipped with safety
sockets may still be fitted with retractable-sleeve plugs at the end connecting to the apparatus. At the other end, where hand-held probes or test clips are plugged on, these leads
must be equipped with a plug of the safety system with a fixed insulating sleeve.
Never fit hand-held probes or test clips

onto the retractable-sleeve plug!
The rated voltage of the plug at the end connecting with the apparatus is also determined
by the possible clearance and creepage distances. In order to increase these distances and
permit these adapter leads to be used for higher voltages, we have provided our latest retractable-sleeve plugs with a protective collar. This has enabled us to increase the rated voltage to 600 V, CAT II.
XZGL-410
XZGL-425
600 V, CAT II
XZGL-410
XZGL-425
X-GL-438
Kriechstrecke
Creepage distance
Ligne de fuite
14

Exposed conductive parts of probe tips
The length of exposed conductive parts of probe tips will in future be limited to:
q
Max. 19 mm within CAT I and CAT II

(Exception: max. 80 mm within CAT I with very low energy levels)
Max. 4 mm within CAT III and CAT IV

(Reason: to avoid bridging two busbars and create a short circuit.)
30 VAC / 60 VDC
PP-130
SPP4-L
1000 V, CAT II
1000 V, CAT III
SPP4
BT400
1000 V, CAT IV
Examples for test probes and their rated voltage
15

Parts of test clips that can be touched
Within the Measurement Categories CAT II, CAT III and CAT IV applies: Hazardous live parts
of a crocodile or similar clip shall not be accessible when closed.
AGK20
30 VAC / 60 VDC
SAGK4-K 300 V, CAT II
XKK-1001 1000 V, CAT II
AB200 1000 V, CAT IV

XDK-1033
1000 V, CAT III
Examples for test clips and their rated voltage
No longer
permitted!
CAT II
CAT III
CAT IV
Standard test finger (here a jointed test finger) contacts hazardous live parts of the clip in closed
condition: Use in CAT II, III and IV not permitted!
16
Special aspects of measuring / FAQ
??
? ??
Rated voltage in a three phase mains circuit

Example of a frequently asked question
concerning the use of test accessories:
Why can I use test accessories rated for 300 V
in a three phase mains circuit of 230/400 V?
Answer: Within low voltage mains circuits the user is to be seen
as being connected to ground, same as the neutral conductor
in a three phase circuit and the fact that the safety requirements
for test accessories are laid down for the safety of the user.
!!
! !
Live wire L1
Live wire L2
Live wire L3
Neutral wire
Voltage
120
17

Principle of the Four-Wire or Kelvin Measurement
A defined current Iconstant flows through the
resistance R, coming from a constant current source. The voltage U over the resistance R can be very accurately measured, as
due to the high inner resistance of the voltmeter, the voltage drop on the circuits can
be disregarded (see sketch). According to
Ohms law R = U / Iconstant.
Measuring
equipment
Iconstant
XDK-KELVIN
KPZ-BM/P
KPZ-BM/P: Test tweezers

for extremely fine measuring operations on small
components, assembled
with shielded four-pole
lead and BNC male
connectors.
XDK-KELVIN: Dolphin clip
for a versatile range of
connecting possibilities
18

Touch-protected Probes and Accessories with High Dielectric Strength
The casings of mains-powered oscilloscopes can become live with dangerous voltages, if,
for instance, the protective conductor is interrupted. Persons carrying out measurements
then run the risk of an electric shock on touching bare metal parts. In such cases, adequate
protection from accidents is assured only with the use of touch-protected test equipment in
association with touch-protected test accessories.
Touch-protected and at the same time shielded test accessories are also of increasing importance because the EMC directive prescribes shielded leads for many applications.
For safe use in the high-frequency range, our passive oscilloscope probes of the Isoprobe
series and the push-on accessories are rated for voltages to earth of up to max. 1000 V,
CAT II, (Isoprobe II) resp. 1000 V, CAT III / 600 V, CAT IV (Isoprobe III) and are designed
with clearance and creepage distances in accordance with the strict requirements of IEC/EN
61010-031.
The probes Isoprobe and their push-on accessories are designed for voltages up to a maximum of 1000 Vr.m.s. between the internal conductor and shield substantially higher than in
conventional oscilloscope probes. This high dielectric strength allows high-frequency signals
to be measured even when there is a direct mains connection.
19

Top Quality BNC Safety Plug Connectors
Einbauverschraubung
Mounting thread
Ecrou de fixation
Isolation
Insulation
Ltanschluss
Soldering connection
Raccord souder
Schirm
Shield
Blindage
Isolation
Insulation
Koax-Leitung
Coax lead
Cble coaxial
Crimpanschluss
Crimp connection
Buchse, vergoldet Kontaktstift, vergoldet
Socket, gold-plated Contact pin, gold-plated Raccord sertir
Douille, dore
Broche de contact, dore
In addition to our probes Isoprobe and the push-on accessories, with our BNC safety plug
connectors we also supply a high-quality touch-protected BNC plug connection system to
complete our safety high-frequency programme that is rated for voltages up to 1000 V,
CAT II to earth and meets also the requirements of IEC/EN 61010-031.
This tried and tested BNC plug connector system has a long life of approximately 5000 connecting cycles. The shielded BNC test leads are highly flexible and are available with PVC
and silicone insulation in a choice of colours.
All touch-protected BNC plug connectors are compatible with conventional BNC connectors.
With such combinations, however, the 1000 V touch protection no longer applies to the
whole system.
Test leads with touch-protected BNC plugs can be connected to devices with insulated and
conventional BNC sockets.
20

Frequency dependence of the rated voltage
As a result of the capacitative coupling between the shield and the world outside (e.g. a
person touching the probe) the rated voltage shield / ground is frequency-dependent. As the
frequency rises, the rated voltage falls until it approaches a lower limit (left curve). The rated
voltage inner conductor/shield falls exponentially with rising frequencies as a result of the
capacitative properties of the probe and the limitation of the current due to the characteristics of the components (right curve). The overall result is a fall in the rated voltage in accordance with the curve at the bottom. The curves in this example are for the test probe
Isoprobe II - ECO.
Voltage inner conductor / shield
Voltage shield / earth
Rated voltage
21

