Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
An induction loop system transmits an audio signal directly into a hearing aid via a magnetic field,
greatly reducing background noise, competing sounds, reverberation and other acoustic distortions that
reduce clarity of sound.
This diagram illustrates how they work.
Audio Inputs 1, either from an existing audio source such as a P.A. system or from dedicated
microphone inputs feed an audio signal into an Induction Loop Amplifier 2. The amplifier drives a
current into a Loop 3 or series of loops. As the current flows through the cable it creates a Magnetic
Field 4 in the required area careful loop and amplifier design ensures that the vertical component of
the field is even and free of dropouts and dead zones wherever the user might be. Inside most Hearing
Aids 5, a small coil known as a Telecoil 6 picks up the magnetic field signal, which is amplified into a
high quality audio signal delivered directly to the ear of the hearing aid user.
wire that serves as the transmitter antenna. The receiver consists of another audio amplifier and a small
induction pickup coil for the receiver antenna. The transmitter signal can be received from anywhere
inside of the loop and for a short distance outside of the loop.
Figure 1: Block diagram of system
In this simple system the audio signal at the transmitter generates a magnetic field around the
transmitter loop. This field varies directly with the intensity and frequency of the audio amplifier
output. When the receiver coil is introduced into the field, a voltage is induced across its windings. The
voltage across the receiver coil varies with the frequency and intensity of the changing field.
Fi
gure 2a
gure 2b
Maximum coupling, at a given distance, occurs when they are oriented in the same direction (fig 2b).
Fi
The Receiver
The receiver is an audio amplifier built around an LM386 audio amplifier chip (fig. 4). The version
used in this circuit (LM386N-1) has a supply voltage range of 4V to 12V. In this circuit, amplifier gain
is fixed and set to maximum by connecting capacitor C3 between pins 1 and 8. Potentiometer R1
controls the output level. Input coupling capacitor C1 should be selected so that, at the lowest
frequency of interest, its impedance is small compared to R1 (about 1/10 of R1). If you find that you
are getting significant interference from a local radio station (especially when the input is unconnected)
try placing C6 between the input and ground but may not be required.
Figure 4: Circuit schematic
The receiver antenna is a telephone pickup coil (fig. 5).
Figure 5: Telephone pickup coil
Phil Kane has been a technical writer in the software industry for more than 10 years. He has also
occasionally authored articles for electronics enthusiast magazines.
Jameco welcomes the contributions of its customers. Frankly, we think what you write is more
interesting than anything we could write. Share your electronic component story, project, or challenge,
and we'll share it with the world. Send your story to MyStory@Jameco.com
But as an electronics and signals enthusiast, this really piqued my interest. Everyday, we are
literally bathed in signals we dont notice, and dont understand! Ive seen these logos on
auditoriums, in trains (e.g. picture above), in train ticket windows amongst other places. Ive always
wondered how these things worked, and what it would take to receive such transmissions. After some
brief research, I got some of the answers I was looking for.
Do It Yourself Receiver
Given the standardization of induction loops here, I would have thought receivers would be cheap,
plentiful and designs widely available. Strangely, this was not the case. It seems that the system is
generally relegated to assistive uses, and thus non-hearing aid users dont get to benefit from the
system.
My interest was to not only access such telecoil services, but also to try and perceive the world in the
electromagnetic audio region. Think of this as an artistic venture, similar to how the guys who implant
magnets in themselves do so to try and perceive the worlds electromagnetic fields except this one is
generally painless.
Phase One Design Passive Coil
Seeing as its an alternating magnetic field, it should be fairly simple to pick up if the
field is strong enough. I decided to grab any scrap beefy inductor with many windings (to improve the
inductance) and placed it in series with a blocking capacitor (to prevent any phantom power flow which
would saturate the inductor). Attach some wires and a 3.5mm plug and youve got something basic.
The trick was trying to find a highly amplified sensitive input. I tried mic inputs, and others. But even
plenty sensitive inputs, even on the Zoom H1 (which I used to do almost all of my recordings) were
very noisy. They are so hissy that I wont even bother uploading any of them.
It was clear that some amplification was needed.
Phase Two Design Amplified by Rail-to-Rail Op-Amp
This time, I decided to get a little more sophisticated, opting for the use of a rail-to-rail opamp to
provide amplification (as I abhor trying to build, and carry 15v dual-rail supplies). In this case, the
device consisted of a three-AAA carrier with switch, the board with the circuit and the 3.5mm audio
plug. The whole device was encased in glue to improve resistance to conducted stray charges which
affect performance.
It looks pretty simple, but stupid me made so many mistakes along the way. Its clear I didnt do any
analog electronics for a long time and Ive literally forgotten some important practical considerations.
I started with the Microchip MCP6273 2Mhz Rail-to-Rail Op-Amp, a 1200uH inductor, and an
inverting amplifier design with virtual ground provided by a resistive divider. Trying to save some
power, I used some fairly high resistances in my resistive divider, which resulted in an unstable virtual
ground that caused oscillation. Get it together Gough! You cant screw up an inverting amplifier!
