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Professor P A Wilson
University of Southampton
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Dimensionless numbers
Similarity requirements
Froude scaling
Hydroelasticity
Cavitation number
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Dimensionless numbers
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Applications
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Types of similarity
Geometrical similarity
Kinematic similarity
Dynamic similarity
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Geometrical Similarity
The model and full scale structures must have the same shape
All linear dimensions must have the same scale ratio: = Lf /Lm
This applies also to:
1
2
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Vm
nM (2Rm )
or
VF
nF D F
VM
nm D M
JF = JM
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Dynamic Similarity
1
Similarity of forces,
Ratios between different forces in full scale must be the same in
model scale
If you have geometric and dynamic similarity, you will also have
kinematic similarity
The following force contributions are of importance:
1
2
3
4
5
6
Inertia forces, Fi
Viscous forces, Fv
Gravitational forces, Fg
Pressure forces, FP
Elastic forces in the fluid (compressibility), Fe
Surface forces, FS .
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Fi
dU 3
dU dx 3
L =
L U 2 L3
dt
dx dt
is fluid density,
U is a characteristic velocity,
t is time,
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Gravitational Forces
Fg gL3
Just mass acceleration.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
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Viscous forces
FV
dU 2
L UL
dt
where:
is the dynamic viscosity and a function of temperature and type of fluid.
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Pressure forces
FP pL2
Force equals pressure times area
p is the pressure.
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Fe E L2
where:
1
E = elasticity modulus K
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Surface Forces
FS L
where,
is the surface tension.
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Froude number Fn
1
=
Gravity force
Fg
gL3
gL
UM
UF
=
= Fn
gLM
gLF
3
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Reynolds number Re
Viscous forces
Fv
UL
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Kinematic Similarity
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Mach number
1
Viscous forces
Fe
E L2
E,M
3
4
UF
=q
E,F
= Mn
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Weber number Wn
1
= 0.073 at
U 2 L2
U 2 L
=
L
U 2 L
U 2 L2
=
L
200 C
U
q M
M
L M
UF
=q
F
L F
= Wn
When Wn > 180, a further increase in Wn does not influence the fluid
forces.
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Symbol
Re
Fn
Dimensionless number
Reynolds number
Froude number
Force ratio
Intertia/Viscous
Intertia/gravity
Mn
Mach number
Inertia/Elasticty
Wn
Weber number
Inertia/surface tension
St
Kc
Strouhal number
Keulegan-Carpenter number
Drag/Inertia
Definition
UL
U
gl
qU
qU
f D
U
UA T
D
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Froude scaling
U
U
M = F UF = UM
gLM
gLF
LF
= UM
LM
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Physical parameter
Length
Structural mass
Force
Moment
Acceleration
Time
Pressure
Unit
[m]
[kg ]
(N]
[Nm]
[m/s 2 ]
[s]
[Pa = N/m2 ]
Multiplication factor
3 F /M
3 F /M
4 F /M
aF
= aM
F /M
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Hydroelasticity
Typical applications
1
2
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Scaling of elasticity
Deflection FL
EI ,
Hydrodynamic force: F C U 2 L2
Geometric requirements: LFF = LMM F = M
Requirements for structural rigidity:
2 4
2 4
U L
U L
=
(EI )F = (EI )M 5
EI
EI
F
M
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Elastic hull models are made geometrically similar only on the outside.
Thus E is not scaled and IM = IF 5
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Cavitation
(gh + p0 ) pv
0.5U 2
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Dimensionless numbers
Similarity requirements
Froude scaling
Hydroelasticity
Cavitation number
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