Sunteți pe pagina 1din 54

Mechanical Behavior of Materials

Introduction and Course Syllabus


Ittipon Diewwanit, Sc.D.
Department of Metallurgical Engineering,
Chulalongkorn University

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

Textbooks and References


Textbooks
Mechanical Metallurgy, George E. Dieter, SI Metric edition, McGrawHill, 1988.
References
Mechanical Metallurgy: Principle and Applications, Marc A. Meyers
and Krishan K. Kumar, Prentice Hall, 1984
Metal Forming, W.F. Hosford and R.M. Caddell, 4th ed., Cambridge
University Press 2011
Introduction to Dislocations, Derek Hull and David Bacon, Pergamon
Press, 1984.
The Mechanics of Crystals and Textured Polycrystals, William F.
Hosford, Oxford University Press, 1993.
Fracture and Fatigue Control in Structures: Applications of Fracture
Mechanics, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999
Copyright 2013 by Ittipon
Diewwanit

Grading Policy
Midsemester Examination 50%
Final Examination 50%
Assignments: weekly handouts of problem sets with solution following.
There will be no grading for assignments.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

Course Contents

Introduction
Theory of Elasticity
Introduction to Plastic Deformation and Elementary Theory of Plasticity
Theory of Dislocation
Plastic Deformation of Crystalline Materials
Mid-semester Examination
Characterization of Mechanical Behavior
Deformation of Polymeric Materials
Introduction to Fracture Mechanics
Fatigue of Metals
Deformation at Elevated Temperature
Applications to Material Processing and Material Selection

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

Mechanical Behavior
The response of materials to mechanical loads.
Half of the subject deals with the relationship between force and
deformation (displacement) of materials.
The other half deals with internal structure and their influence on material
properties especially mechanical ones.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

Conceptual Mathematical Space


1st Rank Tensor: Vector

Force

Displacement
measurable
conceptual

2nd Rank Tensor

Stress

Strain

3rd Rank Tensor

Mechanical Properties
of Materials

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

Simple Cantilever Beam

No displacement at this end


Force in y direction = -9,800 N

2 by 2 cm beam made of steel with Youngs modulus of 200 GPa

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

Normal Stress in the z Direction

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

Linear Strain in the x Direction

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

Displacement in the y Direction

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

10

Definition of Stress
Stress may be described as a mathematical quantity indicating the severity
of mechanical load at a certain location of material.
As defined in continuum mechanics, stress is considered as a second rank
tensor having 9 components.
It may be loosely defined as force divided by area.
The unit of stress is N m-2 or Pascal (abbreviated Pa) in SI system.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

11

Type of Stresses
Stress may be classified to two types based on geometry of applied force
with relative to the surface of interest.
If the force is acting normal to the area (surface) of interest, the stress is
said to be normal stress.
If the force is acting parallel to the area (surface) of interest, the stress is
said to be shear stress.
normal component of stress

shear component of stress

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

12

From M. F. Ashby, Engineering Materials Vol 1

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

13

From M. F. Ashby, Engineering Materials Vol 1

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

14

Type of Stresses (Cont.)


Normal stress may be classified further to two types. Normal stress
creating tension is termed tensile stress and is assigned an algebraic
positive sign.
Normal stress creating compression is termed compressive stress and is
assigned an algebraic negative sign.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

15

From M. F. Ashby, Engineering Materials Vol 1

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

16

Mechanical Behavior of Materials


Definition of Stress
Ittipon Diewwanit
Department of Metallurgical Engineering,
Chulalongkorn University

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

17

Elongation: Response of material when subjected to axial tension. Tensile


stress along the direction of tension force is defined as F/A.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