Probes essential equipment for oscilloscopes
The oscilloscope is one of the most important test instruments in electronics. Constant development has substantially enhanced the performance of these devices and expanded their
range of applications. In order to display a test signal on these instruments, an electrical
connection must be established between the oscilloscope and the object under test. The
aim in establishing such a connection is to transmit the signal from the point of measurement to the oscilloscope with a minimum of distortion. Here, various factors must be taken
into consideration which call for the use of special probes. Probe systems are broadly classified into passive and active types.
Test conditions
Input impedance
Every oscilloscope has an input impedance which may be high
or low [50 W]. In the case of a high-impedance oscilloscope,
the input impedance consists of a real component, generally
1 MW, and a capacitative component of around 8 - 30 pF.
Vertical scaling
The maximum vertical scaling of an oscilloscope is usually 10
V/div, which means that a maximum amplitude of 80 Vss can
be displayed. For the measurement of larger voltage amplitudes, a voltage divider is required.
Practicability
In electrical testing it is often necessary to quickly tap off signals from different points. In this situation, time-consuming
plugged, soldered or screwed connections are not practicable.
Outside interference
In order to eliminate outside interference, the system consisting of the probe and lead must be of coaxial design.
22

Principle of a passive, high-impedance probe
The example shows a probe with a dividing ratio of 10:1. This enables signals up to 800 Vss
to be visualised. As a result of the capacitative component of the scopes input impedance
and the capacity of the coaxial lead, it has the drawback of a frequency dependence which
must be compensated (Cv and Ckomp). The input impedance of the probe is thus 10 MW || Cin.
In probes of this type a typical value for Cin is around 10 - 15 pF (including stray capacities).
Oszilloskop / Oscilloscope
Tastkopf / Probe / Sonde
Cin
CTrimmer
Vorteiler / Pre-divider / Pr-diviseur

Rv = 9 M || Cv
CS
RS
CKabel / Cable = 45 pF CTrimmer = 5 ... 50 pF
Schematic diagram of a passive 10:1 test probe
Limits to the use of passive probes

Today there are many suppliers of passive probes with bandwidths of up to 500 MHz.
When using these probes at frequencies above 20 MHz, however, one should bear in mind
the influence exerted on the test object by their input impedance.
At a frequency of 100 MHz, the passive probe shown in the example has an impedance of
only 100 - 150 W. This already causes distortion of a signal from a 50 W-source. In order to
reduce this distortion, the capacities of the coaxial lead and the scope must be reduced.
This is virtually impossible. However, there is another solution: An impedance converter
needs to be installed directly after the divider in order to decouple it from the following components. In this situation an active probe may be of help.
23

Active test probes
The active test probe has the crucial advantage of an extremely low input capacitance. Thus
the input impedance is almost purely resistive and the load upon the point of measurement
is small even at high frequencies. Its main field of application is where there is a need for
the undistorted display of steep signal pulses.
Passive test probe,

high input capacitance
Actiprobe - I -...
Active test probe,

low input capacitance
Isoprobe II - ...
Left illustration:
High impedance with little effect on the test signal. Very clean square waveform.
Right illustration:
Low impedance at high frequencies distorts input signal: square-wave pulse with clearly visible
overshoots.
The difference in the two signal traces shown here is due solely to the different capacities of the
active and passive test probe.
24

As a result of the smaller capacitance, the inductive effect of the earth lead remains small
so that longer earth leads can be used. With a passive test probe, even with short earth
leads distortions in the pulse gradient or even retroactive influences on the test signals
would already occur at a relatively high source impedance.
A further advantage is the possibility, with a standardised output impedance (e. g. 50 W), of
working with instruments other than oscilloscopes. Here, passive test probes already come
up against the limit of their applications.
With a spectrum analyser and an active test probe, for instance, measurements can be carried out at almost any point in a circuit. Here it must be kept in mind that the dynamic range
of a spectrum analyser of more than 100 dB, based on 50 W, cannot be attained with an active test probe based on an impedance of 1 MW, if only because of the stronger coupling of interference signals.
An assessment, for instance, of where the signal limitation has occurred in a multi-stage
amplifier is effected at a level above -40 dBm and can be carried out more quickly and more
easily.
A drawback of active test probes is the limited voltage range of 15 V, the maximum permitted voltage being less than 50 V.
Active test probes generally consists of voltage dividers on the input side, low-capacity FETs
and further amplifier stages (impedance converters). As a result, they require a power supply.
25
Glossary
Accessible (of a part)
(according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Able to be touched with a standard
test finger or test pin.
see also Standard test finger P. 42
Adjustment
Adjustment, setting or trimming are operations to establish and maintain the serviceability
of technical plant and equipment. In the case of measuring equipment the term calibration is used if adjustment is effected in relation to a reference value, or official verification if the calibration has a legal status.
see also Compensation P. 28
Assembly Instructions
Assembly instructions are available for all non-assembled items giving instructions on assembly and any tooling which may be required. These instructions are available on request.
When ordering, please state the appropriate number which can be found directly next to the
item (e.g. for item SLK425-L please quote MA 106). You can also download the assembly
instructions as pdf files from our Internet home page: www.multi-contact.com.
AWG (American Wire Gauge)
The appropriate measurement can be found in the technical data section of the multistrand
wire chapter next to the cross sectional area, mm2.
0,10
27
0,15
26 25
0,25
24
23 22
0,50
0,75
21 20 19 18
1,0
17
1,5
2,0 2,5
16 15 14
13
4,0
12
11
6,0
10
10
16
25
35
50
70
[mm2]
95
3
2
1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0
AWG (American Wire Gauge)
Barrier (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Part providing protection against direct contact from any usual direction of access.
Basic insulation
Basic insulation is the insulation applied to live parts to provide basic protection against electric shock, eg. the failure of the basic insulation could cause the risk of electric shock.
Basic insulation may serve also for functional purposes.

