DISCOMS SUB STATIONS & DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

MASTER CONTROL CENTRE

DISASTER CENTRE

SCADA / DMS
Load Shed Application (LSA)

Network Connectivity Analysis (NSA)

Fault Management and System Restoration (FMSR)

Load Flow Applications (LFA)

Loss Minim.via feeder reconfiguration (LMFR)

State Estimation (SE)

Voltage VAR Control (VVA)

Load Balancing via feeder reconfiguration (LBFR)
Operation Monitor (OM)
Distribution Load Forecasting (DLF)
Dispatcher Training Simulator(DTS)

Contents
Introduction
Historical Developments
Over view of Power Networks
Protection Systems

SCADA Systems - RTU

Communication Systems & Security issues

Contents (Contd.)
Distribution Automation
Quality Assurance
Utility IT Requirements
Case Study

Q & A Discussions

Introduction

Stages involved in Power Distribution

Sub Transmission System

132-66kV
AUTOMATION

66-33 kV

11kV

11kV

11kV-440 V

440-220 V

Distribution Operations
Monitoring the power system
Making adjustments and maintaining the system so
that it can be used reliably, efficiently, and safely
Repairing the system as quickly as possible in
response to incidents such as equipment faults

Tracking and maintaining system reliability data

System planning and expansion to serve new
customers
So, within this context, objectives
may be summarized as follows.....

Objectives
Consistent with National Electricity Policy, to improve
reliability and quality of service of distribution system by
Reducing frequency and duration of power
interruptions to targets consistent with best
international practice

Maintaining power quality with respect to voltage

and frequency excursions
To operate efficiently and safely by

Minimizing power losses

Applying manpower resources effectively

SCADA/DMS

Decision
Support
Systems

Functional/Architectural
Overview

OMS

DMS
Applications

Maintenance
Management

GIS

Crew
Management

Corporate Data
Accessibility and
Availability

DMS

SCADA

SCADA
Functions

COMMUNICATIONS

SCADA Platform
Environment

User
Interface

Data
Acquisition

Other
Applications

RTU

Control Room
Operators

R
T
U

Communications
MPLS / MLLN

Town Master
Station

Substation

Line

Operational analysis,
decisions, issue controls
Outage Analysis

F
R
T
U

GPRS/
CDMA

Reporting
Analysis
MPLS

MPLS/MLLN

DR Centre SLDC

R
T
U

KEY ELEMENTS of DMS

Data & Control
Pathway

Primary Plant
Interface

5
2
3

RTU

CPRI-UARC
Communications

4
5

Master Station
Control Room,
Corporate
Usage,Backup, LD

Historical Developments

Historical Developments
SCADA system is in use since a long time (with
conventional telephone technology)
Deployment of SCADA system accelerated with the
development of microprocessors
Present day SCADA system are based on compact
RTUs and latest communication technology including
mobile communication system.

Historical Developments (contd.)

SCADA Communication protocol development started
with proprietary from industries and users.
To make interoperable, DNP protocol emerged as open
protocol standard during early 1993 in USA and Canada
During same period, IEC 60870 -5 has also emerged as
international standard for SCADA applications
IEC 61850 series of standard is now available for IEDs.

PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEM

The basic function of a relay or protection

equipment is to detect and isolate the fault section at
the earliest so that continuity of supply is restored in
the rest of the system.
Faults in Power System

Faults can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical or

unbalanced.
Symmetrical faults involve all three phases
Asymmetrical faults include phase to phase, phase to
phase to ground or single line to ground.

Protective Relays
that protect power systems from
faults:
Short circuits
other abnormal conditions
underfrequency, overvoltage, etc.

To sense the abnormal conditions

Initiate the isolation of faulty section

PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS:
Protective relays should be :
RELIABILITY
DEPENDABILITY
SECURITY
SELECTIVITY
SENSITIVITY
STABILITY

SPEED
COST
Design should achieve balance

Over Current Protection

There are two types of over current relays
Instantaneous (50)
Time over current
Protection of Radial system by Over current relay
B1

51

B2

51

B3

51

Fault

Differential Protection
Differential protection is a unit type of protection.
It is a very reliable type of protection used for protection of Transformers,
Bus bar and Transmission lines.
Protected
Equipment

Relay

Distance Protection
A distance relay operates based on the measurement of the impedance.
Impedance measuring relays are used when over current relays do not
provide adequate protection or short circuit current is low, the operating time
is independent of the current magnitude.

