INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences

Chapter 2
Functions and Graphs

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

Chapter Objectives
To understand what functions and domains are.
To introduce different types of functions.
To introduce addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and multiplication by a
constant.
To introduce inverse functions and properties.
To graph equations and functions.
To study symmetry about the x- and y-axis.
To be familiar with shapes of the graphs of six
basic functions.
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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

Chapter Outline
2.1) Functions
2.2) Special Functions
2.3) Combinations of Functions
2.4) Inverse Functions
2.5) Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
2.6) Symmetry
2.7) Translations and Reflections
2.8) Functions of Several Variables
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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.1 Functions
A function assigns each input number to one
output number.
The set of all input numbers is the domain of
the function.
The set of all output numbers is the range.
Equality of Functions
Two functions f and g are equal (f = g):
1. Domain of f = domain of g;
2. f(x) = g(x).
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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.1 Functions

Example 1 Determining Equality of Functions

Determine which of the following functions are equal.

( x + 2)( x 1)
a. f ( x ) =
( x 1)
b. g ( x ) = x + 2
x + 2 if x 1
c. h( x ) =
0 if x = 1
x + 2 if x 1
d. k ( x ) =
3 if x = 1

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.1 Functions
Example 1 Determining Equality of Functions

Solution:
When x = 1,

f (1) g (1) ,
f (1) h(1) ,
f (1) k (1)
By definition, g(x) = h(x) = k(x) for all x 1.
Since g(1) = 3, h(1) = 0 and k(1) = 3, we conclude
that
g = k,

g h,
hk
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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.1 Functions

Example 3 Finding Domain and Function Values

Let g ( x) = 3 x 2 x + 5 . Any real number can be used

for x, so the domain of g is all real numbers.
a. Find g(z).
Solution: g ( z ) = 3z 2 z + 5
b. Find g(r2).
Solution: g (r 2 ) = 3(r 2 )2 r 2 + 5 = 3r 4 r 2 + 5
c. Find g(x + h).
Solution: g ( x + h) = 3( x + h) 2 ( x + h) + 5
= 3x 2 + 6hx + 3h 2 x h + 5
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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.1 Functions

Example 5 Demand Function

Suppose that the equation p = 100/q describes the

relationship between the price per unit p of a certain
product and the number of units q of the product that
consumers will buy (that is, demand) per week at the
stated price. Write the demand function.
100
Solution: q a
=p
q

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.2 Special Functions

We begin with constant function.
Example 1 Constant Function

Let h(x) = 2. The domain of h is all real numbers.

h(10) = 2

h(387) = 2

h( x + 3) = 2

A function of the form h(x) = c, where c = constant, is

a constant function.

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.2 Special Functions

Example 3 Rational Functions

x2 6 x
f ( x) =
x+5

a.
is a rational function, since the
numerator and denominator are both polynomials.
b. g ( x) = 2 x + 3 is a rational function, since

2x + 3 =

2x + 3
1

Example 5 Absolute-Value Function

Absolute-value function is defined as x , e.g.

x if x 0
x =

x
if
x
<
0

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.2 Special Functions

Example 7 Genetics

Two black pigs are bred and produce exactly five

offspring. It can be shown that the probability P that
exactly r of the offspring will be brown and the others
black is a function of r ,
r

5 r

1 3
5!
4
4
P(r ) =
r !( 5 r )!

r = 0,1, 2,...,5

On the right side, P represents the function rule. On

the left side, P represents the dependent variable.
The domain of P is all integers from 0 to 5, inclusive.
Find the probability that exactly three guinea pigs will
be brown.
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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.2 Special Functions
Example 7 Genetic

Solution:
3

1 3
1 9
5! 120
4
4
64 16 = 45
P(3) = =
3!2!
6(2)
512

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.3 Combinations of Functions

We define the operations of function as:
( f + g )( x) =
(f g )( x) =
( fg )( x) =
f
( x) =
g

f ( x) + g ( x)
f ( x) g ( x)
f ( x).g ( x)
f ( x)
for g ( x) 0
g ( x)

Example 1 Combining Functions

If f(x) = 3x 1 and g(x) = x2 + 3x, find

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a. ( f + g )( x)
b. ( f g )( x)
c. ( fg )( x)
f
d.
( x)
g
1
e. ( f )( x)
2

Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.3 Combinations of Functions
Example 1 Combining Functions

Solution:
a. ( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = (3x 1) + ( x 2 +3x) = x 2 + 6 x 1
b. ( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = (3x 1) ( x 2 +3x) = 1 x 2
c. ( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = (3x 1)( x 2 + 3x) = 3 x3 + 8 x 2 3 x
f
f ( x) 3 x 1
d.
( x) =
= 2
g
g ( x) x + 3x
1
1
1
3x 1
e. ( f )( x) = ( f ( x)) = (3x 1) =
2
2
2
2

Composition
Composite of f with g is defined by ( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x))

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.3 Combinations of Functions

Example 3 Composition
If F ( p) = p 2 + 4 p 3, G ( p) = 2 p + 1, and H ( p ) = p ,find
a. F (G ( p ))
b. F (G ( H ( p )))
c. G ( F (1))

Solution:
a. F (G ( p )) = F (2 p + 1) = (2 p + 1) 2 + 4(2 p + 1) 3 = 4 p 2 + 12 p + 2 = ( F o G )( p )
b. F (G ( H ( p ))) = ( F o (G o H ))( p ) = (( F o G ) o H )( p ) = ( F o G )( H ( p )) =
2
( F o G )( p ) = 4 p + 12 p + 2 = 4 p 2 + 12 p = 2
c. G ( F (1)) = G (12 + 4 1 3) = G (2) = 2 2 + 1 = 5

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One-to-one function
A function f that satisfies
For all a and b, if f(a)=f(b) then a=b
is called a one-to-one function
Or
For all a and b, if ab then f(a)f(b)
Example
f(x)=x2, then f(-1)=f(1)=1 and -11 show that
the squaring function is not one-to-one.