BG
see Employers liability insurance associations P. 29
BGETF
The employers liability insurance association Electricity Textile Light Engineering (BGETF
from German Berufsgenossenschaft Elektro Textil Feinmechanik) was created on 1 January 2008 by the amalgamation of the former light engineering and electrical engineering in-
26
Glossary
surance association and the textile and garment insurance association. The use of MC products (electrical engineering industry) thus falls within the competence of BGETF.
see also Employers liability insurance associations P. 29
BGFE
P. 26
BGV
Regulations of the employers liability insurance associations (BGV from German
Berufsgenossenschaftliche Vorschriften).
see also Employers liability insurance associations P. 29
Breakdown voltage
The breakdown voltage is the term used for the voltage needed to make current flow
through an insulator. A dielectric puncture then occurs.
see also Dielectric strength P. 28
see also Flashover voltage P. 30
CEN
The European Committee for Standardization (contraction CEN, derived from the French
designation Comit Europen de Normalisation) is responsible for European Standardization
in all technical areas without electrical egineering and telecommunications.
see also CENELEC P. 27
see also EN P. 29
see also ETSI P. 30
CENELEC
The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (contraction CENELEC, derived from the French designation Comit Europen de Normalisation lectrotechnique) is
responsible for European Standardization in the area of electrical egineering.
see also CEN P. 27
see also EN P. 29
see also ETSI P. 30
CE label
All articles within our product groups Test & Measureline and HFline with a
rated voltage greater than 30 VAC / 60 VDC conform to the low-voltage directive 2006/95/EC of the European Union, and are marked with CE label in
the case of ready-to-use articles.
Clearance (according to IEC/EN 61010-031, modified)
Clearance is the shortest distance through air between live parts.
In test accessories, clearance means the shortest distance through air, in normal use, between a live part and a part of the users body.
Colour Variations
Due to the use of high-grade types of insulating materials, despite having the same colour
code some of our articles may exhibit certain differences in colour (e.g. a silicone-insulated
lead fitted with TPE-insulated plugs).
27
Glossary
Compensation
When using our oscilloscope probes Isoprobe, for an accurate indication of the measuring
signal, it is necessary to adjust the capacity of the probe to the input capacity of the oscilloscope. For this purpose the 10:1 and 100:1 probes have an adjustment screw. The probe is
connected to the oscilloscope and the tip to the reference calibration signal of the oscilloscope. The adjustment screw is turned until the oscilloscope shows an exact square wave.
Under
compensated
Over
compensated
Correctly
compensated
Connecting cycles
refer to plugging-and-unplugging cycles of plug connectors and plug devices. One plugging /
unplugging operation is a connection cycle.
Contact carrier
is a part made of insulating material for holding and positioning the contact elements in the
plug connector.
Contact resistance
is the resistance occuring at the contact point of two contact areas. Its value is calculated
with the measured voltage drop and the rated current in new condition.
Contact surfaces
Because the surfaces of solids are always rough in the physical sense, it is important to
achieve a contact surface that is as smooth and metallically pure as possible and affords a
large number of contact points in the contact zone. The condition of the contact surfaces
has a decisive influence on the contact resistance.
Creepage currents
Creepage currents on the surface of an insulator are created due to perspiration, condensation, pollution or the very small conductivity of the insulating material itself when a voltage is
applied.
Creepage distance (according to IEC/EN 61010-031, modified)
Creepage distance is the shortest distance between live parts, measured along the surface
of the insulator.
In test accessories, creepage distance means the shortest distance, in normal use, along
the surface of an insulating material between a live part and a part of the users body.
Cu cable
Copper cable.
Dielectric strength
Measure of the electrical strength of a material as an insulator, stated in kV/mm.
28
Glossary
DIN
The German Standards Institute DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V. represents
German interests in the international/European standards organisations (ISO and CEN and
the electrical engineering organisations IEC and CENELEC). The way in which the standards
are created is intended to ensure that their contents and procedures are in conformity with
the generally recognised rules of technology.
Divider probe
Divider probes are probes provided with an integrated voltage divider (e.g. 10:1) in order to
extend the measuring range in accordance with the dividing ratio.
see also Oscilloscope probe P. 36
DKE
DKE, Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik im DIN S. 29
und VDE P. 43, is the organisation responsible in Germany for drawing up standards and safety regulations in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and information technology. It is the German
member in IEC P. 32, CENELEC P. 27 und ETSI P. 30.
Double insulation (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Insulation comprising both basic insulation and supplementary insulation.
The purpose of double insulation is that in the event of one of the two layers
being damaged, the second layer still ensures the full insulating capability
against the rated voltage. For double and reinforced insulation the creepage and
clearance distances are twice as large as for basic insulation. In older MC catalogues, double-insulated articles are identified with D. In future, the symbol D will
be dropped for test accessories.
ELV
Extra-Low Voltage
see Extra-Low Voltage P. 30
Employers liability insurance associations

The employers liability insurance associations (BG from German Berufsgenossenschaften)
are the providers of statutory accident insurance for German private companies and their
employees. One of their tasks is to prevent accidents at work and occupational diseases
and to prevent work-related health hazards. The employers liability associations issue accident prevention regulations (BGV) and observe their observance and implementation.
EN
The European Norms (EN) are rules which have been ratified by one of three European committees for standardisation European Committee for Standardization (CEN P. 27), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC P. 27) or European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI P. 30). All EN norms are established by
means of a public standardisation process.
Enclosure (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Part providing protection of equipment against certain external influences and, in any direction, protection against direct contact.
29
Glossary
ETSI
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute is responsible for European Standardization in the area of telecommunications.
see also CEN P. 27
see also CENELEC P. 27
see also EN P. 29
Extra high voltage

In power engineering the term extra high voltage is used for the upper high-voltage range
(typically from 220 kV). Extra high voltages are used for power supplies to wide areas, grids
for the interregional exchange of energy and for the connection of large power stations.
see also Medium voltage P. 34
see also High voltage P. 31
Extra-Low Voltage
In electrical engineering, the term Extra-Low Voltage is used for voltages up to 50 VAC or
120 VAC, whose low level provides special protection against electric shock compared with
high-voltage electrical circuits. A distinction is also made between the terms Protective Extra-Low Voltage and Functional Extra-Low Voltage, which are in most cases abbreviated
with their initial letters:
SELV = Safety Extra-Low Voltage
PELV = Protective Extra-Low Voltage
FELV = Functional Extra-Low Voltage
see also Low voltage P. 34
Fall time
see Rise time P. 40
FELV
Functional Extra-Low Voltage
see also Extra-Low Voltage P. 30
Flashover voltage
is the voltage at which a flash-over occurs along the insulating surface of a piece of electrical equipment.
see also Breakdown voltage P. 27
Generally recognised rules of technology