Plain impedance characteristic

R

Modified characteristics are given in Figure

Quadrilateral characteristic

Zones of Distance protection

Zone3
Zone 2
Zone1
t2

t3

Zones of Distance protection

Zone1 Upto 80 to 90% of protected line with no intentional time delay

Zone 2 Up to 50 % of the adjacent line from remote end delay 0.3 sec to
0.5 sec
Zon3 up to 100 % of the adjacent line + 25 % of second line delay 0.6
sec to 1 sec

PROTECTIVE RELAY
TECHNOLOGY

NUMERICAL

ELECTRO
MECHANICAL

STATIC

DIGITAL

FEATURES OF NUMERICAL RELAYS

Self-supervision

Setting groups

Programmable logic
Adaptive schemes
Multiple protection characteristics

Communication capability
Instrumentation features

Classification of relays by construction type

Based on type of construction relays can be classified into

Electro magnetic
Solid state
Microprocessor
Numerical
Modern Numerical relays are built with integrated functions. Advantages of
Numerical relays are:

Reliability
Multi-functionality
Self diagnosis
Events and disturbance recording facility
Communication capabilities
Adaptive protection

Electromechanical / static versus Numerical Relays

Electromechanical & Static

Relays

Numerical Relays

Single Function Single

Characteristic

Multiple Functions Multiple

Characteristics

Dynamic change of protection

characteristics not possible

Dynamic change of protection

characteristics programmable

Only fault detection, isolation

& location

Additional features of Control,

Metering, Monitoring and
communication

Numerical relays in Substation automation environment

In an substation automation environment, Numerical relays help in
visualizing and understanding the fault and operation. Logics can be
configured in the relay for having effective control and protection of the
system with out hard wiring. Multiple relay settings groups in Numerical
relay can be utilized for faster power restoration in emergencies.
Adopted relay settings for standard power flow will not be suitable for
emergency load management. During such situations second relay
setting group with suitable relay setting can be adopted. Through
station automation group changing can be done from remote HMI and
power restoration through different network is faster with suitable relay
settings.

On-line relay settings and fault data record down loading is possible.
Faster tripping diagnosis makes faster restoration of system and
immediate corrective actions possible.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA)

SCADA Functions:
Time synchronization of RTUs,, FRTUs & FPIs(if time synch is
supported in FPI)
Data Exchange among the various SCADA/DMS subsystem(legacy), IT systems, State load dispatch centres.
Data Processing
Continuous real-time data storage and playback
Sequence of event processing
Supervisory Control
Fail-soft capability
Remote database downloading ,diagnostics & configuration
GIS adaptor
Information Storage & Retrieval (ISR)
Historical Data information & Retrieval and
Data recovery (DR)

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT(RTU)

Microprocessor based equipment or intelligent device
Acquiring field data & monitoring
Transmitting telemetry data to the Control Centre
and/or altering the state of connected objects based on
control messages received from the Control Centre.

The functions of RTUs integrated into the design include:

Circuit Breaker Control
Feeder monitoring
Feeder protection sequences

The salient features include

Programmability
Sequence of Events (SOE) Recording
Programmable Logic Functions

Data Acquisition

RemoteTerminal Unit

HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR SCADA

AT SUBSTATION RTU
COM PORT

TRANSDUCER PANEL

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

MAIN
CPU
BOARD

COMMN
BOARD

TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL

PT
SEC
110VAC

PSU
MW

MVAR

VOLT
CT SEC
1 AMPS

TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL

A
N
A
L
O
G

D
I
G
T
A
L

I/P

I/P

TERMINAL
BLOCK

TERMINAL
BLOCK

C
O
R
N
T
T
R
O
U
L
O/P
TERMINAL
BLOCK

EVENT LOGGER
PANEL

D
R
I
V
E
R

R
E
L
A
Y

F
R
O
M
S
W
I
T
C
H
Y
A
R
D
F
I
E
L
D

Pictorial view

SCADA HumanMachine Interface

(HMI)
A HMI is the apparatus (Monitor / Display system)
which presents process data to a human operator,
and through which the operator controls
Usually HMI will be situated in the Master Control
Centre or it can be even at substations where the
system can be monitored & controlled.

