DIFFERENTIAL

DETECTION

OF lt/4-SfllFTED-DQPSK

Sandeep Chennakeshu
General Electric Co.
Corporate R&D
Schenectady
NY 12301

FOR DIGITAL

CELLULAR

RADIO

OJ. Saulnier
ECSE Department
RPI, Troy
NY 12180

ABS1RACf
The U.S. digital cellular system will use It/4-shifted-DQPSK
[12]. 1tI4-shifted-DQPSK
is essentially
It/4-shifted-QPSK
with
differential encoding of the symbol phases. The differential encoding
mitigates against loss of data due to phase slips. However, differential
encoding results in a loss of a pair of symbols when an error occurs. In
a lIat Rayleigh fading channel this translates to approximately 3 dB
loss in Eb/No relative to coherent 1tI4-shifted-QPSK.
1tI4-shiftedDQPSK can be demodulated
using coherent detection, differential
detection and discriminator detection. An open loop coherent detection
scheme for 1t/4-shifted-DQPSK has been presented in [4]. In a fast fading channel coherent detection results in a higher irreducible error rate
than discriminator or differential detection [3.41. The BER performance using a limiter-discriminator
has been studied in [3,4,5]. It has
been observed that the presence of the limiter makes this detector sensitive to the transmit filter roll-off factor. However, the detector can be
made independent of the transmit filter roll-off factor by adding two
additional slice levels [4] or equivalently by modifying the phase of the
decoded signal [3], prior to making a decision. In this paper we study
differential detection of It/4-shifted-DQPSK
which may be viewed as a
modification of digital discriminator detection.

A ~igh capaci ty digital cellular system is being developed in the

U.S. ThIS system will use filtered It/4-shifted-DQPSK
modulation
ac~ving
a spectral efficiency of 1.62 bits/Hz. In this paper we hav~
studi~
the BER perform~ce
of this modulation using differential
detection, A f:li'1gent type differential detector with an integrated sample and camer frequency error correction algorithm is presented.
Theoretical and simulation BER results are presented for static and lIat
fading channels. Additional results are provided on the BER sensitivity
to doppler, lime delay spread, carrier frequency errors and DC offsets.

I. IN1RODUCfJON
The need for an ino:~
in capacity in the U.S. cellular system
has led to the use of digital technology, which upon adoption is
ex~~
to provide ~ 3. fold increase in capacity. A comprehensive
~puon
. of the mam link level elements of this system is contained
m [1]. This new system will employ TDMA as a channel access
method and a digital modulation scheme. In this system 3 to 6 users
(dala channels) will share a common 30 KHz RF channel
each
transmitting data in an assigned time slot which is part of a' larger
frame. The gross bit rate to be transmitted over the channel is 48.6
kbps. The modulation scheme will be It/4-shifted-DQPSK.
To restrict
the adjacent channel interference (ACI) the It/4-shifted-DQPSK
signal
is filtered at the transmitter by a square root raised cosine filter with an
excess .bandwi?th of 35.% (or roll-off of 0.35). A corresponding square
root raised cosme filter IS to be used at the receiver.

Differential detection or delay detection may be implemented at

IF [4,7] or at baseband [6,7]. The baseband implementation allows a
convenient
realization
on a digital signal processor (DSP). The
baseband implementations considered in [6,7] are based on Sine-Cosine
detectors. In this paper we present a Tangent type differential detector
with an integrated sample timing and carrier frequency error estimation
algorithm. This detector is less sensitive to carrier frequency errors and
to amplitude variations in the received signal, relative to the sinecosine detectors of [6,7].
It is widely accepted that in the presence of lSI the performance
of the above differential detectors will degrade rapidly and will not be
able to meet the performance requirements for the U.S. digital cellular
systems, under multipath conditions [15]. In such cases an equalizer is
required. However, when the lSI is small the differential detection
scheme, considered here, offers a simple and robust alternative to the
more complex equa1izer. Further, the detector presented here is easily
modified to serve as a discriminator for analog PM demodulation.
In
this context our motivation is to study the performance of the tangent
type differential detector in the mobile channel using U.S digital cellular signaling specifications.