The (generally) recognised rules of technology are technological rules or technology clauses
for the design and construction of built or technical objects. They are rules proven on the basis of long-standing practical experience which are recognised in science as theoretically
correct and are firmly established and generally known to technologists trained in accordance with the state of the art. The generally recognised rules of technology are not identical with standards.
Gold plating
Gold has good electrical conductivity and affords unexcelled corrosion protection. Contact
resistance is low and constant. A nickel or copper layer is applied as diffusion barrier.
30
Glossary
Hand-held Test Accessories
Particular attention with regard to safety should be given to test accessories with which the
operator comes into direct contact. IEC/EN 61010-031 addresses these requirements with
regard to hand-held test accessories. The standard prescribes, inter alia, that parts which
can carry a higher voltage than 30 VAC or 60 VDC must as a general rule be classified as hazardous and must therefore be adequately insulated so that no live parts can be touched.
Hazard (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Potential source of harm.
Hazardous live (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Capable of rendering an electric shock or electric burn in normal condition or single fault
condition.
Hazardous voltage
see Hazardous live P. 31
HBC fuse
see High breaking capacity fuse P. 31
Heavy-current installation
Heavy-current installations according to DIN VDE 0100-200 are electrical installations with
equipment for the generation, transformation, storage, transmission, distribution and consumption of electrical energy for the purpose of performing work (mechanical work, generation of heat and light etc.). The counterpart to heavy-current installations are information
or communication installations (telephone installations, antenna installations for radio and
television etc.).
High breaking capacity fuse
High breaking capacity (HBC) fuses can safely break currents of up to tens of thousands of
amperes. Our fused test leads can be equipped with HBC fuses.
see also The use of high breaking capacity fuses P. 6
high integrity (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Not liable to become defective in such a manner as to cause a risk of hazard; a high integrity
part is considered as not subject to failure when tests under fault conditions are made.
High voltage
An electric potential above 1,000 VAC or 1,500 VAC is generally designated as high voltage.
In the VDE regulations, voltages up to 1 kV are uniformly classified as low voltage and those
above 1 kV as high voltage. In electrical energy technology it is customary to divide the high
voltage range into various subcategories such as medium voltage, high voltage and
extra high voltage, although the boundaries between them are not uniformly fixed. In this
context high voltage 60 kV to 110 kV range for the supply of small towns, overland transmission and the connection of smaller power stations.
see also Low voltage P. 34
see also Medium voltage P. 34
see also Extra high voltage P. 30
31
Glossary
Hollow plugs
Our sleeve-shaped copper alloy plugs with solder tab are rolled, hardened and gold- or
nickel-plated. Due to their very good mechanical and electrical properties, the hollow plugs
have been used successfully for four decades and together with the newer Multilam plugs
they still occupy an important position in the fabrication of test leads.
Stackable to any desired

number.
Contact to rigid or
spring-loaded pins.
Stackable with rigid or

spring-loaded pins.
Face to face connection.
Contact to rigid or
spring-loaded sockets.
Clamping contact on edges,

sheets or housing parts for
earthing purposes.
IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission is an international standards organization in
the area of electrical engineering and electronics.
IEC/EN 61010-031
Title of the IEC/EN 61010:
Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use
Part 031:
Safety requirements for hand-held probe assemblies for electrical measurement and test
IEV
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, published by the IEC with the intention to standardize the terminology in electrotechnology (also called Electropedia).
Insertion and withdrawal force
is the force required to plug in a plug connector fully or to pull it out without mechanical assistance. Because of the spring-loading normally present, the plug-in force is usually greater
than the pull-out force. The forces are determined in a polished steel socket resp. with a polished steel plug.
Insulation
Basic insulation P. 26
Double insulation P. 29
Reinforced insulation P. 40
Examples for special insulation requirements according to IEC/EN 61010-031 P. 12 16
Insulation coordination
This refers to the concept of determining the creepage, clearance and assembly distances
of electrical apparatus with regards to the specific conditions of application, eg. the occur-
32
Glossary
rence of overvoltages. Since it is impossible to determine the precise overvoltages for each
has been introduced in pilot standard IEC /
individual case,
EN 60664-1 and DIN VDE 0110. The values stated here for probable temporary and transient overvoltages are based on long-term measurements of the overvoltages which actually occur in mains supply systems. In IEC / EN 61010-031, the values stated in this pilot
standard serve as a basis for determining the necessary clearances and creepage distances
in each application.
see also Clearance P. 27
see also Creepage distance P. 28
see also Overvoltage P. 36
Insulation materials
In our catalogues, the lead insulations are specified for each article. Detailed information on
the materials silicone, PVC and TPE is given in our Cableline catalogue.
If you should have any questions concerning other insulation materials used by
us (for plug connectors etc.), please contact us.
ISO
The International Organization for Standardization, widely known as ISO is an internationalstandards-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations and draws up international standards in all fields with the exception of electrical engineering, electronics and telecommunications.
Kelvin measurement
A four circuit measuring method for measurement of smallest resistances with very high accuracy.
see also Principle of the Four-Wire or Kelvin Measurement S. 18
Lead length
The lead length of all standard leads in this catalogue refers to the visible length of the cable. Exception: The lead length of the 6 mm Test Leads is the overall length (incl. connectors).
Level of protection against electric shock
Safety features such as insulation and finger guards are incorporated into the product design
to minimize the risk of accidental contact to live parts.
The level of protection is denoted by a maximum voltage rating which is determined by the
application in which the product is being used. This upper limit (rated voltage) also depends
upon the operating environment of the test accessory.
see also Measurement Categories (according to IEC/EN 61010-031) P. 8 11
see also Pollution Degree P. 37
Live wire
A live wire or phase conductor is the electrically conductive part which is live in normal operation and is not a neutral wire. In single-phase connections with a rated voltage of 230 V
there is only one such conductor which is designated with L (from Live wire); in three-phase
connections there are three live wires which are designated as L1, L2 and L3 (formerly R, S,
33
Glossary
T). In three-phase alternating current, the AC currents in the live wires reach their maximum
amplitudes in different phase positions. In a domestic power network, as a rule the effective
voltage of live wires is 230 V in relation to the neutral P. 35 or protective wire P. 39 and
400 V between two live wires.
see also Rated voltage in a three phase mains circuit P. 17
Live working
Live Working is the term used for work carried out on or near to live electrical equipment.
If dangerous voltages are involved, live working requires specially trained workers, special
equipment (e.g. insulated tools) and special organisational measures (e.g. written instructions from the responsible persons).
Working on live parts for the purpose of cleaning, servicing, maintenance and the expansion
of electrical supply installations is a method which has been in use for decades and is customary all over the world. It has substantial advantages and is very safe if correctly carried
out.
see also Safety rules according to DIN VDE 0105, Part 1 P. 41
Low voltage
is the term used for alternating voltage up to 1,000 volts and DC voltage up to 1,500 volts.
A higher voltage is described as high voltage.
Low-voltage directive
The Low Voltage Directive - official designation Low Voltage Directive (LVD) 2006/95/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the harmonisation of
the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain
voltage limits is the most important instrument governing the safety of electrical equipment besides the EMV directive. This directive replaces directive 73/23/EC, which was in
force until 15 January 2007.
It applies, with a few exceptions, to electrical equipment designed for use with a voltage
rating of between 50 and 1 000 V for alternating current and between 75 and 1 500 V for direct current.
The directive calls upon the member states to take all appropriate measures to ensure that
electrical equipment may be placed on the market only if, having been constructed in accordance with good engineering practice in safety matters in force in the Community, it does
not endanger the safety of persons, domestic animals or property when properly installed
and maintained and used in applications for which it was made.
Measurement Categories (according to IEC/EN 61010-031) P. 8 11
Medium voltage
In electric power engineering, the term medium voltage is used for the lower high-voltage
range (typically up to around 30 kV). Fields of application for medium voltages are large-scale
consumers such as industrial undertakings and the supply of individual city districts or several localities.
see also Extra high voltage P. 30
34
Glossary
Multilam plugs
The Multilam plug consists of a turned brass pin and the Multilams of hard-drawn copper alloy. The pin and Multilams are gold-plated, or in some cases nickel-plated. The Multilam
bands are seated spring-loaded in a recess on the metal pin. Their geometry and material
have optimal mechanical and electrical properties for effective plug connections: extremely
rugged and crush-proof due to the solid metal pins, highly resistant to vibration in the
plugged condition, high current-carrying capacity, minimal contact resistance, low self-heating.
The MC Multilam connectors generally have a plug at one end and socket at the other. As a
result, any number of leads can be connected in series.
Detailed technical information on MC Multilams you will find in the publication