Communication Systems

Communication Systems
Communication system is vital for any SCADA / DMS
system
Communication between Master Controller Centre
and RTUs (substations) and FRTUs (at feeder
RMU/Sectionlizer/Autoreclosure locations)
Control signal flow, status (digital) and analogue
signals (measurends like bus voltage, feeder current,
power, reactive power, energy consumption etc.)

SYSTEMS

REQUIRING COMMUNICATIONS

Data Acquisition - RTU/FRTU/RMU/FPIs

Time Synchronization RTU/FRTU/FPIs
Data Exchange IT System under RAPDRP
Continous real time storage & playback
SOE
Supervisory Control
Remote database downloading, diag.& config
CIM Compliance IEC 61968
GIS Adaptor to support native adaptors, CIM/XML
using Model & Data Exchange over IEC 61968
Enterprise SOA based bus
ISR
LDC & DR
DAS
LAN

SYSTEMS

REQUIRING COMMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATIONS
SCADA FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

OPTIONS

COMMUNICATIONS

OPTIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

COMMUNICATIONS

OPTIONS

COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT ELEMENTS

COMMUNICATIONS

OPTIONS

SCADA TOPOLOGY

COMMUNICATIONS

REQUIREMENT OF STANDARDS

OPTIONS

COMMUNICATIONS

UCA AND IEC 61850 PROTOCOLS

OPTIONS

COMMUNICATIONS

OPTIONS

DESIGN FACTORS FOR COMMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATIONS

OPTIONS

TRANSMISSION MEDIA CLASSIFICATIONS

COMMUNICATIONS

OPTIONS

Electromagnetic Spectrum for Wireless Transmission

COMMUNICATIONS

OPTIONS

Electromagnetic Spectrum for Wireless Transmission

COMMUNICATIONS

OPTIONS

Conducted or Guided Media Transmission

Communication Technologies
Public communications

Dedicated Leased Telephone Line from service providers like BSNL.

GSM/EDGE/GPRS / CDMA / 3G communication from Service
Provider like BSNL, Airtel etc.
Utility owned communications
Distribution Line carrier Communications (DLC).
Dedicated Utility Multiple Address Radio Communications (MARS).
Optical fiber cable (OFC) communication run on overhead lines /
underground power lines
Satellite Communications ( VSAT)

Public Telephone Communications:

Two way communication system with data rate of 64
kbps to 8 Mbps with leased lines
Good reliability in urban areas.
Suitable for substation SCADA.

GSM/ GPRS/ CDMA

Availability of Multiple mobile telephone operators in
urban locations
Best suited communication for widely scattered devices in
distribution network like DTRs, FRTUs,Switches etc.
Low capital cost and only (low) recurring charges based
on usage.

Optical Fiber cable

Arial self supporting outdoor Optical Fiber cable are freely
suspended on utility 33 kV poles connecting substations and
control centre in in ring / mesh topology

Protective outer jacket with one messenger and one fiber cable
which contains 4 /6/8 strands of multimode fibers.

Ease of installation and reduces time and cost.

Gigabits of band width and highly reliable and secured
communication medium with free from all interference

High capital costs

within

Substation

RTU to Central Monitoring Station

Modem
IBM Compatible

FO

N LI
ATIO
C
I
N
MU
COM

NK

FO Substation to Control Centre

Modem

SCADA Schematic Diagram with fiber links

Multi Access Radio Systems (MARS):