After I scoped that one out, thanks to the Picoscope, I still had oscillation of a different sort. I decided
to make the gains adjustable by trimpots, and I found the oscillation was pretty bad for most gains.
Why? Why!
Well, the Picoscope again gave me the answer the coil is a very efficient receiver of broadcast AM
transmissions, and these signals were getting into the opamp, distorting non-linearly, and creating the
resulting tones. In fact, I only recognized that when, in spectrum mode, I could see the AM sidebands.
Then it hit me. So, uh, remember to band-limit your signals. Just because youre interested in one
sort of signal, doesnt mean that you wont get others leaking into your receive chain. I decided to go
for a simple R-C filter (which doesnt do much, as the cut-off was quite high due to a lack of spare
components), and youll see later, I managed to stuff that up too.
But it still didnt satisfy me. I tried to push the gain, and at some point, it would just collapse and die.
Then I remembered the rule of Gain Bandwidth Product. You would think that the 2Mhz rail-to-rail
opamp is fine for an audio frequency project, but alas, when you want 500-1000 fold gain, then the
bandwidth drops dramatically. The bandwidth is given for unity gain, duh!
Therefore, it is much better to go for a two-stage construction, with the first opamp doing some of the
amplifying, and the second doing some more. But I only had a limited number of them at the time, so I
decided to conserve.
Then after having sorted through all of that, I found out (the hard way) that the circuit was very
sensitive to component choice. A design I breadboarded just a moment ago, built using supposedly
identical components, was not functioning properly. As it turns out, I was pushing the opamp so much
to its limits, that the other unit I picked to build onto the veroboard just didnt have the same
characteristics.
In the end, I ended up with something that looks like this. But then I realized, I made a royal goof with
the R-C input filter, which should have the 2n2 capacitor looped back to the virtual ground point. Ah
insert expletive.
But funnily enough, this design worked. And it did, in part, because the opamp was pushed so hard
that its frequency response fall-off was acting as a natural filter! I think by doing this, Ive managed to
refresh a lot of the things I should have known components arent as ideal as you would like them to
be.
Phase Two Design Audio Samples
I decided to carry this around with me, for a few days, as I went about my regular business and checked
what the recordings showed. A lot of interesting sounds were received, with all of them provided as
.wav files, as I dislike compression.
Riding on a Bus its likely the alternator on the bus engine is putting out these whines.
A different bus this one shows a strange pipping noise as well.
In a car a petrol cars ignition system gives a tick every time the spark plug fires.
Next to a lift the lift inverter produces some rather harsh noises, but the background hum is
endemic to the public announcement system at the train station.
Passing train a passing train seems to make a strange buzz, but only at certain carriages. Its
likely those carriages carry the chopper/motor drive circuitry.
Under a power line a hum, but not the sort I expected.
A GSM 2G mobile the familiar bipping of the slotted TDMA transmission envelope. How
annoying!
Alighting from a Warratah Train with Flashing LED the LED drivers make an interesting
noise.
Riding along the rails, and again you get to hear strange noises, some of them alternating,
some of them steady tones. These, I believe, are related to audio frequency track circuit
impedance bonds I only found out about these when I stumbled across the NTSB presentation
about loss of train detection in WMATA. Some others may be related to the RFID detection
systems and their power envelopes.
A pelican crossing probably my proudest moment was when I decided to put the transducer
up to the vibrating part of the push button padestrian crossing. Normally, when at a crossing
with an audio recorder, you get this. Instead, now you can get the signal cleanly, without the
ambient noise. Even better, if you employ DSP, you can even clean it up!
Of course, this is not all. By holding the device up to monitors, light switches, power supplies you
can tell if theyre on or off, and what sort of loading they are running. Its even possible to hold this up
to a phones earpiece and get a recording of the speaker audio (the basic purpose a telecoil should
fulfil).
Time to visit some real audio induction loop systems see that in Part 2!
Phase Three Design Improvements and Fixes
For the third design, I decided to opt for a much higher (80Mhz) bandwidth opamp (which is overkill)
and not bother with having the two-stage design I would have otherwise gone for. Component values
for the R-C filter have been changed to narrow the filter response, and since I was out of 3.6v 3xAAA
cell holders, I opted to go for USB, instead using an LDO linear regulator to hopefully remove most of
the ripple noise. I left a gain trimpot in there as well, so I didnt have to settle for fixed gain. The design
looks like this:
Unfortunately, and as I had predicted, the RF noise emissions from the power bank seems to have an
influence on this one, causing popping and clicking if you use a poor quality power source. However,
it seems the quality power banks do make for a quiet result! I can always build a linear USB power
supply if I need to, or adapt the connection.
Conclusion
Audio frequency induction loops are an assistive technology that allows for the broadcast of audio to
hearing aids using magnetic field coupling. Receivers for these systems are not common, however, it
appears simple to design and build your own.