The MC Multilam Principle that can be downloaded from our website
www.multi-contact.com.
Neutral conductor
see Neutral wire P. 35
Neutral wire
Conductor that is electrically connected to the neutral point of a power supply system. The
conductor is designated with the letter N and is preferentially coded with the colour light
blue (formerly grey). A neutral wire often is incorrectly referred to as a zero conductor. Because neutral conductors are intended to carry current in normal operation, they are designated as active wires in the same way as the phase conductor.
NH fuse
NH fuses (from the German Niederspannungs-Hochleistungs-...) have a larger volume
than screw type fuses and massive contacts at the ends. They can therefore conduct and
break a larger current. NH fuses are used, for example, in house junction boxes.
see also High breaking capacity fuse P. 31
Nickel plating
In cases where electrical specifications are less demanding, nickel-plated contact elements
are used. This process is also used frequently to provide a diffusion barrier prior to gold plating.
Nominal voltage
The nominal voltage of a power-consuming device or supply source (battery, generator,
power network) is the voltage in normal operation specified by the manufacturer or supplier.
The nominal voltage is normally specified together with a maximum permissible tolerance
range.
A distinction must be made between the nominal voltage and the rated voltage. This is
the maximum voltage for which the insulation of switchgear, etc. must be designed. The
rated voltage is always higher than the nominal voltage.
see also Rated voltage P. 39
Normal condition (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Condition in which all means for protection against hazards are intact.
35
Glossary
Normal use (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Operation, including stand-by, according to the instructions for use or for the obvious intended purpose.
In most cases, normal use also implies normal condition, because the instructions for use will warn against using the equipment when it is not in normal condition.
Operator (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Person operating equipment for its intended purpose.
The operator should have received training appropriate for this purpose.
Optalloy finish
Optalloy is an alloy of copper, tin and zinc with high corrosion resistance and relatively
good electrical properties.
Optalloy is a registered trade mark of Collini-Flhmann AG.
Oscilloscope probe
The test probe, usually a dividing probe, is an electronic measuring device which is used
mainly for measurements with the oscilloscope. The point on a conductor where the measurement is being carried out is touched with the test probe and the signal thus transmitted
to the actual measuring device.
see also Touch-protected Probes and Accessories with High Dielectric Strength P. 19
see also Probes essential equipment for oscilloscopes P. 22
see also Principle of a passive, high-impedance probe P. 23
see also Active test probes P. 24
Overvoltage
Overvoltages occur when the nominal voltage of a supply network is exceeded. The level of
overvoltage that can occur in electrical equipment depends on its position in the mains supply system.
see also Temporary overvoltage P. 42
see also Transient overvoltage P. 43
Panel-mount and press-in sockets

