Hydro Mechanics of

Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
Lecture (5)

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Potential Theory
In order to use
this linear theory
with waves, it will
be necessary to
assume that

Wave Surface
d
Slope

dx
x

the water surface

h
slope is very small

Sea Bed
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Potential Theory
Th is m ea n s t h a t t h e w a v e st e ep n ess is so sm all t h at
terms in the equations of the waves with a magnitude in the order
of the steepness-squared can be ignored.
Using the linear theory holds here that harmonic displacements,
velocities and accelerations of the water particles and also the
harmonic pressures will have a linear relation with the wave
surface elevation.

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Wave Velocity Potential

The profile of a simple wave with a small steepness looks like a
sine or a cosine and the motion of a water particle in a wave
depends on the distance below the still water level.
Also:
The flow is inviscid, incompressible, and irrotational.
This is reason why the wave potential is written as:

x, z, t
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Wave Velocity Potential

Z

still water level

z=0
h

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x, z, t

Sea Bed
z = -h

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

x, z, t

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Wave Velocity Potential

Write :

x, z, t Pz sin kx t
Where P(z) is an (as yet) unknown function of z.

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Velocity Potential Requirements

x, z, t Pz sin kx t
has to fulfill four requirements:

Continuity condition or Laplace equation

Sea bed boundary condition

3
4
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Free surface dynamic boundary condition

Free surface kinematic boundary condition.

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Velocity Potential Boundary Conditions

Z

x, z, t Pz sin kx t
x still water level
z=0

CONTINOUS FLOW
Sea bed boundary condition

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z = -h

Sea Bed
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (1)
Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation
The velocity of the water particles (u, v, w) in the three
translational directions, follow from the definition of the
velocity potential, w:

w
u
x

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w
v
y

w
w
z

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (1)
Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation
Since the fluid is homogeneous and incompressible, the Continuity
Condition:

u v w

0
x y z

results in the Laplace Equation for potential flows:

2w 2w 2w
2

w 0
2
2
2
x
y
z
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (1)
Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation
Water particles move here in the x-z plane only, so

w
v
0
y
Hence,

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v 2w
2 0
y y

2w 2w
2
2 w 0
2
x
z
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (1)
Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation

w Pz sin kx t
w
kP z cos kx t
x
2w
2

k
Pz sin kx t
2
x

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w dP z

sin kx t
z
dz
2w d 2 P z

sin kx t
2
2
z
dz

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (1)
Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation
Substitute in

2w 2w
2
2 w 0
2
x
z

2
d
P z
k 2 Pz sin kx t
sin kx t 0
dz 2

d 2 P z
k P z
0
2
dz
2

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (1)
Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation
2
d
P z
k 2 P z
0
2
dz

With the solution

Pz C1e kz C2e kz
You can check that .
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (1)
Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation
Substitute in

w Pz sin kx t

w C1e

kz

C2e

kz

sin kx t

C1 and C2 are constants to be determined)

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (1)
Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation Summary
Z

still water level

z=0
h

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w C1e

kz

C2e

kz

sin kx t
Sea Bed
z = -h
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

11/26/2014

M.A. Kotb

x, z, t
w C1e kz C2e kz sin kx t

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM776

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (2)

Sea Bed Boundary Condition

Z

The vertical velocity of water particles at the

sea bed is zero (no-leak condition):

still water level

z=0
h

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w
0
z

z = -h
Sea Bed
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (2)

Sea Bed Boundary Condition

Substituting this boundary condition in equation

z = -h

w C1e kz C2e kz sin kx t

w
w
kC1ekz kC2ekz sin kx t 0
z
w
w
kC1ekh kC2ekh 0
z z h
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (2)

Sea Bed Boundary Condition

kC e
1

kh

kC2ekh 0

C1e kh C2ekh
Define

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C
C1ekh C2ekh
2
C kh
C kh
C1 e
C2 e
2
2

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (2)

Sea Bed Boundary Condition

Substitute

C kh
C1 e
2

Pz C1e

kz

C2e

kz

C kh
C2 e
2

C kz kh C kz kh
P z e e e e
Reducing
2
2
ek z h e k z h
C k z h k z h

C
Pz e
e
2
2

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (2)

Sea Bed Boundary Condition

So,

ek z h e k z h

Pz C
2

Which is

Pz C coshk z h
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirement (2)

Sea Bed Boundary Condition

Recall

Substitute

w Pz sin kx t
Pz C coshk z h

Hence,

w C coshk z hsin kx t
Where C is an (as yet) unknown constant.
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Requirements (1) and (2)

Continuity Condition and Laplace Equation
No leak Condition at the sea bed
Z
Summary
still water level
z=0
h

w C coshk z hsin kx t
Sea Bed
z = -h

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

x, z, t
w C1e kz C2e kz sin kx t

w C coshk z hsin kx t

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Thank You for Your Attention!

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