In the process of attempting to do so, Ive reminded myself of how many basic realities of components
I have forgotten, and its been a re-education exercise to some extent. However, I did eventually
achieve what I set out to achieve, through sheer persistence and logical troubleshooting. In turn, I have
been rewarded with the ability to perceive alternating magnetic fields inside the auditory hearing range.
Its important to remember that, as the inductors used are not designed for picking up such
emissions, they are probably shaped to reduce stray field leakage which means a low signal collection
efficiency which reduces the signal to noise ratio. Real hearing aids are likely to see better quality
reception in that regard. Proper hearing aids are now starting to provide digital signal processing noise
reduction on these inputs, thus continuous tones, and hiss noise is probably quite significantly reduced
to make it more intelligible. Furthermore, they may operate with automatic gain control and bandwidthlimiting systems which would alter what they would perceive.
However, by having one of these devices, it is now possible to receive audio from such systems
without the associated echo and room noise.
2. What is inductance?
Inductance is defined as the opposition to a change in current flow. When a current is applied to a conductor such a
wire, a magnetic field is formed around the wire. If the current source is removed, the magnetic field collapses into
the wire trying to maintain the current flow. By winding several turns of the wire into a coil, the magnetic field is
intensified, which increases the inductance.
There is a common misconception that an inductive loop requires a mass of metal or ferrous material for detection.
Placing a single wire around the perimeter of the loop and shorting the ends together will quickly disprove this
misconception. The single wire forming a shorted turn provides a current path for the magnetic field; thus causing a
loading effect similar to that of a vehicle. The shorted turn effect of the single wire coil in the proximity of the loop
acts much like a shorted turn secondary of a transformer.
L = 24 x 5.0
L = 120 microhenries
Loop Inductance in Microhenries (H)
Number
1
2
3
of Turns
10
5
15
30
P
20
10
30
60
E
30
15
45
90
R
40
20
60
120
I
50
25
75
150
M
E
60
30
90
180
T
70
35
105
210
E
80
40
120
240
R
45
135
270
(FT) 90
100
50
150
300
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
75
150
225
300
375
450
525
600
675
750
115
230
345
460
575
690
805
920
1035
1150
140
280
420
560
700
840
980
1120
1260
1400
6. Does increasing the number of turns in the loop increase the sensitivity of the loop?
NO. Increasing the turns does not increase the sensitivity of the loop. It can improve the efficiency of the loop syste
(loop inductance + lead-in inductance), if the lead-in length is over 400 feet. The amount of inductance change a
vehicle can cause in a loop is determined by the following factors:
Amount of Change Vehicle Size
Caused by Vehicle (Loop Size) x (Vehicle Height)
The above formula indicates the following:
1. Increasing the loop size will decrease the amount of change caused by the vehicle.
Example: If a vehicle causes a 1.0% change on a 6'x6' loop, then the same vehicle will cause a 0.5% change when
over one of two 6'x6' loops connected in series.
2. A smaller vehicle will cause less change. A small motorcycle causes approximately 1% to 2% of the change caus
by standard automobiles.
3. The higher the vehicle is from the road (loop) surface, the smaller the inductance change.
7. Does increasing the number of turns in the loop increase the detection height of the loop?
NO. Increasing the turns does not increase the detection height. Rule of Thumb: The reliable detection height of a
loop is 2/3 of the short side of the loop.
Examples: 6'x6' loop. The sort side is 6 feet. 2/3 of 6 = 4 feet
6'x20' loop. The sort side is 6 feet. 2/3 of 6 = 4 feet.
4'x20' loop. The sort side is 4 feet. 2/3 of 4 = 2 feet 8 inches.
Nonconductive materials such as concrete and asphalt will not influence the loop fields. Installing the loop one inch
deeper (e.g. 3" depth instead of 2" depth) would have the same result as raising the vehicle one inch above the
pavement surface.
To reduce stress and abrasion of the loop wire the 90 corners should be cut at a 45 angle; core drilled (1.5"
diameter); or at a minimum, the sharp inner corners should be rounded with a chisel.
The main consideration in selecting a wire for loop installations is the type of insulation. Cross-linked polyethylene
(XLPE) insulation rated at 600 volts is highly recommended over PVC insulation. Under similar conditions, XLPE
insulation will absorb approximately one percent of the moisture absorbed by PVC. When insulation absorbs
moisture, loop drift occurs, which if great enough, can cause false detections. XLPE also has higher resistance to
abrasion, heat, oils, and gasoline.
After insulation, and any time there appears to be a loop related problem, the loop should be tested. Use a MegOhm
Meter to test the integrity of the loop / lead-in wire insulation. Readings of 100MO or less indicate possible insulati
damage. Use a Multimeter to check the total resistance of the loop / lead-in combination. Total loop / lead-in
resistance should never exceed 4 Ohms.
The closer the loop is to a gate, the more influence the gate has on the loop! Hence, the detector sensitivity must be
set lower to ensure the gate will not cause the detector to generate an output when the gate closes.
The following rule should be observed: The longer the loop, the greater the spacing must be between the gate & the
loop!
The inductance change at two feet is one third of the change at one foot. At four feet, the effects of the gate on the
loop are minimal.