MARS is usually owned by the utility,

Require license from the authority of (in India Wireless Planning & Coordination)
Consist of a master radio which communicates with several remote radios.
Master is located at central place on mast of adequate height such that line of sight is
available for a radius of about 30 km all around.
Master will be able to poll about 1000 remotes in the area and perform SCADA
function.
It is a two way communication system
It is primarily intended for data communication.
Voice communication with master is provided by means of hand sets that can be
plugged into remote unit.
During the period of voice communication, the polling will be interrupted. Therefore
voice usage is restricted to system emergencies only.
Each system uses a pair of frequencies, one for master to remote communications
and the other for remote to master, so that one outbound and one inbound
transmission can occur concurrently.
Frequency bands of 400 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz

Satellite Communication (VSAT)

A satellite communication system using Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)
VSAT is a point to multipoint star network like TDMA.
Consists of one single Hub and number of remote Personal Earth Stations
(PES).
Communication system between Hub and remote PES is through two
separate radio links.
The link from remote PES to Hub is called as in bound and from Hub to the
remote PES is called as out bound.
The in route bandwidth is 64-128 KBPS and out route band width is 128 512
KBPS, which is shared by a number of PES using TDM.
Data from central Hub is broadcast to all remote PES, which are in listen
mode. Each remote VSAT listening to the Master will decode only the data
addressed to one of its ports.
Satellite transponder acts like a repeater between hub and remote
No end user transmission either originates or terminates at the satellite.
In India extended C band with up link in the 6.315/6.815 GHz and down link
in the 4.09 / 4.59 GHz range is used.
The Multi Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MFTDMA) is the latest
technology which uses optimum bandwidth for communication.

The structure of SCADA Communication

Protocol
ISO/IEC 7498 - 1994 Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) basic reference
model for communicational
seven layers
7- Application Layer : SCADA application, DMS
6- Presentation Layer: Common data representation
5-Session Layer: Connection between end users
4 -Transport Layer: end-to-end reliable delivery
3- Network Layer: routing & relaying data
2- Data Link Layer: error free transmission
1- Physical Layer: physical data path

Standard Protocols
IEC 60870-5 -101 (Serial Communication)
IEC 60870 5-104 (Ethernet compatible
Network communication)
IEC 61850 Network compatible
communication for IEDs
DNP 3

SCADA Security issues

 Vulnerable due to
Adoption of open standards for protocols & open
solutions and moving out from the proprietary
technologies
Increased number of connections between SCADA
systems and office IT networks
Web interface to SCADA Systems
the lack of concern about security and authentication
in the design, deployment and operation of some
existing SCADA networks
Myths
SCADA systems have the benefit of security through
obscurity through the use of specialized protocols and
proprietary interfaces
SCADA networks are secure because they are physically
secured
SCADA networks are secure because they are
disconnected from the Internet.

Security concerns in SCADA systems

SCADA security policies

Firewall architecture, DMZ, and rule based
Secure remote access to a control center
SCADA protocol security issues
Securing field communications
User authentication technologies and integration with SCADA applications
Access control principles and implementation
Active Directory integration with SCADA applications
Detecting cyber attacks on SCADA systems
Vulnerability scanning
Security patch management
Anti-virus protection and management
Exceptions what to do when you cant implement best practice
SCADA security standards

21 Steps to Improve Cyber Security of SCADA

Networks
1. Identify all connections to SCADA networks.
2. Disconnect unnecessary connections to the SCADA network.
3. Evaluate and strengthen the security of any remaining connections to the SCADA
network .
4. Harden SCADA networks by removing or disabling unnecessary services.
5. Do not rely on proprietary protocols to protect your system.
6. Implement the security features provided by device and system vendors .
7. Establish strong controls over any medium that is used as a backdoor into the
SCADA network .
8. Implement internal and external intrusion detection systems and establish 24-hour-aday incident monitoring .
9. Perform technical audits of SCADA devices and networks, and any other connected
networks, to identify security concerns .
10. Conduct physical security surveys and assess all remote sites connected to the
SCADA network to evaluate their security.
11. Establish SCADA Red Teams to identify and evaluate possible attack scenarios .

Contd.

