LOVELY S.

PAULINO
BSECE-4
1. Explain the principle of ON-OFF control. Derive the expression for rms
value of output voltage.
PRINCIPLE OF ON-OFF CONTROL TECHNIQUE (INTEGRAL CYCLE CONTROL) The
basic principle of on-off control technique is explained with reference to a single
phase full wave ac voltage controller circuit shown below. The thyristor switches T1
and T2 are turned on by applying appropriate gate trigger pulses to connect the
input ac supply to the load for n number of input cycles during the time interval
ON tON. The thyristor switches T1 and T2 are turned off by blocking the gate trigger
pulses for m number of input cycles during the time interval OFF t OFF. The ac
controller ON time ON t usually consists of an integral number of input cycles.

Fig.: Single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit

TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE RMS VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE

Now

tON = An integral number of input cycles; Hence

tON= T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, .. & t ON = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,

Where T is the input supply time period (T = input cycle time period). Thus we note
that sin 2tON =0

2.

3. Compare the full wave and half wave AC controllers.

Full Wave Controller

Both the half cycles of supply are controlled.

These controllers generate symmetric voltage and currents across load.
Supply current is symmetric.
Complete range of supply voltage can be controlled.
Full wave controllers are preferred for large loads.

Half Wave Controller

Only half cycle of the supply controlled.

These controllers generate asymmetric voltage and currents across
load.
Supply current is asymmetric.
Complete range of supply voltage cannot be controlled.
Half wave controllers are preferred for small loads.

LOVELY S. PAULINO
BSECE-4

1. Explain how solar panel converts sunlight to electricity?

The solar panels are made of solar cells.

A cell is a small
disk of a semiconductor like silicon. They are attached by
wire to a circuit. As light strikes the semiconductor, light
is converted into electricity that flows through the circuit.
As soon as the light is removed, the solar cell stops
producing power.

Light striking a silicon semiconductor causes electrons to flow, creating electricity. Solar
power generating systems take advantage of this property to convert sunlight directly into
electrical energy.

2. Explain the construction of a solar panel.

Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules usewafer-based crystalline
silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural
(load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer.
Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar
modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.
These early solar modules were first used in space in 1958.Electrical connections
are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a
desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the modules
may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The
cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system.
Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use MC3 (older) or MC4
connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system.
Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module
shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.
Some recent solar module designs include concentrators in which light is focused
by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with
a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.

3. What type of batteries is used in solar energy conversion?

4. Uses of solar charged controller.

Solar charge controller is charge controller that is used in the solar application and also called solar
battery charger. Its function is to regulate the voltage and current from the solar arrays to the battery in
order to prevent overcharging and also over discharging. There are many technologies have been
included into the design of solar charge controller.

5. Uses of inverter in solar energy converter. Is it essential with or without the

inverter? Why and why not?
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, or Solar converter, converts the variable direct
current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV)solar panel into a utility
frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or
used by a local,off-grid electrical network. It is a critical BOScomponent in
a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar
inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays,
including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.