HOMEWORK 04

1. What is a Lewis dot symbol? To what elements does the

symbol mainly apply?
It is a way to represent chemical formulas, you use the symbol of the
element and the electrons of valence to represent the relationships
among the elements that form a compound. It is mainly applied for
Alkaline, alkaline earth, metals of transition non-metals and noble
gases. (Chang, 2010)
2. Use the second member of each group from Group 1A to
Group 7A to show that the number of valence electrons on an
atom of the element is the same as its group number.
The

number of

electrons of valence has increased according to the respective group

number
3. Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following elements:
(a) Be, (b) K, (c) Ca, (d) Ga, (e) O, (f ) Br, (g) N, (h) I, (i) As, ( j)
F.

4. According to the following isoelectronic serie: Na +1, Mg+2, Al+3

. Which ion is the biggest?
Na+1 is the biggest because the atomic rate decreases according to
the families from left to right. (Chang, 2010)
5. Explain what an ionic bond is.
It is the electrostatic attraction between two elements, that involves a
complete transference of electrons of valence, ending electrically
charged. Their most common structure are crystals, (such as common
salt). They tend to ionize in presence of water producing aqueous
solutions. (Chang, 2010)
6. Explain how ionization energy and electron affinity determine
whether atoms of elements will combine to form ionic
compounds.
The elements with low ionization energy are more likely to form
cations, and a high electron affinity determines if an element could

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receive electrons to form anions, then, the electrons transference is

easier in element with low ionization energy and high electron affinity.

(Chang, 2010)
7.

Name five metals and five nonmetals that are very likely to
form ionic compounds. Write formulas for compounds that
might result from the combination of these metals and
nonmetals. Name these compounds.
Na, Li; Be, Ca, Sr
F, Cl, I, S, Te
NaF sodium fluoride, LiCl lithium chloride, BeS, beryllium sulphide,

SrI2 strontium iodide, CaTe calcium telluride.

8. Name one ionic compound that contains only non-metallic
elements.
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
9. Name one ionic compound that contains a polyatomic cation
and a polyatomic anion
(NH4)2CO3: Ammonium Carbonate
H3PO4: Phosphoric Acid
10.
Explain why ions with charges greater than 3 are seldom
found in ionic compounds.
The elements with high ionization energy are unlikely to form ions, so
the transference of more than three electrons, involves an
expenditure of high quantities of energy and the compound tends to
be more unstable. (Chang, 2010)
11.

What is the advantage of using the term molar mass

when we discuss ionic compounds?

Ionic compound doesnt form really moles, so we cannot talk about
molar mass, but about mass of formula because they are only ions
electrically extracted. (Chang, 2010)
12.In which of the following states would NaCl be electrically
conducting? (a) Solid, (b) molten (that is, melted), (c) dissolved in
water. Explain your answers.
When an ionic compound is dissolved in water it is divided in its ions,
which are electrically charged and can conduct electricity.

So the

answer is C.
13.

Beryllium forms a compound with chlorine that has the

empirical formula BeCl2. How would you determine whether it

is an ionic compound? (The compound is not soluble in water).
The subtraction between their radioactive values is generally a way to
determine if this compound is ionic or covalent, where if the result is
2 it is an ionic compound. The solid structure also, in which, the
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ionic compound is common presented in a cubic form. (Chang,

2010)
14.

Give

the

empirical

formulas

and

names

of

the

compounds formed from the following pairs of ions: (a) Rb +

and I-, (b) Cs+ and SO4 2-, (c) Sr2+ and N3-, (d) Al3+ and S2-.
RI Rubidium Iodide, Cs2SO4 Cesium sulphate, Sr3N2 Strontium Nitride,
Al2S3 aluminium sulphide.
15.Use Lewis dot symbols to show the transfer of electrons between the
following atoms to form cations and anions: (a) Na and F, (b) K and S,
(c) Ba and O, (d) Al and N.

16.

Write the Lewis dot symbols of the reactants and

products

in

the

following

reactions.

(First

balance

the

equations.)

17.

For each of the following pairs of elements, state

whether the binary compound they form is likely to be ionic or

covalent. Write the empirical formula and name of the
compound: (a) I and Cl, (b) Mg and F.
a) Iodine chloride: Cll, covalent
b) MgF2: magnesium fluoride, ionic

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18.

For each of the following pairs of elements, state

whether the binary compound they form is likely to be ionic or

covalent. Write the empirical formula and name of the
compound: (a) B and F, (b) K and Br.
a) BF Boron trifluoride: Covalent
b) KBr Potassium Bromide: Ionic
19.

