Thermal Stress & thermal Shock in Cylindrical Shapes

1. A typical cylindrical shape glass cup has dimensions as:

Inside radius
Thickness
Height
Thermal Expansion
Coefficient
Elastic Modulus
Poisson's ratio
Tensile Ultimate
Strength
Compressive Ultimate
Strength

ri
th
H

35 mm
2 mm
100 mm
/C
9.1 106

SUT

69 GPa
0.2
50 MPa

SUC

1000 MPa

Solution 1
a) The cup is heated up in a microwave oven until uniform temperature is reached
at T1 . Suddenly one pours in tap water at 20C. What is the lowest temp T1 that
will induce cracking of the cup?
We shall model the glass cup as a hollow thin/thick walled cylinder. Firstly, we check
the ratio of inner diameter to thickness:
di 2 35
=
= 35 40
th
2
Therefore think-walled cylinder analysis can provide a good first estimate. Using thin
wall analysis we write the general form of the loading mode of the cylinder as described
by Hamrock [1]. Since the cylinder thickness is small (t h di ) we can assume a bi-axial
plane stress condition for the cup walls. We write:
Radial Stress r = 0
Hoop Stress =

Radial Strain r =

pi r
th

= 17.5 pi

z = 2 = 8.75

( +z )
E

Hoop Strain =

Hoop Strain z =

Note that the above equations denote the stresses in terms of the internal pressure
inside the cylinder. In this case, there is no external loading. However, when the cold
water = 20 is poured into the hot cup = 1 the walls will start to cool down &
hence contract. The cup is constrained at the base end which also can contract. Beer et al.
express the deformation yielded due to temperature as [2]:
=
The overall deformation equations become:
Hoop Strain =

Hoop Strain z =

z
Z

Simultaneously, the poured water will heat up & expand. Since the cup remains full,
therefore we can equate the expressions for the the volumetric strain for both the cup &
the water. We write:
z = (1.2681 1010 ) (5.0725 1011 ) (9.1 106 )
= (2.5362 1010 ) (2.5362 1011 ) (9.1 106 )
Volumetric Strain v = z + 2 = (5.326 1010 ) (2.73 105 ) 1
As mentioned, the cup surface contracts & the fluid remains inside it [3]:
v (2 ) = v = (60 106 ) 2
We equate 1 & 2:
v (2 ) = v ()
(60 106 ) = (5.326 1010 ) (2.73 105 )
= (61.397 103 )
We then substitute to calculate the cup stresses:

Radial Stress r = 0 = 1
Hoop Stress = (1.074 106 ) = 2
z = (537.2 103 ) = 3

Glass is considered brittle material, therefore in order to investigate potential failure,

we will us the Maximum Normal Stress theory (MNST) as shown by Hamrock et al. [1].
=

We assume a safety factor of 2

6 )

(1.074 10

= 465.5
1 = 485.5

(1000 106 )
=
2

[1]

B. J. Hamrock, S. R. Schmid, and B. O. Jacobson, Fundamentals of Machine

Elements: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2007.

[2]

F. P. Beer, E. R. Jr. Johnston, J. T. Dewolf, and D. Mazurek, Mechanics of

Materials: McGraw-Hill Companies,Incorporated, 2008.

[3]

C. Kaminski, "Stress Analysis & Pressure Vessels," University of Cambridge,

2005.