18

Shearing: Response of material when subjected to shear force


Shear stress on the surface is defined as F/A

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

19

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

20

Definition of State of Stress


Stress is a second rank tensor, reference axes must be well defined.
State of stress is a mathematical function dependant on one variable:
position vector.
Cantilever beam
with a fixed end
Static force F

y, x2, 2

z, x3, 3

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

x, x1, 1

21

State of Stress in 3-Dimension

yy
yz
zy

zz

yx
y, x2, 2

xy

zx xz

xx
x, x1, 1
z, x3, 3

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

22

Matrix Representation of Stress


With relative to the reference axes, stress may be written using matrix
symbol:
xx xy xz

ij yx yy yz
zx zy zz

At static equilibrium condition, there are only six independent components


according to the relationship:
xy yx ; xz zx ; and yz zy

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

23

Static Equilibrium for Rotational

yx
x

xy

xy
yx

This results in the symmetry of stress tensor matrix: ij ji

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

24

Components of Stress Tensor


Diagonal components in the matrix represent the three normal stress
according to the orthogonal reference coordinate system.
The rest are shear components.
Due to the symmetry of the matrix under static equilibrium, there are only
six independent components of stress tensor.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

25

Axes Transformation for 2-D Stress


In 2-D we deal with only 4 components of stress tensor (

xx , yy , xy , yx

This condition occurs in many real engineering applications such as thin


wall vessels and other sheet metal components.
Transformation of orthogonal reference coordinate results in the change of
stress components.
Analytically, we can do this by using eq. 2-5 to 2-7 (in Dieters) but we can
also use graphical method called Mohrs circle of stress.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

26

Axes Transformation for 2-D Stress

y y

x
x

xx
yy

xx yy
2
xx yy
2

xy yx

xx yy
2
xx yy

yy xx
2

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

cos 2 xy sin 2
cos 2 xy sin 2

sin 2 xy cos 2

27

Axes Transformation for 2-D Stress


Principal Stresses occur at a special rotation angle. At this angle of rotation,
the shear components vanishes (eq. 2-8 in Dieters).
tan 2

max 1

min 2

xx yy
2

xx yy
2

2 xy

xx yy
xx yy 2

2
xy

2

1/ 2

xx yy 2

xy2

2

1/ 2

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

28

Axes Transformation for 2-D Stress


B

note the direction of rotation

shear
stress

2
D

normal
stress

C
Copyright 2013 by Ittipon
Diewwanit

29

Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress


Principal Stresses
xx yy

max 1

xx yy 2

2
xy

2

1/ 2

Maximum Shear Stress


xx yy

min 2

max

xx yy 2

2
xy

2

xx yy 2

xy2

2

1/ 2

1/ 2

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

30

Axes Transformation for 2-D Stress


B

max

1
2

D
D
B

F
E

C
Copyright 2013 by Ittipon
Diewwanit

31

Axes Transformation for 3-D Stress


The root of cubic equation [eq.2-14] yields the three values of principal
stresses in 3-D.
3 ( xx yy zz ) 2 ( xx yy yy zz xx zz xy2 yz2 xz2 )
( xx yy zz 2 xy yz xz xx yz2 yy xz2 zz xy2 ) 0

The first invariant of stress tensor, I1


3

( xx yy zz ) I1 ii ii
i 1

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

32

Transformation (Summary)
The maximum and minimum values of normal stress on three principal
orthogonal planes occur when shear stress on the three planes are zero.
Shear stresses alone occur at angles which are halfway between the three
principal planes.
The value of the maximum shear stress is
max

1 3
2

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

33

Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses in 3D

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit
nd

From Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming, Z. Marciniak, J.L. Duncan, S.J. Hu, 2 ed., Butterworth-Heinemann 2002

34

Axes Transformation for 3-D Stress


The second invariant of stress tensor, I2
( xx yy yy zz xx zz xy2 yz2 xz2 ) I 2

The third invariant of stress tensor, I3


( xx yy zz 2 xy yz xz xx yz2 yy xz2 zz xy2 ) I 3

The value of I3 is equal to the determinant of the stress tensor matrix.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

35

Mechanical Behavior of Materials


Definition of Strain

Ittipon Diewwanit, Sc.D.


Department of Metallurgical Engineering,
Chulalongkorn University

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

36

Deformation of Materials
Deformation behavior of a material may be loosely defined as the response
of the material under applied stresses.
Applied stresses may be external or internal.
Deformation is represented by a measurable vector quantity defined as
displacement.
Strain is a higher rank quantity defined in a differential form based on the
displacement.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

37

Deformation of Materials
Deformation behavior of materials may be divided into two types: elastic
and plastic.
Elastic deformation is temporary. Material will resume its original shape
and dimensions after removing the applied stresses. The deformation when
the material is under applied stresses is termed recoverable elastic
deformation.
Plastic deformation is permanent. If the amount of applied stresses exceeds
a certain limit (known as elastic limit), material cannot resume its original
shape and dimensions after removing the applied stresses. The remaining,
permanent deformation is termed plastic deformation.