What is lattice energy and what role does it play in the

stability of ionic compounds?

Lattice energy is the measure that shows how stable are ionic
compounds, also defined as the necessary energy to divide a ionic
bond, then, the energy used to ionize a compound and the energy
used by the anion when it capture the electrons must be lower than
the lattice energy to obtain a stable compound, that is the reason
because elements cannot lose more or less than the electrons they
should, producing the ionic compound that we actually know. (Chang,
2010)
20.
Explain how the lattice energy of an ionic compound
such as KCl can be determined using the Born-Haber cycle. On
what law is this procedure based?
The Born-Haber cycle is based on the Hess law, and we can use it to
calculate lattice energy, relating it with ionization energy, electron
affinity, among other properties.
First measure ne energy required to sublimate the K, second the
energy necessary to ionize the molecular Cl, third, the resultant
energy of ionize the K, fourth the necessary energy to join the
electrons to the anion, this total we subtract from the enthalpy of the
overall reaction, and the result is the lattice energy. (Chang, 2010)
21.Calculate the lattice energy of calcium chloride given that the heat of
sublimation of Ca is 121 kJ/mol and Hf (CaCl 2) = - 795 kJ/mol. (See
Tables 8.2 and 8.3 for other data.)
1. Cas Cag
=121 kJ/mol
2. Cl2 2Cl
=242.8 kJ/mol
3. Ca Ca+ + e=589.5 kJ/mol
Ca+ Ca2+ + e=1145 kJ/mol
4. 2(Cl + e- Cl- )
=-698 kJ/mol
5. Ca2+ + 2 Cl=?
Hoverall
=-795 kJ/mol
1+1+3+4+5= Hoverall
5=2195 kJ/mol
22.
Use an example to illustrate each of the following terms:
lone pairs, Lewis structure, the octet rule, bond length.

JACOB MORQUECHO

Lewis

structure

represents

the

valence

electrons

of

chemical

elements and how it could get related to others.

Atoms get stability when their more external layer is complete with 8
electrons (with exception of He and H) so they form different types of
bond to gain that stability.

In a molecule the distance between the nuclei of each atom is called

bond length and it may vary.

When only an electron is shared by each atom it is called lonely pair

(Chang, 2010)
23.

Compare

the

properties

of

ionic

compounds

and

covalent compounds.
The structures joined by ionic bond are solid, have high melting
points, present cubic assemblies, their unions are strong and can form
strong electrolytes, while the molecules composed by covalent bonds
can be liquid, gas or solid at room temperatures, do not have the
same structure, have low melting points and are weak or nonelectrolytic substances. (Chang, 2010)
24.The following Lewis structures for (a) HCN, (b) C 2H2, (c) SnO2,
(d) BF3, (e) HOF, (f ) HCOF, and (g) NF3 are incorrect. Explain
what is wrong with each one and give a correct structure for the
molecule. (Relative positions of atoms are shown correctly.)

A: Nitrogen octet incomplete.

B: Hydrogen cannot form double
bonds
C: Sn

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octet was incomplete.

D: B does not have 5 electrons of valence

E: fluorine cannot receive 2 electrons
F: oxygen octet is not

G:

complete

has

five

electrons

of

Valence (Chang, 2010)

25.

Explain why the bond enthalpy of a molecule is usually

defined in terms of a gas-phase reaction. Why are bondbreaking processes always endothermic and bond-forming
processes always exothermic?
In the gas phase is seldom that the surrounding molecules could
interfere in the division of a molecule of the product and alter the net
energy necessary to divide it.
The molecule structure needs energy to be broken, otherwise could
be easily destroyed, ergo, an extra energy will be necessary to
destroy a chemical bond. And based on the first thermo dynamical
law, if the destruction involves absorption of energy the creation must
releases it. (Chang, 2010)
26.

How is the geometry of a molecule definition and why is

the study of molecular geometry important?

The geometry of a molecule is defined by its three-dimensional
structure, specifically, the position of the atoms in it, as the length
and angles among them. It is important because the molecule
structure outline how its properties will be. (Chang, 2010)
27.
Define dipole moment. What are the units and symbol
for dipole moment?
It is the quantity to measure the polarity of a bond, it is expressed by
the formula

M =Qr

Where Q is the product of the charges and r the distance between

them. Its unit is the Debye. (Chang, 2010)

Bibliography
Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry (10 Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

JACOB MORQUECHO

JACOB MORQUECHO