Transmission of a 48.6 kbps signal within a 30 KHz channel

requires a modulation with a spectral efficiency of 1.62 bits/Hz. In
addition it is required that the ACI not exceed -26 dB. These requirements can be met by conventional
filtered four phase modulation
sc~es
such as. QP~K and. OQPSK. However, for mobile radio applicanons S~mmetnc Differential Phase Exchange Keying [2], also known
as 1tI4-shifted-QPSK, has some advantages in comparison with QPSK
and OQPSK. Three important advantages cited in [3] are summarized
here. The main advantage of It/4shifted-QPSK
is that it can be
detected using a coherent detector, a differential detector or a discriminator followed by a integrate and dump filter. Differential detection
and discrimin~tor
detection
allow
simpler
receiver
realizations.
Coherent detection is more complex than either differential or discrimi~
detection due ~ the carrier recovery process. Further, in fast fadI~g coh~rent de~uon
results in a higher irreducible BER than
differential ~tecuon. and discriminator detection. From this view point
OQPSK, which requires coherent detection, is inferior to It/4-shiftedQPSK. . ~
second advan~e
is that discriminator detection implies
compatibihty for demodu~b~g
analog PM. This compatibility is important for a dual mode (digital-analog)
receiver. The third advantage
relates to the effect of th~ variation ~ signal envelope on the output
spectrum and power efficiency of a hnear power amplifier. Since the
~nvelo.IX: of a It/4-shifted-QPSK
signal does not pass through the origin
It exhibits less envelope variation than QPSK and has better output
spectral characteristics,
However, with a reasonably
linear amplifier
operated with a small amount of back-off the advantage over QPSK is
negligible [II].

In this paper the BER performance

of the tangent type
differential detector is tested using the IS-54 specified TDMA frame
structure [121, for base to mobile transmissions. Theoretical results, on
the BER performance, are provided for static and flat fading channels.
The sensitivity of the detector to doppler, delay spread, sample timing
accuracy, frequency offsets and DC offsets is studied through simulations and corresponding results are reported.

II. MODULATION
A It/4-shifted-QPSK
signal constellation
comprises
symbols
corresponding to 8 phases. These 8 phase points can be considered to
be formed by superposing two QPSK signal constellations offset by 45
degrees relative to each other. During each symbol period a phase
angle from only one of the two QPSK constellations is transmitted. The
two constellations are used alternately to transmit every pair of bits

186
CH2944-7/91/0000/0186

$1.00

1991 IEEE

The pulse shaped signal is then modulated oeto the carrier,

amplified by a linear power amplifier and transmiued,
The transmitted
signal can be represented as:

(di-bu) and as a result, successive symbols have a relative phase

difference that is one of four angles, namely, 1tI4 and 31t14. Figure I illustrates the 1t/4-shifted-QPSK signal constellation.
When the phase angles of 1tI4-shifted-QPSK
symbols are
differentially encoded the resulting modulation is 1tI4-shifted-DQPSK.
This can be done by either differentially encoding the source bits and
mapping them onto absolute phase angles of a 1tI4-shifted-QPSK signal
constellation or alternately by directly mapping the pairs of input bits
onto the relative phases ( 1tI4, 31t14), as described in the following
section.

s(t)

= :E g(t

- nT) cos(roct

+ ~n)

(8)

where, roc is the angular carrier frequency.

IV. CHANNEL
Ill. TRANSMITTER
In this paper we consider three types of channels. A static channel, a flat Rayleigh fading channel, and a discrete multipath channel.
White Gaussian noise is assumed as additive interference in each channel. The discrete multipath channel is modeled as a two ray model with
both rays Rayleigh faded with equal average power and shifted in frequency by a Doppler spread proportional 10 the vehicle speed. as
described in (13). The delay interval or delay spread ('t) between the
two rays is expressed in terms of symbol periods. The rms delay
spread, for this two ray model, is one half the delay interval between
the two rays.

In the U.S. digital cellular system data is transmitted in a TDMA

frame.
A complete definition of the frame/slot structure for basemobile and mobile-base ttansmission can be found in [1,12]. Figure 2
illustrates the frame/slot structure used in our simulations.
Figure 3 is a block diagram of the transmission scheme used in
the simulation study. Data 10 be transmitted is buffered and organized
into the TDMA frame format as shown in Figure 2. Next, bits blk and
~ are paired (di-bits) and mapped onto differentially encoded signal
phases, ~~k using a Gray code as illustrated in Table I. The 1tI4shifted-DQPSK symbols, represented as a pair (I,Q) are then generated
using the following relationship:

V.DEMODULATOR
(1)

Figure 4 is a block diagram of the demodulator.

