MIGRATION

What is Human Migration?

Is the movement of people from one place in the
world to another for the purpose of taking up
permanent or semi-permanent residence, usually
across a political boundary.
Types of Migration
Internal Migration: Moving to a new home
within a state, country, or continent.
External Migration: Moving to a new home
in a different state, country, or continent.
Emigration: Leaving one country to move
to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from
England).
Immigration: Moving into a new country
(e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).
Population Transfer: When a government
forces a large group of people out of a
region , usually based on ethnicity or religion.
This is also known as an involuntary or forced
migration.
Impelled Migration (also called "reluctant"
or "imposed" migration): Individuals are not
forced out of their country, but leave because
of unfavorable situations such as warfare ,
political problems, or religious persecution.

People Who Migrate:

Emigrant: A person who is leaving a country
to reside in another.
Immigrant: A person who is entering a
country from another to take up new
residence.
Migration Stream: A group migration from
a particular country, region, or city to a
certain destination.
Refugee: A person who is residing outside
the country of his or her origin due to fear of
persecution for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social
group or political opinion.
Internally Displaced Person (IDP): A
person who is forced to leave his or her home
region because of unfavorable conditions
(political, social, environmental, etc.) but
does not cross any boundaries.
Why Do People Migrate?
Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating
(leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such
as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.).
Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating
(moving into a place) because of something

desirable conditions(such as a nicer climate,

better food supply, freedom, etc.).

Laws of Migration
Geographer E.G. Ravenstein developed a series
of migration 'laws' in the 1880s that form the
basis for modern migration theory. In simple
language, these principles state:
Migrants mostly travel only a short distance.
Migrants travelling long distances usually settle
in urban areas.
Migration mostly occurs in steps.
Migration is mostly rural to urban.
Each migration flow produces a movement in
the opposite direction ("counter flow").
Most of migrants are adults.
Impacts of Migration
Diffusion: The process through which certain
characteristics (e.g., cultural traits, ideas,
disease) spread over space and through time.

Relocation Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc.

that moves with the people from one place to
another and do not remain in the point of origin.
Expansion Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc.,
that move with people from one place to another
but are not lost at the point of origin, such as
language.

Cultural markers: Structures or artifacts (e.g.,

buildings, spiritual places, architectural styles,
signs, etc.) that reflect the cultures and histories
of those who constructed or occupy them.
Source of data and Measuring Migration:
Sources of internal migration
Census
Surveys
Population registers
Sources of external migration
International passenger survey (IPS)
National insurance numbers (like in
U.S.A.,U.K.,etc.)
Work permits
Landing cards
School census
Birth registration of newborns of migrants

METHODS OF ESTIMATING INTERNAL

MIGRATION:
Classified into two categories:
Direct techniques: Based on data obtained from
direct questions asked during a census on the
movements of persons. Special questions provide
information for direct estimation of migration
movements.

Direct measures for estimating migration are:

1.Place of birth
2.Duration of residence
3.Place of last residence
4.Place of residence at a fixed prior date
Indirect techniques: The indirect techniques of
estimating migration do not require special
question; the extent of migration can be
estimated from the total counts in a census and
the available age-sex distribution of the
population
Vital statistics method
Net M=(P1-P0)-(B-D)
M= net migration, P0= population at the earlier
census, P1= population at the later census, B=
no. of the births in that area during the

intercensal period, D= no. of deaths in that area

during the intercensal period.
Survival ratio method
Based on the survivalship probability obtained
from existing life tables.
s= L(a+t)/L(a
Migration rate
m= M/P *k
m= rate of migration for the specified migration
interval ,M= no. of migration during the interval,
P= population exposed to the likelihood of
migration during the interval, k=100 or 1000
ESTIMATING EXTERNAL MIGRATION
Gross migration rate:
The total no. of in-migrants and out-migrants.
GMR= I+E
Net migration rate:
Is the difference of immigrants and emigrants of
an area in a period of time, divided (usually) per
1,000 inhabitants (considered on midterm
population). A positive value represents more
people entering the country than leaving it, while
a negative value means more people leaving
than entering it.

NMR= I-E/1000 unit of population

INDIAN SCENARIO

NO. OF MIGRANTS BY PLACE OF BIRTH, CENSUS 2001

REASONS OF MIGRANTS FOR MIGRATION,CENSUS 2001

IN-Migration-causes:
Increased family size

Better income prospects

Better educational facilities
Better Lifestyle
Basic amenities health, transport , water,
electricity.
Victims of natural/manmade calamitiesRefugees
Migration-consequences:

Overcrowding
Mushrooming of slums
Unemployment
Poverty
Physical & mental stress
Family structure-Nuclear families

Push factors

Under employment
Economic under development
Low wage/salary
political instability
Discrimination in appointment and promotion
Poor working facilities
Lack of scientific tradition and culture
Desire for a better urban life
Better career expectation

Pull factors
Better economic prospects

Higher salary and income

Better level of living and way of life
Better research facilities
Prestige of foreign training
Relative political stability
Presence of a rich, scientific and cultural
tradition
Attraction of urban centres
Technological gap
Health Risks of Migrant and Their Families

Occupational hazards
Pesticide exposure
Substandard housing,
Poor sanitation

HEALTH ISSUES OF MIGRANTS

MENTAL HEALTH
COMMUNICABALE DISEASES
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Migrant Family Health
Issues
Children educationally, socially, and
physically disadvantaged
Fragmented health care
Migrant adolescents more likely to abuse
substances
Exposure to violence

 Infectious disease
Economic barriers and limited health
resources
Mental Health
Without mental health there is no health
More than the absence of mental disordersa
state of well-being in which the individual
realizes his or her own abilities, can cope
with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to
make a contribution to his or her community
Determined by socio-economic and
environmental factors
Linked to behaviour
Migration and Mental Health
Migrants experience losses that affect their
mental well-being by contributing to
depression, disorientation, and
marginalization. These losses can include:
loss of home
separation from family and community
loss of a sense of belonging
loss of a job, career, position in society
loss of identity
loss of support networks
loss of traditions and values.

 The risk of mental health problems increases

after settlement in host countries as a result
of many factors, including:
o concerns about legal status
o difficulties related to acculturation racism
o housing and health problems
o communication problems
o isolation
Language barriers make communication
difficult and lead to a feeling of loneliness
and helplessness.

Particularly vulnerable Migrants

Being "undocumented" means that migrants
with irregular status such as trafficked
persons, smuggled persons, economic
migrants and certain subgroups of migrant
workers, labour migrants, and asylumseekers are more exposed to various and
significant health risks.
Common health conditions found in irregular
migrant populations include:
infectious diseases (tuberculosis, hepatitis)
sexually transmitted infections
non-infectious conditions (cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, oral/dental)
unwanted pregnancy
mental and psychosocial illnesses

 injuries due to violence

substance abuse
occupational illnesses
IOMs Strategic Objectives on Migration
Health
Monitoring migrant health.
Enable conducive policy and legal
frameworks on migrant health.
Strengthen migrant friendly health systems.
Facilitate partnerships, networks and multicountry frameworks on migrant health.

Public Health Approach to Migrant Health

Ensure migrants health rights

Avoid disparities in health status and access
Reduce excess mortality and morbidity
Minimize negative impact of the migration
process