Our sockets are offered in a wide variety of versions: press-in or screw-in designs, insulated
or uninsulated, for different types of connections.
Sockets are in most cases rigid types; some are also spring-loaded with the tried and tested
Multilam.
a.)
36
b.)
c.)
d.)
Glossary
a.) Insulated press-in sockets (rigid and spring-loaded)
b.) Insulated screw-in sockets (rigid and spring-loaded)
c.) Uninsulated press-in sockets (rigid)
d.) Safety sockets (rigid) accepting spring-loaded plugs with rigid insulating sleeve.
PELV
Protective Extra-Low Voltage. Active parts and bodies of the equipment must, in contrast to
SELV, be earthed and connected to the protective conductor.
Phase/phase conductor
see Live wire P. 33
Plug connection
is an electrical connection made up between two plug connectors, i.e. with at least two
contact parts.
Plug connectors
are designed to be connected and disconnected in the de-energized condition only.
Plug devices
are designed to be connected and disconnected under load.
Pollution (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Any addition of foreign matter, solid, liquid or gaseous (ionized gases), that may produce a
reduction of dielectric strength or surface resistively.
Pollution Degree
The insulating properties of plastics are greatly impaired by the effects of surface pollution
and moisture. Together with moisture, dust and soot particles form conductive bridges and
substantially reduce the resistance of the creepage distances.
The pollution degree is the numerical index of the degree of pollution that can exist in the
environment. IEC/EN 61010-031 defines 3 Pollution Degrees:
1: No pollution or only dry, non-conductive pollution occurs. The pollution has no influence.
Example: Inside closed pieces of equipment.
2: Normally only non-conductive pollution occurs. Occasionally, however, a temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected.
Examples: Laboratory, light industry.
3: Conductive pollution occurs, or dry non-conductive pollution, which becomes conductive
due to condensation, is to be expected. Examples: Heavy industry, short service outdoors.
Note:
Pollution degree 1 is never applicable for hand-held test accessories, since the presence of
moisture from perspiration will determine Pollution Degree 2.
As a general rule we have designed our test accessories for pollution degree 2. An exception are test accessories rated for 1000 V, CAT IV. These are designed for pollution
degree 3.
37
Glossary
There are also a number of other articles, that may also be suited for use under the conditions of pollution degree 3. In such cases we ask you to give details of your requirements
and applications. We shall be pleased to assist you in choosing the right test accessories.
Primary current
see Primary winding P. 38
Primary voltage
see Primary winding P. 38
Primary winding
Winding from which electric power is taken up. In a transformer, for instance, this is the
winding on the mains side. The voltage applied to this winding is called the primary voltage,
and the current flowing through it the primary current.
Probe
see Oscilloscope probe P. 36
Probe assembly (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Device for making temporary contact between test or measurement equipment and a point
on an electrical circuit being measured or tested. It includes the cable and the means for
making a connection with the test or measurement equipment.
Probe tip (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Part of the probe assembly which makes the connection to the point being measured or
tested.
Protection degree (IP Code)
Systematic classification of the protection of electrical equipment to prevent the touching of
live parts (touch protection) and the ingress of foreign objects and moisture. The degree of
protection is stated by a 2-digit code with the form IPxy.
First digit x
(Degree of protection against the
ingress of solid foreign objects and
access to hazardous parts)
0 no protection
protected against solid foreign
1
objects with 50 mm or greater
2
objects with 12.5 mm or greater
3
objects with 2.5 mm or greater
4
objects with 1 mm or greater
5 dust protected
6 dust tight
38
Second digit y
(Degree of protection against harmful ingress of water)
0 not protected
1 protected against dripping water (vertically falling drops)
protected against dripping water (vertically falling drops
2
when the enclosure is tilted at an angle up to 15)
3 protected against spraying water
4 protected against splashing water
5 protected against water jets
6 protected against powerful water jets
Protected against the effect of temporary immersion in
7
water.
Protected against the effect of continuous immersion in
8
water.
Protected against water in high-pressure and steam-jet
9
cleaning.
Glossary
Where there is no protection rating with regard to one of the criteria, the digit is replaced
with the letter . Additional letters can be appended to the code to give additional information. The protection degrees and IP code are specified in DIN EN 60529 under the title Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP-Code).
SPP4-AR/1000V
IP2X
SD-XUB
XUB-G / SD-XUB
IP67
XUB-G
Examples for protection degrees.
On the left: Test probe SPP4-AR/1000V with retractable insulating sleeve: Protection degree IP2X
On the right: Universal socket XUB-G with protective cap SD-XUB: Protection degree IP67
Protective conductor
see Protective wire P. 39
Protective impedance (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Component, assembly of components or the combination of basic insulation and a current
or voltage limiting device, the impedance, construction and reliability of which are such that
when connected between parts which are hazardous live and accessible conductive parts, it
provides protection to the extent required by this standard in normal condition and single
fault condition.
Protective wire
A protective wire is an electrical conductor which serves the purpose of safety. The abbreviation for protective wire is PE (protective earth). The purpose of the protective wire in electrical systems is to protect persons and animals from coming into contact with dangerous
voltages and electric shock in the event of a fault (e.g. failure of the insulation between live
parts and the enclosure). Electrical equipment and cables are often provided with a protective wire which is coded with the colours green/yellow.
Rated current
The rated current is the current which our articles can carry continuously without the temperature exceeding the upper limit.
Rated voltage
The rated voltage is the voltage for which our articles are designed and to which the operation and performance characteristics refer. For voltages above 30 VAC / 60 VDC the Measurement Category CAT should also be observed.
The rated voltage given in this catalogue always refers to a Pollution Degree 2
(exception: CAT IV-articles).
The articles characterised in the catalogue with 30 VAC / 60 VDC can also be safely
used up to 33 VAC / 70 VDC according to IEC/EN 61010.
39
Glossary
Rated value (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Quantity value assigned, generally by a manufacturer, for a specified operating condition of
a component, device or equipment.
Rating (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Set of rated values and operating conditions.
Reference connector (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Device used to connect a reference point in the test or measurement equipment (usually
the functional earth terminal) to a reference point on the electrical circuit being measured or
tested.
Reference earth
Part of the Earth, outside the area of influence of earthing leads, in which no measurable potentials occur between any two points on the Earths surface. By convention, the electrical
potential of the reference earth is taken to be zero. The voltage in relation to this zero potential is meant when, for instance, the voltage specification U0 is found in multi-phase electrical systems or multi-cored cables.
Reinforced insulation (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Insulation which provides protection against electric shock not less than that provided by
double insulation.
Reinforced insulation may comprise several layers which cannot be tested singly
as supplementary insulation or basic insulation.
Responsibility of User
The user is responsible for ensuring that each product is used in an application for which it
has been designed.
Responsible body (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Individual or group reponsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, and for ensuring
that operators are adequately trained.
Rise time
In metrology, when describing a voltage or current step function, rise time and fall time refer to the time required for a signal to change between two specified values. Typically,
these values are 10% and 90% of the step height.
RoHS conformity (RoHSready)
EU directive 2002/95/EC restricts the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and
electronic equipment (RoHS conformity). Although this directive is not yet applicable to electrical test accessories, for all articles within our product groups Test & Measureline, HFline
and Cableline we use only materials that would conform to the RoHS criteria.
Safety at work P. 3 6
Safety of components
In the case of components that are to be incorporated into instruments (e.g. panel-mounting
sockets or adapters), protection from dangerous voltages must be assured in the end prod-
40
Glossary
uct. The rated values stated by us are only valid if these parts are used and installed in the
prescribed manner. For more information see the relevant assembly instructions, which you
can either download as a pdf file from the internet on our homepage www.multi-contact.com under Documents - Assembly Instructions - Test & Measurement, or order direct from us. You will find the appropriate assembly instruction number by the product description in the catalogue.
Safety plug
see Safety plug connectors P. 41
Safety plug connectors