In this system the
received signal is at the IF frequency. This signal is converted 10
baseband through direct digital conversion by a Dash AID converter
and a sorter circuit, as described in [6,8]. The result is two parallel
streams of samples containing the in-phase (Ij) and quadrature (Qj)
samples of the baseband 1t/4-shifted-DQPSK
signal. These samples
are then selected in pairs, once per symbol period, and adjusted for any
frequency offset by the Sample and Phase Adjust (SPA) block.

(2)
where, Ik and Qk are the in-phase and quadrature components of the
1tI4-shifted-DQPSK
signal corresponding 10 the kth symbol. Hence. if
~ represents the absolute phase angle for the kth symbol. basic trigonometric identities can be used to express (I) and (2) as:

The sample timing and frequency offset estimation process is

described in the following section. The frequency correction is applied
by phase rotating the sampled signal by an amount proportional 10 the

(4)

estimate of the offset in a direction opposite 10 the original rotation.

Alternately, since noise is circularly symmetric the frequency offset
correction can be applied by adding a corresponding phase angle to the
output of the differential detector.

(5)

An important addition to the differential detector is the modulo21t correction

logic which is applied as follows: If ~~ is the
difference between ~ and ~-lo
which are the phase angles of the kill
and k-lth symbols respectively, then mod-21t correction is applied as:

The symbols are then pulse shaped using a square root raised
cosine filter which has a frequency response of the form:

~I

I G(OI = ~

2T

[ltf

I - sin

ns (I-a)

(I fl -

ir)] (I;)

:s;1fl

s
IF ~~ > 180" THEN ~~

= 360" -

~~.

(I;)

I fl > (I+a)
2T
(fi)

This correction

l-a+45
It
g(t)

= ~[(1+1.
.rz It )sin(

4a

)+(1-1. )cos( ~)]

It
4a

~~ =

i]

the BER when successive

angles wrap-

error about the positive real axis.

The corrected relative phase angle is decoded directly into a pair
of bits (di-bits) using the following differential phase decoder.
The
decoding logic determines the quadrant containing the corrected relative phase angle and outputs the binary value (2 bits) corresponding to
the quadrant number minus l. The quadrants are numbered in an anticlockwise direction, starting from the positive real axis, as 1-2-3-4.
For a Gray coded ttansmitted bit stream the quadrants are numbered in
an anticlockwise direction as 1-2-4-3.

=0

t=l

4a

Sin[It(1-a)+ ]+4a+cos[It(l+a)+]
1t.l.[1-(4a.l.

reduces

around the positive real axis. The need for this correction is explained
by the following example: Let ~
10", ~k-I it should
340" Then,
without
the mod-21t
correction,
~~
-330,
actually be
30". Thus,
the mod-Zx
correctionwhen
removes the wrap-around

where a is the roll-off factor and T is the symbol period. Alternately,

the square root raised cosine filter can be expressed in terms of its
impulse response which can he shown 10 be:

for all other t

If the sampling rate of the AID is increased and the differencing

operation is done at the sampling rate rather than at the symbol rate,
then the above structure can be used to demodulate an FM signal. In
this case the phase decoder and timing/frequency correction algorithm

(7)

187

are obviously not used. To decode 1t14-shifted-DQPSK

with this
discriminator
an integrate and dwnp operation is used prior 10 the
phase decoder. The sample timing and frequency estimation algorithm
remains the same.

VI. SAMPLE TIMING AND FREQUENCY

VII. TIffiORETICAL

PERFORMANCE

In this section we provide expressions for evaluating the BER of the

differential detector in a static and flat Rayleigh fading channel. based
on the method of analysis presented in [5]. For Gray encoded 1t/4shifted-DQPSK with equally probable signals the BER. in a static and
flat Rayleigh fading channel channel. can be expressed as:

OFFSET ESTIMATION

Sample timing estimation involves chasing a sample point in

each symbol interval which will minimize BER. Sample timing errors
result in the inclusion of intersymbol interference components.
Carrier
frequency offset is the frequency error between the local oscillator at
the receiver and the transmitted carrier. The carrier frequency offset
results in a constant phase rotation per symbol in a specific direction.
This is equivalent 10 a shift in the frequency response of one of the
baseband square root raised cosine filters by an amount equal 10 the
frequency offset, resulting in a mismatch between transmit and receive
filters and hence BER degradation.

