AC Circuits: Physics 212

Physics 212
Lecture 24
Todays Concept:
AC Circuits
Maximum currents & voltages
Phasors: A Simple Tool
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 1
Your Comments
If you do better on the final than one of your midterms the final mark replaces the
midterm mark, does this still count if you happen to miss the midterm?
next Wednesday, instead of doing a pre-lecture which will not be on the midterm,
could we please have a full review class? :D
I don't see how the length of the phasor has to do with the reactance... don't they
represent voltage? I looked at the voltage equation in previous slides and dont see
reactance in the equation anywhere. Absolutely no idea what they were talking about
with phasor diagrams...
why when where the hell we need these stuff outta school, I am actually really totally
super EXCITED about this
How much of this material is going to be present on the midterm? Given that there is
already a boatload of other material we need to know, I'm beginning to feel
overwhelmed by the consistent stream of new material being taught before the
midterm.
AC Circuits
Up until now, we have been using DC voltage sources, that is, batteries that supply a
constant voltage to our circuit.
AC voltage sources are used in most real life applications due to being more natural
to generate and ease of use in transformers. This occurs because induction relies on
the current changing with time, and a varying voltage source gives rise to that.
A typical AC voltage source is one that varies as a sine function over time:
= sin()
is the angular frequency.
The angular frequency can be related to the regular frequency or the period:
= 2 = 2/
Lets look at how our usual circuit elements act when supplied by an AC source.
Resistors in AC
= =
= sin()

=
=
sin()
= Vm/R
Capacitors in AC
= = /
= sin()
= sin()
= cos()
= Vm/XC
90o
where XC = 1/wC
is like the resistance
of the capacitor
XC depends on w
=
sin +
2
Inductors in AC
= =
= sin()

=
sin()
cos()
= Vm/XL
90o
where XL = wL
is like the resistance
of the inductor
XL depends on w
=
sin
2
What about all three together?

In principle we can solve this using what we already know:
= + 2 +
= sin()
We could solve this as a differential equation.
C
L
But it is easier to solve it using some things

we already know about the solution and a
technique known as phasors.

We know there is only one
current, so getting everything in
terms of that would be good.
VCm = Im XC
We know that the voltage

across each individual piece
must vary with the same
frequency as the battery.
V 90o behind I
C
L
R
VRm = Im R
V in phase with I
VLm = Im XL
V 90o ahead of I
The voltage across the inductor

will lead the current by 90o,
while the voltage across the
capacitor will lag behind the
current by 90o.
We also know that the sum of these
voltages (accounting for phase) must
add to the voltage from the battery.
We can imagine the current has the

form = sin

= sin( )
At some time, the current is at

its maximum, and the voltage
drops across the inductor and
capacitor are zero.
VCm = Im XC
V 90o behind I
C
L
R
VRm = Im R
V in phase with I
VLm = Im XL
V 90o ahead of I
At some other time, the voltage

drop across the capacitor is
maximized, and the voltage
drop across the inductor is
maximally negative at that time.
We can visualize the voltage across
one component (the function
sin( )) as a point moving up
and down along an axis.
Or instead visualize it as the y-projection

of a point moving in a circle.
Phasors
Phasors make this
simple to see
= sin( )
Im XL
Vm = Im XC
V 90o behind I
Im R
C
L
Vm = Im XL
V 90o ahead of I
Im XC
Vm = Im R
V in phase with I
Each vector has a length corresponding

to that particular components
maximum amplitude
Phasors
If we imagine the entire configuration rotating
counterclockwise about the middle, moving at
radians/sec, the y-projection is the actual real
value of the potential for that component. The
x-component is an imaginary piece we have
added on to make this visualization possible.
VL=Im XL
VR=Im R
VC=Im XC
This means that the battery

on this picture is just the
vector sum of the other three.
The battery voltage should also be in this

picture somewhere, and it must be the case
that the y-components , , add to the
battery .
Since it must also be true after rotating by 90

degrees that the y-components still add up, the xcomponents , , must also add to the
battery .
The Voltages still Add Up

Im XC
So now we are essentially adding vectors:
em
Im XL
Im XL
Im XL
Im R
em
Im R
Im XC
Im R
Im R
Im XC
Im XC
Im XL
em
Make this Simpler

Im XC
em
Im XL
Im XL
Im XL
Im R
em
Im R
Im XC
Im R
Im XC
Make this Simpler

Im XC
em
Im XL
Im XL
Im R
em = Im Z
Im R
Im(XL - XC)
Im R
Z = impedance
Im XC
Make this Simpler

Im XC
em = Im Z
f
em
Im(XL - XC)
Im XL
Im R
Im R
Z = R 2 ( X L - X C )2
R
Impedance Triangle
X L - XC
tan (f ) =
R
Summary
VCm = Im XC
VLm = Im XL
VRm = Im R
em
Im XC
1
=
em
Im XL
= Im Z
Im R
Im = em / Z
Z = R X L - X C
2
X L - XC
tan (f ) =
R
Z = R2 ( X L - X C )2
f
R
Summary
Im XC
= sin()
= sin( )
X L - XC
tan (f ) =
R
Z = R2 ( X L - X C )2
f
R
Since =
1
and =
Which one is stronger can depend on frequency.
em
Im XL
R
Im R
If > then the inductor is
stronger and the current lags
behind the voltage ( > 0)
If > then the capacitor is
stronger and the current
leads the voltage ( < 0)
Resonance
Im XC
There is an optimal frequency for

