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Grading Policy
Midsemester Examination 50%
Final Examination 50%
Assignments: weekly handouts of problem sets with solution following.
There will be no grading for assignments.
Course Contents
Introduction
Theory of Elasticity
Introduction to Plastic Deformation and Elementary Theory of Plasticity
Theory of Dislocation
Plastic Deformation of Crystalline Materials
Mid-semester Examination
Characterization of Mechanical Behavior
Deformation of Polymeric Materials
Introduction to Fracture Mechanics
Fatigue of Metals
Deformation at Elevated Temperature
Applications to Material Processing and Material Selection
Mechanical Behavior
The response of materials to mechanical loads.
Half of the subject deals with the relationship between force and
deformation (displacement) of materials.
The other half deals with internal structure and their influence on material
properties especially mechanical ones.
Force
Displacement
measurable
conceptual
Stress
Strain
Mechanical Properties
of Materials
10
Definition of Stress
Stress may be described as a mathematical quantity indicating the severity
of mechanical load at a certain location of material.
As defined in continuum mechanics, stress is considered as a second rank
tensor having 9 components.
It may be loosely defined as force divided by area.
The unit of stress is N m-2 or Pascal (abbreviated Pa) in SI system.
11
Type of Stresses
Stress may be classified to two types based on geometry of applied force
with relative to the surface of interest.
If the force is acting normal to the area (surface) of interest, the stress is
said to be normal stress.
If the force is acting parallel to the area (surface) of interest, the stress is
said to be shear stress.
normal component of stress
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13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
y, x2, 2
z, x3, 3
x, x1, 1
21
yy
yz
zy
zz
yx
y, x2, 2
xy
zx xz
xx
x, x1, 1
z, x3, 3
22
ij yx yy yz
zx zy zz
23
yx
x
xy
xy
yx
24
25
xx , yy , xy , yx
26
y y
x
x
xx
yy
xx yy
2
xx yy
2
xy yx
xx yy
2
xx yy
yy xx
2
cos 2 xy sin 2
cos 2 xy sin 2
sin 2 xy cos 2
27
max 1
min 2
xx yy
2
xx yy
2
2 xy
xx yy
xx yy 2
2
xy
2
1/ 2
xx yy 2
xy2
2
1/ 2
28
shear
stress
2
D
normal
stress
C
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max 1
xx yy 2
2
xy
2
1/ 2
min 2
max
xx yy 2
2
xy
2
xx yy 2
xy2
2
1/ 2
1/ 2
30
max
1
2
D
D
B
F
E
C
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31
( xx yy zz ) I1 ii ii
i 1
32
Transformation (Summary)
The maximum and minimum values of normal stress on three principal
orthogonal planes occur when shear stress on the three planes are zero.
Shear stresses alone occur at angles which are halfway between the three
principal planes.
The value of the maximum shear stress is
max
1 3
2
33
From Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming, Z. Marciniak, J.L. Duncan, S.J. Hu, 2 ed., Butterworth-Heinemann 2002
34
35
36
Deformation of Materials
Deformation behavior of a material may be loosely defined as the response
of the material under applied stresses.
Applied stresses may be external or internal.
Deformation is represented by a measurable vector quantity defined as
displacement.
Strain is a higher rank quantity defined in a differential form based on the
displacement.
37
Deformation of Materials
Deformation behavior of materials may be divided into two types: elastic
and plastic.
Elastic deformation is temporary. Material will resume its original shape
and dimensions after removing the applied stresses. The deformation when
the material is under applied stresses is termed recoverable elastic
deformation.
Plastic deformation is permanent. If the amount of applied stresses exceeds
a certain limit (known as elastic limit), material cannot resume its original
shape and dimensions after removing the applied stresses. The remaining,
permanent deformation is termed plastic deformation.
38
l l0 l
e
l0
l0
l
l 0 extension
l 0 contractio n
l0
y
x
39
a
tan
h
y
x
40
dx
uB u A
uA
u
dx
x
AB u B dx u A dx
exx
u
dx
x
AB AB u
AB
x
41
displaceme nt vector of A
(u , v, w)
A
positon ve ctor of A
( x, y , z )
positon ve ctor of A
( x, y, z )
x
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42
Translational Motion
A
A
B
y
x
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43
B
A
B
y
x
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44
In vector format
where
v e yx x e yy y e yz z
w ezx x ezy y ezz z
u u ( x, y , z )
v v ( x, y , z )
w w( x, y , z )
u
v
w
, eyy , ezz
x
x
x
u
v
u
exy , e yz , exz
y
x
z
exx
or ui eij x j
In matrix format
exx
eij e yx
ezx
exy
e yy
ezy
exz
e yz
ezz
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ij (eij e ji )
46
Strain Tensor
1 u v
ij
2 y x
1 u w
2 z x
1 u v
2 y x
v
y
1 v w
2 z y
1 u w
2 z x
1 v w
2 z y
ij ji
47
Rotation Tensor
1 u v
ij
2 y x
1 u w
2 z x
1 u v
2 y x
0
1 v w
2 z y
1 u w
2 z x
1 v w
2 z y
ij ji
48
rigid-body rotation
1 u v
ij
2 y x
1 u w
2 z x
1 u v
2 y x
v
y
1 v w
2 z y
1 u w
2 z x
1 v w
2 z y
ij ji
49
ij (eij e ji )
The two tensors play important roles in the analysis of deformation and
motion of bodies.
eij ij ij
50
51
u
v
u
, e yz , exz
y
x
z
exy -e yx
y
x
52
u
v
u
, e yz , exz
y
x
z
exy e yx
e xy
e yx 0
Simple shear
53
whereas xy
u v
w v
w u
, yz
, and zx
y x
y z
x z
54