BER=

I<

'I',,+II.t+-SItI4

-It

'l'2 +1I.t+-1tI4

p(1jI11~I)P(1jI21~~d1jlld1jl2

Similarly. the average symbol error rate (SER). can be expressed as:

SER =

Two techniques that address sample timing and frequency correction estimation are described in [9.lOJ. The scheme described here is
similar in concept 10 that of [9.IOJ. in the context of chosing sample
timing and frequency offset correction based on optimizing a metric
expressed in terms of the two parameters. However. in each of these
schemes a different metric has been chosen for obtaining an estimate of
sample timing and frequency error correction.

I<

'I',,+1I.t+-71t14

-I<

'l'2+1I.t+-1fI4

P (1jI11~I) P (1jI21~~ d1jl1 d1jl2

Static Channel
For a static channel the pdf of 1jIi given 4>ican be shown 10 be:
P(1jfil4>i)= 2~ e-2r [ I+~

(12)

where. 1jfi' i=l,2 and 'i. i=I.2 are the received and true phase angles
of two successive transmitted symbols. respectively. 4>1and 4>2can take
any of the following angles. 4>i= mitiS. m=1.2 ... S under the constraint that .i4> = 4>1..... 2 is 1tf4. Note that. for equally probable signals
we need only consider only one of four differential phase angles. for
the purpose of BER calculation. P (1jfil4>J. i=I.2 represents the probability density function (pdf) of the detected phase angle given the
correct phase angle.

In the present problem. prior 10 establishing sample timing it is

necessary 10 synchronize 10 a IDMA frame/slot. This can be done
using a correlation with the preamble sequence contained within each
slot. We will asswne that this timing can be established 10 be within
N 1 N.) samples of the true location. where N. represents the
number of samples per symbol. Now. the best sample timing location
must be selected from:

t" = tr.ync

(11)

COS(4)i-1jIJ

(9)

nT

where T is a symbol period. n=1.2 ... N. and

location corresponding 10 frame/slot sync.

l'(CO'(+r-'I'v

tr.ync

(1-+

erfc[V2Y

is the sample

COS(4)i-1jfJl]

12

In order 10 establish sample timing. as described by (9). and estimate carrier frequency offset we perform a 2-dimensional search. as in
[9]. 10 find the sample time and phase rotation (corresponding to the
frequency offset) that will optimize the following metric:

where.

erfc[Xl

.1 I

(13)

e-

dt
and Y is the SNR expressed as EtfNo.
It is noted that (12) is nothing but the pdf of the phase jitter due
10 AWGN. which is given in [14]. It is further noted that expressions
similar 10 (11) and (13) have been previously derived in the context of
limiter-discriminator
detection in [5). and hold for the differential
detector.

where.

lj = sample instant in each symbol.

~i = differential phase angle of i'" symbol of preamble relative 10
the (i-I)'" symbol.
= phase rotation per symbol period corresponding a quantized estimate of the frequency offset.
= differential phase angle of the i'" symbol corresponding 10

Sa

Flat Rayleigh Fading

~i"9J

Assuming that the amplitude variations follow a Rayleigh pdf and that
the channel induced phase remains constant over two symbol durations
it can be shown that:

the ~ sample instant. prior 10 decoding.

Np = number of symbols in the preamble.

P(1jfi I4>J =

27t(1+2y)

If the magnitude of the phase jitter due 10 A WGN is less that

1t12 radians and there is no lSI. then the metric given by (10) is a
rough app-oximatioo
10 chosing the largest ML estimate of the snr, for
each sample time and frequency offset. averaged over the preamble.

- f.L(~i.1jIi)- +

COS(4)i-1jIi) [

and

sin(2f.L(4>i.1jIi)]

Y denotes

the average SNR or average

188

---._.

.!.

a3(4)i-1jfi)

_
-I [ -2cos( 4>i- 1jfi) ]
f.L(4)i.1jIi)- tan
a(~i.1jfi)

where

An interesting feature of this sample timing selection scheme is

that it allows the AID sampling clock to be free running. Further. the
carrier frequency error varies very slowly in comparison 10 the frame
rate. and hence carrier frequency error estimation does not have to be
done in every time slot. Only sample timing adjustment needs 10 be
done in every time slot. This scheme is affected by fast fading since
the optimization
is done only over a short preamble sequence and
accordingly in fast fading the scheme has to be modified suitably. particularly for longer time slots.