12. Clearly define cyber security roles, responsibilities, and authorities for
managers, system administrators, and users.
13. Document network architecture and identify systems that serve critical
functions or contain sensitive information that require additional levels of
protection.
14. Establish a rigorous, ongoing risk management process.
15. Establish a network protection strategy based on the principle of
defense-in-depth.
16. Clearly identify cyber security requirements.
17. Establish effective configuration management processes.
18. Conduct routine self-assessments.
19. Establish system backups and disaster recovery plans.
20. Senior organizational leadership should establish expectations for cyber
security performance and hold individuals accountable for their
performance.
21. Establish policies and conduct training to minimize the likelihood that
organizational personnel will inadvertently disclose sensitive information
regarding SCADA system design, operations, or security controls.

Interrelationship of IEC 62351 Security

Standards and the TC57 Protocols

Distribution Operations
Monitoring the power system
Making adjustments and maintaining the
system so that it can be used reliably,
efficiently, and safely
Repairing the system as quickly as possible in
response to incidents such as equipment faults
Tracking and maintaining system reliability data
System planning and expansion to serve new
customers

Objectives
Consistent with Indias National Electricity
Policy, to improve reliability and quality of
service of distribution system by
Reducing frequency and duration of power
interruptions to targets consistent with best
international practice
Maintaining power quality with respect to
voltage and frequency excursions

To operate efficiently and safely by

Minimizing power losses
Applying manpower resources effectively

Reliability Factors
Reliability depends on many factors which
include
What causes faults such as
Equipment malfunction, animals and vegetation overgrowth
causing short-circuits, human error (e.g., cable strikes, cars
hitting poles), storms/earthquakes, etc.

Distribution system characteristics such as

Underground and/or overhead feeders, open-loop structure,
availability of alternative sources of power, equipment
ratings, component failure rates, number of cable joints,
effects of ageing, etc.

Outage Time Around the World

(minute/year)

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

462

90

77
58

Average Outage Time per consumer per annum

11
Example (without
DAS)

USA

UK

FRANCE

JAPAN

re

Er
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/F
or
ei
gn

ity

Di
st
rib
ut
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Ac
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lu
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Eq
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pm
en
tF
ai

Number of Sustained Outages

ExampleEquipment
CausesFailures
of Failure
(Resulting
Sustained Outages)
(From
a USInElectric
Utility)

160

Average (1996-2001)

140

120

6 Year Average

100

80

60

40

20

Example Failure Rates

(From a US Electric Utility)
Underground Failure Rates

Overhead Failure Rates

Voltage

Circuit
km

Failures
Over
5 Years

Failures
Per km
Per Year

12kV

Voltage

Circuit
km

Failures
Over
5 Years

Failures
Per km
Per Year

12kV

Main

309

190

0.123

XLPE

360

33

0.018

Lateral

217

201

0.185

EPR

116

0.016

PILC

231

64

0.055

242

13

0.011

XLPE

28

0.007

EPR

12

0.033

PILC

160

30

0.038

PE

10

0.000

4kV

Main

241

111

0.092

PE

Lateral

161

70

0.087

4kV

Example Failure Rates

(The Netherlands Year 2007)

MV Failure Rates in 2007 The Netherlands

Cable Type

Circuit km

No. of Failures

Failures Per km
Per Year

XLPE

18,316

127

0.0069

PILC

105,970

1,125

0.0106

Reliability Factors (Cont.)

Repair response times such as
Time to detect fault and notify field crew
Time for crew to travel, then find and isolate fault
Time for crew to restore service to some and finally all
customers affected by the fault

Reliability strategies such as those based on

Use of circuit breakers, automatic reclosers, fuses,
sectionalizing switches, fault indicators, animal guards, etc.
Maintenance programs, e.g., inspections, tree trimming, realtime condition monitoring
Trouble call, outage management, automation systems

Basic Scenario
Consider the following scenario where
distribution operations as at rely on manual
operations
Fault indication and/or trouble call received
Crew dispatched by radio and/or telephone to
Locate fault by inspection and/or other check-out procedures
Repair damage and return system to pre-fault state

Crew may also close upstream and downstream

switches to restore power to as many
customers as possible prior to repairing
damage

Reliability Strategies
Given the basic scenario just discussed,
strategies for improving reliability fall into
two basic categories
Reducing frequency of fault occurrence
Use properly selected and maintained distribution equipment
Reconfigure, replace, or upgrade equipment as necessary
Use appropriate devices to prevent faults from occurring or at least
reduce the number of customers affected