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.4 Inverse Functions

An inverse function is defined as f ( f 1 ( x)) = x = f 1 ( f ( x))
Example 1 Inverses of Linear Functions

Show that a linear function is one-to-one. Find the

inverse of f(x) = ax + b and show that it is also linear.
Solution:
Assume that f(u) = f(v), thus au + b = av + b .
We can prove the relationship,
xb
( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = a
+ b = ( x b) + b = x
a

(ax + b) b ax
( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) =
=
=x
a
a
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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.4 Inverse Functions

Example 3 Inverses Used to Solve Equations

Many equations take the form f(x) = 0, where f is a

function. If f is a one-to-one function, then the
equation has x = f 1(0) as its unique solution.
Solution:
Applying f 1 to both sides gives f 1 ( f ( x ) ) = f 1 ( 0 ).
1
1
Since f ( f (0)) = 0 , f (0) is a solution.

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.4 Inverse Functions

Example 5 Finding the Inverse of a Function

To find the inverse of a one-to-one function f , solve

the equation y = f(x) for x in terms of y obtaining x =
g(y). Then f1(x)=g(x). To illustrate, find f1(x) if
f(x)=(x 1)2, for x 1.
Solution:
Let y = (x 1)2, for x 1. Then x 1 = y and hence
x = y + 1. It follows that f1(x) = x + 1.

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

The rectangular coordinate system provides a
geometric way to graph equations in two
variables.
An x-intercept is a point where the graph
intersects the x-axis. Y-intercept is vice versa.

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

Example 1 Intercepts and Graph

Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of y = 2x + 3,

and sketch the graph.
Solution:
3
When y = 0, we have 0 = 2 x + 3 so that x =
2
When x = 0, y = 2(0) + 3 = 3

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

Example 3 Intercepts and Graph

Determine the intercepts of the graph of x = 3, and

sketch the graph.
Solution:
There is no y-intercept, because x cannot be 0.

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

Example 7 Graph of a Case-Defined Function

Graph the case-defined function

if 0 x < 3
x

f ( x) = x 1 if 3 x 5
4
if 5 < x 7

Solution:

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.6 Symmetry
A graph is symmetric about the y-axis when (-a,
b) lies on the graph when (a, b) does.
Example 1 y-Axis Symmetry

Use the preceding definition to show that the graph

of y = x2 is symmetric about the y-axis.
Solution:
When (a, b) is any point on the graph, b = a 2.
When (-a, b) is any point on the graph, (a)2 = a 2 = b.
The graph is symmetric about the y-axis.
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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.6 Symmetry

Graph is symmetric about the x-axis when (x, -y)

lies on the graph when (x, y) does.
Graph is symmetric about the origin when (x,y)
lies on the graph when (x, y) does.
Summary:

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.6 Symmetry

Example 3 Graphing with Intercepts and Symmetry

Test y = f (x) = 1 x4 for symmetry about the x-axis,

the y-axis, and the origin. Then find the intercepts
and sketch the graph.

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.6 Symmetry
Example 3 Graphing with Intercepts and Symmetry

Solution:
Replace y with y, not equivalent to equation.
Replace x with x, equivalent to equation.
Replace x with x and y with y, not equivalent to
equation.
Thus, it is only symmetric about the y-axis.
Intercept at 1 x 4 = 0

x = 1 or x = 1

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.6 Symmetry

A graph is symmetric about the y = x when (b, a)

and (a, b).
Example 5 Symmetry about the Line y = x

Show that x2 + y2 = 1 is symmetric about the line

y = x.
Solution:
Interchanging the roles of x and y produces
y2 + x2 = 1 (equivalent to x2 + y2 = 1).
It is symmetric about y = x.

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.7 Translations and Reflections

6 frequently used functions:

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.7 Translations and Reflections

Basic types of transformation:

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.7 Translations and Reflections

Example 1 Horizontal Translation

Sketch the graph of y = (x 1)3.

Solution:

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2.8 Functions of Several Variables

For any three sets X, Y and Z, the notation of
a function f : XY
Z
f is simply a rule which assign is assigns to
each element (x,y) in XY at most one
element of Z, denoted by f((x,y)).
Example
f(x,y)=x+y is a function of two variables.
f(1,1)=1+1=2
f(2,3)=2+3=5

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 Graphing a Plane
In space, the graph of an equation of the
form
Ax+By+Cz+D=0
where D is a constant and A, B, and C are
constants that are not all zero, is a plane.
Since three distinct points (not lying on the
same line) determine a plane, a convenient
way to sketch a plane is to first determine
the points, if any, where the plane intercept
the x-, y-, and x-axes. These points are
called intercepts.

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 Example 1
Sketch the plane 2x+3y+z=6.
The plane intersects the x-axis when y=0 and
z=0. Thus 2x=6 which gives x=3.
Similarly, if x=z=0, then y=2;
if x=y=0, then z=0.
Therefore, the intercepts are (3,0,0), (0,2,0)
and (0,0,6). After these points are plotted, a
plane is passed through them.

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