2_
7r'(

_._-------------------

EJNo

(14)

The expressions given by (11).(12) and (14) also hold for

Iimiter-discriminator detection.

X. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have presented a tangent type differential detector with an integrated sample timing and carrier frequency error estimation algorithm. The performance of this detector for It/4-shiftedDQPSK has been studied for base-mobile transmission using IS-54 signaling specifications. The BER in static and flat fading channels compares well with limiter-discriminator detection [3.4.5]. It is observed
that the detector is sensitive to sample timing errors and large carrier
frequency offsets. For frequency offsets less than approximately 450
Hz there is negligible degradation. indicating that correction is not
required. The timing algorithm offers acceptable performance in fast
fading even with a short preamble of 14 symbols. The uncertainty associated with the proposed sample timing and frequency offset estimation
is due to the use of a sub-optimal metric and a short preamble and can
be improved by using a longer averaging period. The detector is
extremely sensitive to DC offsets and a correction circuit is essential. It
was also observed that the detector is insensitive to the roll-off factor
of the transmit and receive filters. Further. the detector can be readily
modified to demodulate an PM signal. a useful feature for a dual-mode
receiver.
Although this detector is simple. robust and offers acceptable
performance in a flat Rayleigh fading channel. its performance
degrades very rapidly in a multipath channel and hence does not meet
the recommended minimum performance standards for U.S digital cellular mobile receivers [15].

VIII. SIMULATION
In the simulation study we have assumed the IS-54 signaling
specification for base-mobile transmission. Each lDMA frame is 20 ms
long. comprising 3 time slots with each user transmitting every third
slot. Each user transmits data in a 6.67 ms slot at a data rate of 48.6
kbps, The transmitted symbols were sampled at 8 times the symbol
rate. A square root raised cosine filter. with a roll-off factor of 0.35
and truncated to 10 symbols. was used as the transmit filter. The
receive filter had a square root raised cosine response which is matched
to the transmit filter.
The BER performance was determined using a Monte Carlo
simulation procedure. Each simulation was conducted over 1000
frames of data and averaged over 3 independent runs.
. The frame/slot synchronization jitter was simulated by using a
uniform random number generator to jitter the frame/slot timing within
~ samples about its true location. The jitter was added at the beginnmg of each slot and subsequently. sample timing was established and
data decoded.
Frequency offset was added by rotating the received data samples
by an amount equal to the slope of the frequency change between two
successive samples. Carrier frequency offset correction was performed
by estimating the corresponding phase rotation. using (10). and adding
the correction to the differentially detected angle.

XI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank A. Hassan and L. Ozarow for the useful discussions and helpful suggestions.

IX. PERFORMANCE RESULTS

REFERENCES
Figure 5 illustrates theoretical and simulation results of BER
versus Eb/No for a static and flat Rayleigh fading channel. It is
ob~rved that fo~ Eb/No larger than 10 dB the BER in flat Rayleigh
fading IS approximately equal to O.5(Eb/Nort. Figure 5 also shows
symbol error rate (SER). which is observed to be roughly twice the bit
error rate. as is expected with Gray encoding.
Figure 6 illustrates BER versus Eb/No, plotted as a function of
the maximum doppler frequency at 900 MHz. considering the effect of
sample timing selection. The maximum doppler frequency is defined as
fimax) = VI')..; where V is the vehicle speed and ').. is the carrier
wavelength. It is observed that the sample timing algorithm of (10)
results in a small Eb/No loss I dB) relative to the case of ideal sampling. The degradation with higher vehicle speed is observed to be
small.