Minimizing fault repair times

Call centers to allow customers to report outages
Computer-based Outage Management Systems
Computer-based Feeder Automation Systems

Outage Management System

Automatically infers fault location based on
customer trouble calls or other indications
Shows fault location on geographical display
of power system so crews can be
dispatched immediately to this location
Displays can be used to show crew positions
and reflect repair status as switches are
opened and closed
Tracks number of interrupted customers
and corresponding outage durations

Present Operations ( Average time to restore Power Supply 40 Minutes )

R/S feeder

R/S feeder

Circuit
Breaker

RMU / DT

Supply restored
manually for part
network typical time
15 20 mins

Circuit
Breaker
Normally open
point

CB Trips on fault

Circuit
Breaker

R/S feeder

RMU / DT

Normally open
point

Normally open
point

R/S feeder

R/S feeder

R/S feeder

Additional
network restored R/S feeder
manually, total
time 40 mins

R/S feeder

Circuit
Breaker

Normally open point now

closed manually

Faulty
Section

After Automation ( Average time to restore Power Supply to healthy section 1-2 Minutes)

Automation Philosophy
R/S feeder

R/S feeder

Circuit
Breaker

Automated RMU /
DT with FPI

R/S feeder

Normally open
point

R/S feeder
Remote Operation of
RMU Switch & Partial
Restoration of supply
typically 1-2 mins

Normally open
point

CB Trips

R/S feeder

Circuit
Breaker

Normally open
point

Circuit
Breaker

R/S feeder

FPI indicates
passage of fault
current

R/S feeder

R/S feeder

Circuit
Breaker

Additional network
restored, total time
11-18 mins

Remote operation to
close switch

OMS Concept Scenario #1

Closed
Switches

Open
Tie-Switch

Sub A
Feeder B010
from Sub B

Feeder A007
from Sub A

Distribution
Transformers
Inferred Fault
Location

Customer
trouble calls

OMS Concept Scenario #2

Closed
Switches

Open
Tie-Switch

Sub A
Feeder A007
from Sub A

Feeder B010
from Sub B

Inferred Fault
Location

Distribution
Transformers

Customer
trouble calls

Customer
trouble calls

11 kV Overhead Distribution
33/11kV S/S

As is now

11 kV Overhead Distribution
33/11kV S/S

As is now

Fault here

11 kV Overhead Distribution
33/11kV S/S

SE

SE
AR

AR

Improvement
Way

AR
SE

AR
SE

11 kV Overhead Distribution
33/11kV S/S

SE

SE
AR

AR

Improvement
Way

AR
SE

AR
SE

11 kV Overhead Distribution
33/11kV S/S

AR

Improvement
Way

11 kV Overhead Distribution
33/11kV S/S

SE

SE
AR

AR

Improvement
Way

AR
SE

AR
SE

11 kV Overhead Distribution
33/11kV S/S

SE

SE
AR

AR

Improvement
Way

AR
SE

AR
SE

11 kV Overhead Distribution
33/11kV S/S

SE

SE
AR

AR

Improvement
Way

AR
SE

AR
SE

Impact of Automation System

Without Automation
Customer
Reports
Outage

Fault
Occurs

5 10
minutes

Power Restored
to Customers on
Healthy Sections
of Feeder

Fault
Located
Travel Time

Investigation
& Patrol Time

Time to Perform
Manual Switching

15 30
minutes

15 20
minutes

10 - 15
minutes

45 75
minutes
Power Restored
to Customers on
Healthy Sections
of Feeder
Fault
Occurs

1 2
minutes

Customer
Reports
Outage

With Automation

Feeder
Back to
Normal

Field
Crews
On- Scene

Travel Time

Patrol
Time

15 30
minutes

5 - 10
minutes

Repair Time

1- 4
Hours

Feeder
Back to
Normal

Repair Time

1- 4
Hours

Reliability Performance Indices

With moves toward deregulation and open
competition, access to accurate and timely
outage information is critical in order to maximize
operational efficiency, minimize customer
complaints, and maintain electric system
reliability.
In this respect, it is common practice to track and
benchmark reliability using standard performance
indices such as CAIDI, SAIFI, and SAIDI.
These indices serve as valuable tools to compare
utility reliability performance, but care must be
taken to ensure they are being calculated in the
same manner.