All live parts of safety plug connectors are insulated in such a way that, if used properly,
they cannot be touched accidentally in the plugged or unplugged condition, e.g. by means of
fixed insulating sleeves. Safety plug connectors comply with all safety standards, e.g.
IEC/EN 61010-031.
Safety rules according to DIN VDE 0105, Part 1
These rules describe the measures to be made to establish and secure a voltage free condition prior to working on high power installations. They are to be carried out before starting
work on instruments and installations. In brief, the following 5 safety measures are to be
made:
1.) Isolate
2.) Secure against unintentional energizing
3.) Verify the isolated condition
4.) Earth and short-circuit
5.) Guard or cover-up all surrounding live parts
Only qualified and instructed persons should carry-out this work.
Safety sockets
see Safety plug connectors P. 41
Secondary current
see Secondary winding P. 41
Secondary voltage
see Secondary winding P. 41
Secondary winding
Winding of (e.g.) a transformer to which electrical energy is transmitted by induction. The
voltage induced in the secondary winding is called the secondary voltage, and the current
that flows through it the secondary current.
SELV
Safety Extra-Low Voltage. Protection by low voltage using SELV is a protective measure in
which the circuits are operated at nominal voltages up to 50 VAC or 120 VDC. Supply to
such circuits from higher-voltage circuits is effected in such a way as to ensure that they are
safely separated from the latter.
41
Glossary
Silver plating
Silver has very good electrical properties. One drawback is that sulphide tends to form in sulphurous, humid atmospheres.
Single fault
see Single fault condition P. 42
Single fault condition (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Condition in which one means for protection against hazard is defective or one fault is present which could cause a hazard.
If a single fault condition results unavoidable in another single fault condition, the
two failures are considered as one single fault condition.
Standard test finger
The purpose of the test finger is to simulate the
(non) touchability of active parts by the human
finger. The dimensions are specified in IEC/EN
61010-031. A distinction is made between a
rigid test finger and a jointed test finger.
see also ill. of a jointed test finger P. 16
Rigid test finger according to IEC/EN 61010-031
Supplementary insulation (according to

IEC/EN 61010-031)
Independent insulation applied in addition to basic insulation in order to provide protection
against electric shock in the event of a failure of basic insulation.
Supplementary Label
Details of the maximum rated voltage and current are marked on all our products. However,
if there is insufficient space on the product itself then this information will be shown on a
supplementary label. We supply this product with the respective supplementary label as
mentioned in the catalogue.
Surface treatment
MC contact elements are plated, in some cases with precious metals, to protect against
corrosion.
Technical Modifications and Information Given in the Catalogue
We have a policy of continuous improvement and reserve the right to make technical modifications to any product in accordance with any safety and technical developments.
We accept no responsibility for the accuracy of the information given in the catalogue.
Temporary overvoltage
Temporary overvoltages occur eg. as a result of fluctuations of load or earthing defects.
Terminal (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
Component provided for the connection of a device (equipment) to external conductors.
Test finger (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)
see also Standard test finger P. 42
42
Glossary
Test voltage
This refers to the voltage a plug connector is capable of withstanding under pre-established
conditions without breaking down or flashing over. In order to avoid possible confusion with
rated voltage, the test voltage value is not stated in the catalogue.
Thermoelectric voltage
At the points of contact between different metals, a contact potential develops (in accordance with the thermoelectric potential series) whose magnitude depends on the temperature. Between two identical contacts at different temperatures in a circuit, a thermoelectric
potential develops as a result of which a thermoelectric current flows which can adversely
affect measurements. This effect is counteracted by the use of materials with a low thermoelectric potential.
Three phase mains circuit
see Rated voltage in a three phase mains circuit P. 17
Tool (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

External device, including a key or coin, used to aid a person to perform a mechanical function.
Transient overvoltage
Transient overvoltages are very brief, mostly very high voltage peaks which can occur in the
network as a result of switching operations or the effects of lightning.
UVV
Regulations for accident prevention (UVV from German Unfallverhtungsvorschriften),
issued by the employers liability insurance associations, see also BGV P. 27
VBG
Obsolete designation for BGV P. 27
VDE
VDE, originally Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker, (Association of German Electrical Engineers) since 1998 Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik,
(Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Information Technology Association) and gives its
committed support to the sciences of these fields and the technologies based upon them.
The activities of VDE concentrate upon safety in electrical engineering, drawing up the rules
of good engineering practice as national and international standards, and the testing and certification of equipment and systems.
Voltage free condition
see Safety rules according to DIN VDE 0105, Part 1 P. 41
Wet location (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Location where water or another conductive liquid may be present and is likely to cause reduced human body impedance due to wetting of the contact between the human body and
the equipment, or wetting of the contact between the human body and the environment.
43
Glossary
Wire structure
Our highly flexible cable consists of very fine individual copper strands. The number, thickness and braiding of these strands determines the wire structure.
Withdrawal force
see Insertion and withdrawal force P. 32
Working voltage (according to IEC/EN 61010-031)

Highest voltage which can continuously appear across an insulation during normal use.
44
Glossary
45
Our Catalogues of the Product Range Test & Measurement
Test & Measureline

Test Accessories
The complete product range for measuring,
testing, connecting and experimenting
HFline
Test Accessories for High-frequency Measurements
Oscilloscope probes,
BNC connectors and accessories
Cableline
Cables & Multistrand Wires
Maximum flexibility and super-fine wires
with very resistant insulation of PVC, Silicone and TPE
The newest editions of our catalogues can be downloaded from our homepage www.multi-contact.com.
46
Our new special-area catalogues

To provide the various target groups with a presentation of the accessories adapted to their
specific needs, we have divided the range into a number of specialised catalogues in line
with the measurement categories of IEC/EN 61010-031.
1 Test & Measureline
Test Accessories for Experimenting in the

extra low voltage range (up to 30 VAC/60 VDC)
Test Accessories for Experimenting,

Testing and Repairing (CAT II)
Test Accessories for Electricians (CAT III)
Accessories for Measurements

at the Mains Supply Source (CAT IV)
47
Multi-Contact Deutschland GmbH

Hegenheimer Strasse 19
Postfach 1606
DE 79551 Weil am Rhein
Tel. +49/76 21/6 67 - 0
Fax +49/76 21/6 67 - 100
mail weil@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact Essen GmbH

Westendstrasse 10
Postfach 10 25 27
DE 45025 Essen
Tel. +49/2 01/8 31 05 - 0
Fax +49/2 01/8 31 05 - 99
mail essen@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact France SAS

4 rue de lIndustrie
BP 37
FR 68221 Hsingue Cedex
Tel. +33/3/89 67 65 70
Fax +33/3/89 69 27 96
mail france@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact USA
100 Market Street
US Windsor, CA 95492
Tel. +1/707/838 - 0530
Fax +1/707/838 - 2474
mail usa@multi-contact.com
www.multi-contact-usa.com
Multi-Contact
Handelsges.m.b.H. Austria
Hauptplatz 8
AT 3452 Heiligeneich
Tel. +43/2275/56 56
Fax +43/2275/56 56 4
mail austria@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact (UK) Ltd.

