ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

CHAPTER 2 INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES

Total Profit= Total Cash inflows Depreciation

PV= Present Value

FV= Future Value
R= Rate of interest or Cost of Capital
N= No. of years

L= lower discount rate

H= Higher discount rate
NL= NPV at lower discount rate
NH= NPV at higher discount rate

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

CHAPTER 3 ADVANCED DISCOUNTING CASH FLOW TECHNIQUES

Fisher Effiect

(1+m) = (1+r) (1+i)

r= Real discount rate

m= Money discount rate
i= Inflation rate

Calculating NPV when dealing with cash flows

Pro Forma ( Big 5)
1. NTR (inflows and outflows from trading)
2. Tax Payable (NTR tax rate)
3. Tax Allowance (Require separate working)
4. Investment
5. Residual Value

(Change in discount rate)

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

Expected Value = EV = px
p= Probability if an outcome
x= The value of an outcome

CHAPTER 5 COST OF CAPITAL

Cost of Equity: Calculated in two ways:
1)
PO= Ex-div market price of share ( Ex-div means dividend has just paid)
d= Constant dividend pa
Ke= Cost of Equity

( Cash inflow from the dividends is normally perpetuity)

D1= dividend to be paid on one year time

G= Constant rate of growth in dividends

Estimating growth of dividends= Two methods

A.
Do= current dividend
Dn- dividend n years ago

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

B. Gordons growth model= g = rb

R= return on invested funds
B= proportion of funds retained

2) CAPM= Rf + (Rm-Rf)
Ke= Required return from individual security
Rf= Risk free rate of interest
Rm= Return on market portfolio
B= Beta factor of individual security

Irredeemable debt with tax= ke =

I= Interest paid
T= marginal rate of tax
P0= ex interest (similar to ex div)
Redeemable Debt with tax
Technique:
Columnar approach
Identify the cash flows
Discount at 5% and 10%
Use the IRR formula
Relevant cash flows would be:
YEAR
CASH FLOW
0
Market value of loan note
1 to n Annual interest payments
N
Redemption value of loan

P0
I (1-T)
RV

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) =

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

CHAPTER 6 Capital structure and risk adjusted WACC

Cost of capital and shareholder wealth= Market Value=
WACC and shareholder wealth= Market Value=

Converting geared beta of sector into geared beta of investing company

STEPS:
1) Equity Beta (Proxy Company_ Same Industry)
2) Degear (Equity Asset ):
Convert the geared beta of sector company to ungeared beta of sector company by
removing the gearing risk.
Ba=

( Data from sector company)

3) Regear (Asset Equity):

Convert the ungeared beta (above) into geared beta of investing company.
Be=

(Data from investment company)

4) Use CAPM formula to calculate cost of equity

Ke= Rf + (Rm Rf)

CHAPTER 7 Ratio Analysis

Profitability Ratios
ROCE=
ROE=
______________________________________________________________________________

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

Gearing Ratos
Operational grearing=
Equity Gearing=
Capital or Total Gearing=
Interest Cover=

Stock Market Ratios

Earning per share (EPS)=

PE Ratio=

PE Ratio=

Dividend Cover=

Dividend Cover=

Dividend Yield=

Dividend Yield=

]
]

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

CHAPTER 8 RAISING EQUITY FINANCE

Theatrical Ex-Rights Price (TERP)=

Value of rights= TERP Issue price

Value of rights + Issue price of new share = Total paid by third party

Calculate change in share price after new investment made

Tip: Most likely examiner gives PE ratio and earnings and from that you have to calculate the required
price
STEPS
1. Calculate the earnings
2. Calculate the earnings per share
3. Calculate the share price after the investment
4. Calculate the change in share price
= Difference between TERP and final share price

CHAPTER 9 WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Operating Cycle
Inventory turnover period=
Receivable turnover period=
Average payable period=
Operating Cycle= ( Inventory days + Receivable days) Payable days

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

Liquidity Ratio
Current Ratio =
Acid Test Ratio =
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Cost of Financing= Receivables

Interest rate

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Discount for early settlement
(Ex.4 pg.257)
STEPS
1) Calculate the receivable balance for those who continue with existing terms
= 10m

60%

= 1800,000

2) Calculate the receivable balance for those who pay after 30 days
= 10m

40%

= 328,767

3) Calculate the interest rate cost of these

= (1800,000 0.06) + (328,767 0.06)= 147,726
4) Calculate the cost of discount
= 10m 40% 0.5%= 20,000
So, Total Cost of finance= 127,726 + 20,000= 147,726
Decision: Compare it with financing cost of receivables. Choose the lower cost.

