Amalgamationofknowledge

Question1
CRC,UML
UML

SequenceDiagram

CRC(ClassResponsibilityCard/CollaboratorCard)

inUML,
|classcontainingvariable|<>|Classofthatvariable|
closedarrowisinheritance.
|subclass||>|superclass|
or
|class||>|interface|

Question2
ProgrammingbyContract&Inheritance
Lisekovprinciple:Thesubclasseshavetobeabletobeswappedoutforasuperclass
andeverythingshouldbehaveasnormal

Itstatesthat,inacomputerprogram,ifSisasubtypeofT,thenobjectsoftypeTmaybereplacedwith
objectsoftypeS(i.e.,objectsoftypeSmaysubstituteobjectsoftypeT)withoutalteringanyofthedesirable
propertiesofthatprogram(correctness,taskperformed,etc.).

Demeterprinciple:Notransitivity.IfGooglehasadealwithAppleandknowsitsnet
earnings,andApplehasanotherdealwithMicrosoftandknowsmicrosoftsnetearnings,
GoogleshouldnotbeabletofindoutanythingaboutMicrosoftthroughitsdealwith
Apple.
Inthiscase,anobject
A
canrequestaservice(callamethod)ofanobjectinstance
B
,
butobject
A
shouldnot"reachthrough"object
B
toaccessyetanotherobject,
C
,to
requestitsservices.
Equalsfunction:publicbooleanequals(Objectobj)
if(this==obj)returntrue

if(obj==null)returnfalse
if(getClass()!=obj.getClass())returnfalse
ClassNameOfThingother=(ClassNameOfThing)obj
Thencheckyomembervariables

Question3
GenericTypesandPolymorphism
SimilartothelabwithSet<E>orGraph<E>.

Covariance:Birdslayeggs.Morespecifically,aducklaysaduckegg.
WecanbemorespecificonthelefthandsideandsayaDucklaysanegg,
butwecantbemorespecificontherighthandsideandsayabirdlaysaduckegg.
LHScangetmorespecificandstillequalRHS.(Requiremore)

Contravariance:UnistudentscanwriteinC,Java,HTML,Python,etc.Webdesigners
canwriteinHTML.
WecanbelessspecificontheRHSandsayUnistudentscanwriteinHTML,
butWebdesignerscantwriteinC,Java,HTML,Python,etc.
RHScangetlessspecificandstillequalLHS.(Requireless)

Covariance:
class
Super{
ObjectgetSomething(){} }

class
Sub
extends
Super{
StringgetSomething() {} }

Sub#getSomethingiscovariantbecauseitreturnsasubclassofthereturntypeof
Super#getSomething(butfullfillsthecontractofSuper.getSomething())
Contravariance
class
Super
{
voiddoSomething(
Stringparameter) }

class
Sub
extends
Super
{
voiddoSomething(
Objectparameter) }

Sub#doSomethingiscontravariantbecauseittakesaparameterofasuperclassofthe
parameterofSuper#doSomething(but,again,fullfillsthecontractofSuper#doSomething)
Question4
DesignPatterns
Compositepattern
:Insteadofsayingifobjclassisrectangle,dothis,ifcircledothis,
blahblahblah,maketherectangleandcircleclassesimplementationsofaShapeclass,
andthenjustneedtocallShape.doThing(),wherehereShapeisaninterface.
NeedtouseINTERFACE
Decoratorpattern
:Useanabstractclass,butinsteadofitbeingaproblemwithworking
down,thistimeitissoyoucandodifferentthingswiththem.Likethestrategypattern.
Soyoucanmakeanewshapethatiscolouredinred,orashapethatiscolouredin

green,ortheoriginalplainshape.Theupsideisthatyoustillgetallthefunctionalityof
theplainshape,butyouhavetheaddedfunctionalityofthenewdecoratedclasses.
Howto:
Abstractclass(decorator)implementsbaseinterface(shape)andiscalledby
concretetypesbelow(rectangle,circle)andconcretetypesabove(redshape,
blueshape).
INTERFACE>ABSTRACTCLASS
Iteratorpattern:
implementanIteratorclassinsidetheiterableobjectclasswith
functionsfirst,next,is_doneandcurrent_item.Theobjectalsohasacreate_iterator
function.ThisissothatyoucancallObject.Iteratori=object.create_iterator()(which
returnstheiterableversionoftheobject)andtheni.first()willstart/initialise,i.next()islike
i++,i.current_item()returnsthevalue,Etc,etc.
NOTE:membervariableiniteratorclassis
privatejava.util.IteratoriteratorMemberVariable
andthishasfunction

iteratorMemberVariable.next()
whichshouldbeusedlike

try{

current=iteratorMemberVariable.next()

catch(NoSuchElementExceptionex){

current=999

}
Observerpattern
:Haveaninterface(AlarmListener)andtheninyourmainsystem,
haveanarrayoflistenerswhoneedtobeupdatedifsomethinghappens.Therewill
needtobearegisterfunctiontoaddthemtothealertsystem.AsoundAlarmfunction
runsthrougheachlistenerinthearrayandcalls((AlarmListener)e.next()).alarm().Each
listenerimplementstheAlarmListenerinterface.
NeedtouseINTERFACE
Strategypattern:

SurpriseQuestion
Locksandsynchronisation
ReentrantlocksvsSynchronizedfunctions
:Reentrantlockshaveextended
capabilities

Theabilitytohavemorethanoneconditionvariablepermonitor.Monitorsthat
usethesynchronizedkeywordcanonlyhaveone.Thismeansreentrantlocks
supportmorethanonewait()/notify()queue.

Theabilitytomakethelock"fair"."[fair]locksfavorgrantingaccesstothe
longestwaitingthread.Otherwisethislockdoesnotguaranteeanyparticular
accessorder."Synchronizedblocksareunfair.

Theabilitytocheckifthelockisbeingheld.

Theabilitytogetthelistofthreadswaitingonthelock.

Badthingsaboutreentrantlocks:
Needtoaddimportstatement.

Needtowraplockacquisitionsinatry/finallyblock.Thismakesitmoreuglythan
thesynchronizedkeyword.

Thesynchronizedkeywordcanbeputinmethoddefinitionswhichavoidsthe
needforablockwhichreducesnesting.

Lockcode:
finalLocklock=newReentrantLock()//CreatethelockfortheBoundedQueue
finalConditionfull=lock.newCondition()//Usedforproducerwaitingwhenqueueisfull

//Howtousecondition
function(Locklock,Conditionfull)
if(full){//Ifthebufferisfullweneedtosleep
full.await()//Releasethelockandwaituntilitisreturnedtous
}

Ifa
FUNCTION
isdeclaredsynchronised,itisavailabletoonlyoneobjectatatime
Thedatacanstillbeaccessedthough,justnotthefunction
Whileathreadiswaitingonalock,itdoesnotdoanythingelse(unlessreentrancelock).
Theotherthreadsstillcontinuetoworkthough
Deadlockoccursifathreadiswaitingonalock,andtheotherthreadisalsowaitingona
lock.Ex,ifmaincallsthread1Function,therewillbeadeadlock.
sychronizedthread1Function(){
thread2Function()
}

synchronizedthread2Function(){
thread1Function()
}