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

38

Engineering Linear Strain


Engineering linear strain (e):

l l0 l
e

l0
l0
l

l 0 extension
l 0 contractio n

l0

y
x

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

39

Engineering Shear Strain


Engineering shear strain ():

a
tan
h

y
x

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

40

Definition of Strain at a Point

dx

uB u A

uA

u
dx
x

u A is the displacement vector of point A

AB u B dx u A dx
exx

u
dx
x

AB AB u

AB
x

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

41

Position and Displacement Vector

displaceme nt vector of A
(u , v, w)

A
positon ve ctor of A
( x, y , z )

positon ve ctor of A
( x, y, z )

x
Copyright 2013 by Ittipon
Diewwanit

42

Translational Motion

A
A

B
y

Displacement vectors at any point within the body are equal.

x
Copyright 2013 by Ittipon
Diewwanit

43

Pure Rotational Motion


A
z

B
A

B
y

No strain but displacement vector varies as a function of position.

x
Copyright 2013 by Ittipon
Diewwanit

44

Displacement Vector and Displacement Tensor


Displacement vector is a function of position,

In vector format

u exx x exy y exz z

where

v e yx x e yy y e yz z
w ezx x ezy y ezz z

u u ( x, y , z )
v v ( x, y , z )
w w( x, y , z )

u
v
w
, eyy , ezz
x
x
x
u
v
u
exy , e yz , exz
y
x
z

exx

or ui eij x j

In matrix format

exx

eij e yx
ezx

exy
e yy
ezy

exz

e yz
ezz

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

45

Displacement, Strain, and Rotation Tensors


Displacement tensor, eij , can be decomposed into two parts. One is a
symmetric tensor and the other is skew-symmetric tensor.
1
1
eij (eij e ji ) (eij e ji )
2
2

We define the symmetric tensor as strain tensor


1
2

ij (eij e ji )

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

46

Strain Tensor

1 u v
ij
2 y x
1 u w
2 z x

1 u v

2 y x
v
y
1 v w

2 z y

1 u w

2 z x
1 v w

2 z y

ij ji

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

47

Rotation Tensor

1 u v
ij
2 y x
1 u w
2 z x

1 u v

2 y x
0
1 v w

2 z y

1 u w

2 z x
1 v w

2 z y

ij ji

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

48

Definition of Strain Tensor


total displacement

Strain tensor is defined as,


ij eij ij

rigid-body rotation

In full matrix form,

1 u v
ij
2 y x
1 u w
2 z x

1 u v

2 y x
v
y
1 v w

2 z y

1 u w

2 z x
1 v w

2 z y

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

ij ji
49

Displacement, Strain, and Rotation Tensors


We define the skew-symmetric tensor as rotation tensor
1
2

ij (eij e ji )

The two tensors play important roles in the analysis of deformation and
motion of bodies.
eij ij ij

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

50

General Equation of Motion and Deformation


Combining the decomposition of displacement tensor
eij ij ij

with the vector equation for displacement vector


ui eij x j

We have a general vector equation describing the motion and deformation


of a body as
ui ij x j ij x j

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon Diewwanit

51

Stress and Strain Relationship in Shear


exy

u
v
u
, e yz , exz
y
x
z

exy -e yx

y
x

Pure rotation without shear


Copyright 2013 by Ittipon Diewwanit

52

Stress and Strain Relationship in Shear


exy

u
v
u
, e yz , exz
y
x
z

exy e yx

e xy
e yx 0

Simple shear

Simple shear with rotation


x

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

53

Stress and Strain Relationship in Shear


Considering the definition of engineering shear strain which is based on
simple shear, it is obvious that our definition of shear component in the
strain tensor is related to the engineering shear strain by
ij 2 ij

whereas xy

u v
w v
w u
, yz
, and zx

y x
y z
x z

Copyright 2013 by Ittipon


Diewwanit

54

S-ar putea să vă placă și