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

Calculation of order quantity that minimizes the costs (using table)

Pro Forma
Average Stock ( Order quantity 2)
No. of orders PA (Total demand Order quantity)
_____________________________________

Total annual holding costs (Avg. stock holding cost/unit)

Total annual ordering costs (No. of orders Cost/order)

Calculation of order quantity that minimizes the costs (using formula)

Q=
Q= Economic Order Quantity
Co= Cost per order
D= Annual demand
Ch= Cost of holding one unit for one year

Managing Cash
There are 3 areas associated with managing cash:
1) Miller Orr model
It involves upper and lower limits of cash.
Difference between upper and lower limit is called Spread
Calculating the spread:

Spread=

Transaction costs= Cost of investing as limits are reached

Variance= Measure of uncertainty. It is square of standard deviation of cash balance.
Interest Rate= Rate of interest per day
Calculations for exams point of view
Setting the lower limit: Always given in exams
Setting the upper limit: Lower limit + Spread
Return Point: lower limit + 1/3 of spread

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

2) Baumol Model
Using EOQ model to manage the cash
(same formula as previously studied)
Q=
Q= Economic Order Quantity
Co= Cost per order
D= Annual demand
Ch= Cost of holding one unit for one year

3) Cash Budget
(Using Example on pg.270)
Reqd. Calculate the material purchased for two months
STEPS
A) Calculate sale units for each month ( Sales Revenue / Unit Selling price)
B) Calculate production units (sale units + cl.stock op.stock = Production units)
C) Calculate cost of raw material used (raw material cost + cl.stock op.stock= Material
purchased). State in which month payments are made- usually after a month.
D) Calculate all relevant overheads.

Per forma for cash budget

RECEIPTS
Sales
SUB TOTAL
PAYMENTS
Material
Labor
Fix OH
Var OH
Expenses
Purchase cost
SUB TOTAL
NET CASH FLOW ( Receipts Payments)
Bal b/d
Bal c/d

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ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

CHAPTER 11 VALUATION
BUSINESS AND ASSETS VALUATION (for exam purpose mean valuing shares or debts). There are 3
methods:
1) Asset Basis
Net Assets= Total Assets Total Liabilities

2) Dividend Valuation Model (DVM)

This could be used to calculate MV of company or value of a share
P0=
PO= Ex div share price
D0= Current dividend that has just been paid
G= Dividend growth
Ke= Cost of capital
Ke= CAPM formula= Rf + (Rm-Rf)

G=

So, Market Value = Share Price (P0)

1
Total no. of shares

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ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

3) Income/Earnings Based Method: There are 2 ways of doing this:

1.1) PE Ratio
Recall previously used formulas:

PE Ratio=

PE Ratio=

]
]

EPS=
This can be used to value shares in unquoted companies as:
Value per Share= EPS P/E Ratio
Value of Company= PAT P/E Ratio

1.2) Earnings Yield: Inverse of PE Ratio

Earnings Yield=
It could be used ro value the shares or market capitalization of a company by:
Price per share=
Value of Company=

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ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

2) Present value of free cash flows

Used to calculate NPV & Market price.
Method:
A) Identify free cash flows
Operating Cash flows (e-g inflow and outflow from material, labour)
Revenue from sales of assets
= Trading cash flows
Tax payable at trading cash flows
Tax relief
Synergy (advantage) from merger
Capital investment
= Free Cash Flows
B) Select suitable time horizon: The question may specify the time horizon or it maybe
perpetuity.
C) Identify Suitable discount rate: It may have to be calculated e-g by use of WACC or
CAPM. If it is perpetuity we use dividend growth model

D) Finally calculate the present value of cash flows over time horizon less value of any
debt.

Valuation of Debt
Assume Debt= 100 Always
1) Irredeemable of Debt
MV=
If you are given taxation details then:
MV=
MV= Market price of debenture now (Yr0)
I= Annual interest starting in one year tme
R= Debt holder required return
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ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

2) Redeemable Debt
The market value is the present value of future cash flows which include:
Interest payments for years in issue
Redemption value
3) Convertible Debt
With convertible debt the holder have option at conversion date to either
Convert to shares
Retain the debt until redemption
Choose the option which is higher
The market value is present value of future cash flows which include:
Interest payments
Conversion/Redemption value
Floor Value= PV of interest + PV of redemption money

4) Preference Shares
Recall formula for cost of capital formula:
Ke/kp=
This could be re-arranged for preference shares as
P0=
D= Constant annual preference dividend
P0= Ex-div market value of share
Kp= Cost of preference shares

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ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

CHAPTER 12 RISK
Impact of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
=
Impact of Interest Rate Parity (IRP)
=

International Fisher Effect

Recall this formula when dealing with DCF & inflation
(1+m)= (1+r) (1+i)
This formula could be re-arranged for calculating the real interest rate:
R=
M= Interest rate
I= Inflation rate

Spot Rate with spread

$: = 1.3990-1.4010
[

]
If converting first currency second currency = DIVIDE
If converting second currency first currency = MULTIPLY
If company is buying first currency ($)
If company is selling first currency ($)

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LOWER RATE
HIGHER RATE

ACCA F9 Formula Sheets

June 2014

Questions including forward discount

STEPS:
1) Calculate the forward rate ( Spot rate + Forward discount)
2) Multiply or divide
3) Use buy rate or sell rate

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