Index Definitions
System Average Interruption Frequency Index
SAIFI

Total Number of Customer Interruptions

Total Number of Customers Served

Interruptions/Customer/Yr

System Average Interruption Duration Index

SAIDI

Customer Interruption Durations

Total Number of Customers Served

Minutes/Customer/Yr

Customer Average Interruption Duration Index

CAIDI

Customer Interruption Durations

Total Number of Customer Interrupti ons

Minutes/Interruption/Yr

Reliability Benchmarking Example

Another Benchmark Example

SAIDI Comparison

SAIDI in
Minutes/Customre/Year

140.00

EnergyAustralia

120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00

ConEd
CEM

HKE

CLP

ETSA Utilities
Western Australia

0.00

SAIFI Comparison

SAIFI in #
Times/Customer/Year

1.20

EnergyAustralia

1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00

CEM
ConEd

ETSA Utilities Western Australia

Some European Comparisons

Survey Per Year 2004

Possible SAIDI Variations by Zone

Feeder Automation
Rather than rely on manual switching by field crews,
automated feeder devices can be used to
Detect and isolate a faulted feeder section
Restore power to customers upstream of the fault
Restore power to customers downstream of the fault

Such feeder automation can be implemented using

different strategies, e.g., those that depend on
Automated devices operating locally without
supervision
Devices controlled remotely by an automation system

Possible SAIFI Variations by Zone

SAIDI (hr/yr)
3.0

2.0

0
1

1.0

Cost (MUSD)
3

FCIs

Reconfiguration

Automation

New Feeder

Tree Wire

4.0

New Line Devices

Aggressive Switching

Example Strategy Study Using SAIDI

Base

Fuse Saving

0.0
4

Law of Diminishing Return

Cust Outage Minutes

Improvement

Reliability Improvement vs. Cost

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

20000

40000

60000
Cost

80000

100000

Reliability Improvement implementation

Stage 2:
Develop strategy implementation scheme
Select vendors

Stage 3:
Supply and install distribution system upgrades
including automation equipment
Supply and install control center facilities
Supply, install, and commission DAS including remote
terminal units and communications equipment

Stage 4: Determine and implement capacity building

program to support systems and business processes
resulting from the upgradation project.

Single
Line Diagram
automation
component
Single Linde
Diagramshowing
of F1 Feeder
of 'A' Station
(W4 SD)
Axis HT

Krubara Sangha
RMU

SJM RMU

Janatha RMU
W5 SD

Sagar RMU

Jwala
Complex
Arya
Vysya

SJM HT

Central
College

Heritage

Green House
CTO

Lakshmi
Keshava
Nivasa

Adarsh Inn

F01

Mourya
Brigade
Majestic

SS
M
U
#1
S
S

brigade Plaza

Janatha
Bazaar

Simha
GLM M

Palmodi

Sagar
Tallam

KPC

F06

Janatha
Bazaar

Kamat
HT

Vijaya
Samraj

UBI

F08

Adigas

Rajamma

Era

F11

Arya
Vysya

Kamat
FP

A.R Circle

S.N Bazaar
A

Churchill
Bajaj

Vectra

Sukh Sagar
HT (New)
V
Sn

Pancha
Rathna

Sapna
Sukh Sagar

Sukh Sagar
HT(Old)

Park RMU

Syndicate RMU

From Syndiate RMU OD (F20 of 'A' station)

