Strength of Materials basic formulae

1. Stress
2. Strain
3. Hooke's Law
4. Poissons Ratio
5. Unit Volume Change
6. Elongation due to its Weight
7. Thin Rings
8. Strain Energy
9. Thin-walled Pressure vessels
10. Mohr's Circle for Biaxial Stress
11. Pure Shear
12. Torsion Formula for Thin Walled Tubes
13. Torsion Formula for Circular Shaft
14. Flexure Formula
15. Shear Stress in Bending
16. Thin Walled Hollow Members (Tubes)
17. Stress Concentration
18. Curved Beam in Pure Bending
19. Bending of a Beam

1. Stress

where,

=normal stress, or tensile stress, pa

P=force applied, N
A=cross-sectional area of the bar, m2

=shearing stress, Pa
As=total area in shear, m2
2. Strain

where,
=tensile or compressive strain, m/m

=total elongation in a bar, m

L =original length of the bar, m

3. Hooke's Law
Stress is proportional to strain

where,
E=proportionality constant called the elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity or
Youngs modulus, Pa

4. Piosson's Ratio

where,
v=Poissons ratio

t =lateral strain
a =axial strain
5. Unit Volume Change

where,

V =change in volume
V =original volume
=strain

6. Elongation due to its weight

where,

=total elongation in a material which hangs vertically under its own

weight
W=weight of the material
7. Thin Rings

where,

=Circumferential or hoop Stress

S=Circumferential or hoop tension
A=Cross-sectional area

c =Circumferential strain
E=Youngs modulus
8. Strain Energy

where,
U=total energy stored in the bar or strain energy
P=tensile load

=total elongation in the bar

L=original length of the bar
A=cross-sectional area of the bar
E=Youngs modulus
U=strain energy per unit volume

9. Thin Walled Pressure vessels

where,

1 =normal or circumferential or hoop stress in cylindrical vessel, Pa

2 =normal or circumferential or hoop stress in spherical vessel, Pa and
longitudinal stress around the circumference
P=internal pressure of cylinder, Pa
r=internal radius, m
t=thickness of wall, m
10. Mohr's Circle for Biaxial Stress

11. Pure Shear

where,

=Shearing Stress, Pa
=Shearing Strain or angular deformation

G=Shear modulus, Pa
E=Youngs modulus, Pa
V=Poissons ratio

12. Torsion formula for Thin walled tubes

where,

max =maximum shearing stress, Pa

=Shearing stress at any point a distance x from the centre of a section,
r=radius of the section, m
d=diameter of a solid circular shaft, m
p =polar moment of inertia of a cross-sectional area, m4

T=resisting torque, N-m

N= rpm of shaft
P=power, kW
=angle of twist, radian
L=length of shaft, m
G=shear modulus, Pa
do=outer diameter of hollow shaft, m
di=inner diameter of hollow shaft, m
and

13. Torsion formula for Circular Shafts

where,
2 r 3t =Ip, polar moment of inertia for thin-walled tubes

r=mean radius
t=wall thickness
14. Flexure Formula

where,

=Stress on any point of cross-section at distance y from the

neutral axis
max =stress at outer fibre of the beam
c=distance measured from the neutral axis to the most remote fibre of the beam
I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the centroidal axis
15. Shear Stress In Bending

where,
F=Shear force

Q=statical moment about the neutral axis of the cross-section

b=width
I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the Centroidal axis.
16. Thin-Walled Hollow Members (Tubes)

where,

=shearing stress at any point of a blue

t=thickness of tube
q=shear flow
T=applied torque
R=distance between a reference point and segment ds
=angle of twist of a hollow tube

17. Stress Concentration

18. Curved Beam in Pure Bending

where,

=normal stress
M=bending moment
dA=cross-sectional area of an element
r=distance of curved surface from the centre of curvature
A=cross-sectional area of beam
R=distance of neutral axis from the centre of curvature
R1=distance of centroidal axis from the centre of curvature

19. Bending of a Beam

(a) Bending of a Beam Supported at Both Ends

(b) Bending of a Beam Fixed at one end

where,

d= bending displacement, m
F=force applied, N
I=length of the beam, m
a=width of beam, m
b=thickness of beam, m
Y=Youngs modulus, N/m2