[I]

[2]

[3]

[4]

Figure 7 illustrates that the BER degrades rapidly with delay

spread
for the
channel
described
in Section
From
Figure
7 it is seen
thattwo
in ray
order
to obtain
an uncoded
BER IV.
of 3%
at 17
dB
Eb/No the delay spread must be less than an eighth of the symbol
period (= 5 118). It is interesting to note that the timing algorithm of
(10) shows a slower rate of degradation than if timing were held at the
ideal sampling instant corresponding to no delay spread.
Figure 8 illustrates the BER degradation resulting from carrier
frequency offset and the improvement using the scbeme of (10). It is
observed that there is negligible BER degradation for offsets less than
~pproximately 450 Hz and frequency offset correction is not required.
In the context of detection. For larger frequency offsets the correction
scheme improves the BER. It is observed that when sample timing is
included with frequency offset correction there is some additional
degradation over the case when ideal sample timing is assumed due to
errors associated with sample timing estimation.
Degradation in BER due to DC offsets is shown in Figure 6. It is
assumed that the peak to peak signal variation does not exceed the
dynamic range of the NO converter. It is seen that there is significant
degradation in the irreducible BER for DC offsets on the order of 5%10% of the peak to peak peak signal amplitude (AnJ. DC offsets can
be eliminated by a simple pre-processing circuit as described in [8].

co.

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

189

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[12]

Cellular System: Dual Mode Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard, EIAfIlA, Project Number 2398, Electronics

Industries Association, Engineering Department, October 1990.

W.C. Jakes, Microwave Mobile Communications, Wiley, New
York,1974.
[14] J.G. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw Hill, New York,
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[13]

[IS]

Cellular System: Recommended Minimum Performance Standards

for BOO MHz Dual-Mode Mobile Stations (DRAFI), TR4S.3, Pro-

ject Number 2216 October 1990.

FRAME FORMAT
20

I,

12

130

IsYN+~

Figure 1 : 1tI4-shifted-QPSK Constellation

(972 bits)

TIME SLOT 2

TIME SLOT I

21

IDS

DATA

TIME SLOT 3

12

lovcc I

DATA
0000

BASE TO MOBn..E SLOT FORMAT

SACCH : Slow Associated Control Channel
SYNC : Sync and Equalizer Training Sequence (Preamble)
DATA : Traffic Channel
DVCC : Coded Diptal Verification Color Code

o
o

RSVD : Reserved bill

Figure 2 : IS-54 Base-Mobile Frame/Slot Format

o
Table 1 : Di-bits to Relative Phase Mapping

Figure 3 : Transmission Scheme Used in Simulation

opt. ~

'.t.l

(~)

Figure 4 : Block Diagram of DemodulatorlDetector

190

loo
10-1

de offset = O.1Aw

10-1

de offset O.OSAp.,
fading

~
~

fd (max)=107Hz,

'"~

.;:t...

67Hz, 27Hz

: . \
".

... ..
0

Flat Rayleigh Fading

... :::. -.~
0
:":'1dea1 Slllllple timin.
'..
- - -. -"
+ willi SIIIIIple timin, II fd (max)= 27Hz ~: -_~ _
wiIh SIIIIIple limilllll fd (max.l- 67Hz

o willi SIIIIIple timina II fd (max)= 107Hz

~

LEGEND
- BER (Theory)
BER (simulation)

- - SER
10-4
0

10

15

20

2S

30

10-'5l--1 ..0..-~15----.20---2S..---3
..0..-.-..35----.4O':---:'45

35

Eb/No (dB)
Eb/No (dB)

Figure S : Error Performance in Static

and Flat Fading channels

Figure 6 : Effect of Doppler on Sample Timing

and Effect of DC offset

100

t=3T/8
10-1

t=T/4

t=T/S
LEGEND
Ideal sample timing
assuming no lSI
- - with sample timing (t=O)
o with sample timing (t=T/S)
with sample timing (t=T/4)
+ with sample timing (t=3T/S)

=!:

10" ,----,-----,,--,,"---,----,---. --,--5

10
15
20
25
30

t=O

..

35

40

45

-_

.. _------

10~'------"---'---...----.---_._--~--~
5
10
IS
20
2S

30

Figure 8 : Effect of Frequency Offset

191

---

. - offset-9OOHz
-0- offse .. 22S0Hz
- - offse .. 900 Hz. freq recovery. ideal liming
-.00. offsec.900 Hz. freq IIId timin. reco-r
otrseta22S0 Hz. freq recovery. ideal IiminI
o otr
22S0 Hz. freq and timiDc recovery

Eb/No (dB)

Figure 7 : Effect of Delay Spread on Sample

Timing

-_.

no offset

=;:- offse ..... SOHz

10-3

Eb/No (dB)

--

10-

35

40