3 Presley Way
Crownhill, Milton Keynes
GB Buckinghamshire MK8 0ES
Tel. +44/1908 26 55 44
Fax +44/1908 26 20 80
mail uk@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact Benelux
c/o Stubli Benelux N.V.
Meensesteenweg 407
BE 8501 Bissegem
Tel. +32/56 36 41 00
Fax +32/56 36 41 10
mail benelux@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact Portugal
c/o Stubli Portugal
Representaoes Lda
Via Central de Milheirs, 171-A
PT 4475-330 Milheirs / Maia
Tel. +351/229 783 956
Fax +351/229 783 959
mail portugal@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact Russia
OOO STAUBLI RUS
ul.Startovaya 8a
RU 196210 Saint Petersburg
Tel. + 7 812 334 46 30
Fax + 7 812 334 46 36
mail russia@multi-contact.com
www.multi-contact-russia.ru
Multi-Contact China
c/o Stubli Mechatronic Co. Ltd.
Hangzhou Economic and
Technological Development Zone
No. 5, 4th Street
CN 310018 Hangzhou
Tel. +86/571/869 121 61
Fax +86/571/869 125 22
mail hangzhou@staubli.com
Multi-Contact Czech
c/o Stubli Systems, s.r.o.
Hradeck 536
CZ 53009 Pardubice
Tel. +420/466/616 126
Fax +420/466/616 127
mail connectors.cz@staubli.com
Multi-Contact Italia
c/o Stubli Italia S.p.A.
Via Rivera, 55
IT 20841 Carate Brianza (MB)
Tel. +39/0362/94 45 01
Fax +39/0362/94 45 80
mail italy@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact Espaola
c/o Stubli Espaola S.A.
C/Mari Aguil, 4 1
ES 08205 Sabadell
Tel. +34/93/720 65 50
Fax +34/93/712 42 56
mail spain@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact Trkiye
c/o Stubli Sanayi Makine ve
Aksesuarlar Ticaret Ltd. ti.
Atatrk Mahallesi, Marmara
Sanayi Sitesi, B Blok No: 28 kitelli
TR 34306 stanbul
Tel. +90/212/472 13 00
Fax +90/212/472 12 30
mail turkey@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact
(South East Asia) Pte. Ltd.
215 Henderson Road #01-02
Henderson Industrial Park
SG Singapore 159554
Tel. +65/626 609 00
Fax +65/626 610 66
mail singapore@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
160/865-866 Silom Road
ITF-Silom Palace 33rd Floor
Suriyawong, Bangrak
TH Bangkok 10500
Tel. +66/2/266 78 79; 268 08 04
Fax +66/2/267 76 80
mail thailand@multi-contact.com
Multi-Contact Hongkong
c/o Stubli (H.K.) Ltd.
Unit 87, 12/F, HITEC
No. 1 Trademart Drive
Kowloon Bay
HK Hong Kong
Tel. +852/2366 0660
Fax +852/2311 4677
mail connectors.hk@staubli.com
Multi-Contact Taiwan
c/o Stubli (H.K.) Ltd.
Taiwan Branch
6/F-3, No. 21, Lane 583
Ruiguang Road, Neihu Dist.
TW Taipei City 11466
Tel. +886/2/8797 7795
Fax +886/2/8797 8895
mail connectors.tw@staubli.com
Ihre Multi-Contact Vertretung:

Your Multi-Contact representative:
Sie nden Ihren Ansprechpartner unter

You will nd your local partner at
Multi-Contact, 07.2011 O Test & Measureline (en) Multi-Contact Essen GmbH (DTP) Subject to alterations.
Headquarters:
Multi-Contact AG
Stockbrunnenrain 8
CH 4123 Allschwil
Tel. +41/61/306 55 55
Fax +41/61/306 55 56
mail basel@multi-contact.com

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Advanced Contact Technology

Test & Measureline

Safe Testing and Measuring

Advanced Contact Technology

Amendments to the Standard

Special aspects of measuring

Glossary with explanation

Advanced Contact Technology

Most important Safety Standard for

Obligatory: Technical knowledge.

The choice of Test Accessories

Advanced Contact Technology

Which parameters are to be measured and

What voltages and currents can occur, ie. are the

Observe data on products and/or on documents

At what point in the mains supply

Advanced Contact Technology

What are the environmental conditions of the object

A prerequisite for ensuring safety is normal use

The safety at work is the

Advanced Contact Technology

Depending on the energy level in the circuit undergoing measurement,

The use of high breaking capacity fuses

Advanced Contact Technology

Advanced Contact Technology

Measurement Categories according to IEC/EN 61010-031

Overview of measurement categories according to IEC/EN 61010-031 (VDE 0411-031)

Advanced Contact Technology

Measurement Categories according to IEC/EN 61010-031

Measurement Category CAT I

Advanced Contact Technology

Measurement Categories according to IEC/EN 61010-031

Measurement Category CAT III

Examples: Measurements in fuse boxes and switch boxes

Advanced Contact Technology

Measurement Categories according to IEC/EN 61010-031

Advanced Contact Technology

Examples for Special Insulation Requirements

Plugs with retractable sleeves (2002)

Exposed conductive parts of probe tips (2008)

Parts of test clips that can be touched (2008)

Advanced Contact Technology

Examples for Special Insulation Requirements

...c) Unmated plug connectors:

Advanced Contact Technology

Examples for Special Insulation Requirements

Never fit hand-held probes or test clips

Advanced Contact Technology

Examples for Special Insulation Requirements

Max. 19 mm within CAT I and CAT II

Max. 4 mm within CAT III and CAT IV

1000 V, CAT III

Examples for test probes and their rated voltage

Advanced Contact Technology

Examples for Special Insulation Requirements

AB200 1000 V, CAT IV

1000 V, CAT III

Examples for test clips and their rated voltage

Advanced Contact Technology

Special aspects of measuring / FAQ

Rated voltage in a three phase mains circuit

Advanced Contact Technology