the system to oscillate at.
Given , R, L, and C fixed, what

frequency should we choose if we want
to maximize our output current?
Im = em / Z
1
=
Z = R X L - X C
2
em
We should choose the frequency that sets =
Im XL
R
Im R
=
1
=
0 =
Resonance
Resonance frequency
0 =
Im XC
em
Im XL
R
At this frequency = and the circuit behaves as
though the capacitor and inductor are transparent.
Im R
The response of the system is at its maximum at the resonance frequency.
This is the same frequency we saw with oscillating LC circuits, it is the natural
frequency of the system in the absence of a battery.
Calculation
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown.
Vmax = 100 V
Imax = 2 mA
VCmax = 113 V
The current leads generator voltage by 45o
L and R are unknown.
V ~
L
R
What is XL, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?
Calculation
Vmax = 100 V
Imax = 2 mA
VCmax = 113 V
V ~
L
R
Compare XL and XC at this frequency:

A) XL < XC
B) XL = XC
C) XL > XC
VL
D) Not enough information
This information is determined from the phase

Current leads voltage
VL = ImaxXL
VC = ImaxXC
IR
45o
VR (phase of current)
VC
leads
Calculation
Vmax = 100 V
Imax = 2 mA
VCmax = 113 V
V ~
L
R
What is Z, the total impedance of the circuit?
A) 70.7 kW
B)
50 kW
C) 35.4 kW
D) 21.1 kW
Vmax 100V
Z=
=
= 50k W
I max 2mA
Calculation
Vmax = 100 V
Imax = 2 mA
VCmax = 113 V
V ~
R
Z = 50kW
sin(45) =.707
What is R?
A)
70.7 kW
B) 50 kW
C)
35.4 kW
D)
21.1 kW
cos(45) =.707
Determined from impedance triangle

R
45o
(XC - XL)
R
cos(45) =
Z
R = Z cos(45o)
= 50 kW x 0.707
= 35.4 kW
Calculation
Vmax = 100 V
Imax = 2 mA
VCmax = 113 V
V ~
R
Z = 50kW
A) 70.7 kW
We start with the
impedance triangle:
R
45o
B) 50 kW
C) 35.4 kW
XC - X L
= tan 45 = 1
R
D)
21.1 kW
R = 35.4kW
XL = XC - R
What is XC?
VCmax = ImaxXC
(XC - XL)
XL = 56.5 kW - 35.4 kW
113
XC =
= 56.5k W
2
Review: CheckPoint 1.1
Draw Voltage Phasors

Imax XL
emax
Imax R
A
B
C
Draw Voltage Phasors

Imax XL
emax
Imax R
A
B
C

The CURRENT is THE CURRENT
Imax XL
emax
Imax R
f is the phase between the

generator and the current
A
B
C
D
50
40
30
20
10
A
0B
C
IXL
IR
e
IR
IXL
What does the voltage phasor diagram look like

when the current is a maximum?
IXc
IXc
IXL
IXc

e
IR
IR
50
40
IXc
IXL
30
20
10
A
B
C0
What does the voltage phasor diagram look like when the
capacitor is fully charged?
IXL
IXc
CheckPoint 2.3
e
IR
IR
50
40
IXc
IXL
30
20
10 A
0
B
C
What does the voltage phasor diagram look like when the voltage
across the capacitor is at its positive maximum?
Midterm Information
1) Midterm 2: Friday, July 17th in class (9:30-10:20am)
MATERIAL: Units 9 20 (i.e. up to and including today)

Unit 18-20 material: multiple choice type questions only.
Format similar to the first midterm: multiple choice and written

questions.
Sample midterm will be posted later today.
As before, bring a regulation calculator and know what tutorial

section you belong to.
Final Thoughts
Written assignment due today.
No prelecture for next class.

Next class will be a review of midterm material (I have moved
the schedule around a bit).

AC Circuits: Physics 212

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Physics 212

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 2

is the angular frequency.

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 4

What about all three together?

We could solve this as a differential equation.

But it is easier to solve it using some things

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 7

What about all three together?

We know that the voltage

The voltage across the inductor

We can imagine the current has the

What about all three together?

At some time, the current is at

At some other time, the voltage

Or instead visualize it as the y-projection

Each vector has a length corresponding

This means that the battery

The battery voltage should also be in this

Since it must also be true after rotating by 90

The Voltages still Add Up

Make this Simpler

Make this Simpler

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 14

Make this Simpler

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 16

Which one is stronger can depend on frequency.

There is an optimal frequency for

Given , R, L, and C fixed, what

We should choose the frequency that sets =

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 18

The response of the system is at its maximum at the resonance frequency.

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 19

What is XL, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 20

What is XL, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?

Compare XL and XC at this frequency:

D) Not enough information

This information is determined from the phase

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 21

What is XL, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?

What is Z, the total impedance of the circuit?

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 22

What is XL, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?

Determined from impedance triangle

What is XL, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?

Review: CheckPoint 1.1

Draw Voltage Phasors

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 25

Review: CheckPoint 1.2

Draw Voltage Phasors

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 26

Review: CheckPoint 1.3

f is the phase between the

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 27

Review: CheckPoint 2.1

What does the voltage phasor diagram look like

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 24, Slide 28

Review: CheckPoint 2.2

MATERIAL: Units 9 20 (i.e. up to and including today)

Format similar to the first midterm: multiple choice and written

Sample midterm will be posted later today.

As before, bring a regulation calculator and know what tutorial