SS#
VH
MUSS
2

AUTOMATION OF MANUAL SYSTEMS

Automate existing Equipment

Switches
RMU
Introduce scada ready components

Auto Reclosures
Sectionalisers
Fault Passage
Indicators

lV. Remote-controlled switch network

Feeder 1
17.5km
10km
12.5km

10km

Control
room
10km

10km

10km

10km

20km

10km
10km

10km
10km

10km

10km

33/11kV Substation
Substation CBs
Telecontrolled Switches

Normally-open point
Optical Fiber
Communications

10km

10km

Fault

Feeder 2

10km

lV. Sectionalizer network

Feeder 1

17.5km
10km
12.5km

10km

Control
room

10km

10km

10km

10km

20km

10km
10km

10km
10km

10km

10km

33/11kV Substation
Substation CBs
Sectionalisers
Normally-open point
Radio Communications

10km

10km
Feeder
2
Fault

10km

lV. Feeder automation network

Feeder 1
10km

10km

12.5km

7.5km

5km
12.5km

10km

FA
tim
e

10km

Tie closes

Control
room

10km

5km

10km

5km

10km

10km
5km

33/11kV Substation

10km

10km

10km

7.5km
5km

5km
5km

Reclosers
Feeder Automation Sectionalisers
Normally-open point

Fault
5km
FA Sectionalises

Feeder 2

Recloser
Protection Direction
Trips
Changes
10km

Reliability Analysis
DRAKE (Distribution Reliability Analysis KEMA) is
a software tool that allows a reliability assessment
model to be defined and then used to

Design new systems to meet explicit reliability targets

Identify reliability problems on existing systems
Test the effectiveness of reliability improvement projects
Determine the reliability impact of system expansion
Design systems that can offer different levels of
reliability
Design systems that are best suited for performance
based rates

Results of a Reliability Analysis

On a feeder, system, and customer basis
generate results such as the expected
number of

Momentary interruptions per year

Sustained interruptions per year
Hours of interruption per year
Protection device operations per year
Switching operations per year

Modeling Capabilities in Reliability Analysis

Different types of faults (3-phase, line-to-ground, etc.)
Feeder automation (e.g., Fault Location, Isolation, and
System Recovery)
Fuse saving and fuse clearing
Single-phase reclosing and lockout
Imperfect protection coordination
Post-fault feeder reconfiguration
Capacity limitations during feeder reconfiguration
Equipment bypass during system reconfiguration
Impact of weather
Changes in operational practices during storms
Reliability optimization algorithms

Sample Screen Captures

Visualizatio n of Re sults

Custo m Gra phs

Risk Assessme nt

Re liability Indice s

Custo m Histog ra ms

Que ry Se arc he s on Data and Re sults

DAS functions

Network Connectivity Analysis (NCA)

State Estimation (SE)
Load Flow Application (LFA)
Voltage VAR control (VVC)
Load Shed Application (LSA)
Fault Management and System Restoration
(FMSR)
Loss Minimization via Feeder Reconfiguration
(LMFR)
Load Balancing via Feeder Reconfiguration
(LBFR)
Operation Monitor (OM)
Distribution Load forecasting (DLF)

Distribution Network (DA) Model

The Distribution Automation should represent the various components of the Utilities distribution
system and include all the primary substation feeders, distribution network and devices with
possible islands, which may be formed dynamically. The following devices are represented in the
network model.

Power Injection points

Transformers
Feeders
Load (balanced as well as unbalanced)
Circuit Breakers
Sectionalizers
Isolators
Fuses
Capacitor banks
Reactors
Generators
Bus bars
Temporary Jumper, Cut and Ground
Meshed & radial network configuration
Line segments, which can be single-phase, two-phase, or three phase and
make up a distribution circuit.

Conductors
Grounding devices
Fault detectors
IEDs
Operational limits for components such as lines, transformers, and switching
devices

The database of the network model of the utility system can have interface with the GIS system of
the area for better visual decisions for crew management and asset information. The Customer
Interface Management can also integrate with the distribution automation system for effective
utilisation.

Network Connectivity Analysis (NCA)

The network connectivity analysis function provides the connectivity between various network
elements. The prevailing network topology will be determined from the status of all the switching
devices such as circuit breaker, isolators etc that affect the topology of the network modelled.
NCA runs in real time as well as in study mode. Real-time mode of operation uses data acquired by
SCADA. Study mode of operation will use either a snapshot of the real-time data or save cases. NCA
can run in real time on event-driven basis.
The network topology of the distribution system will be based on

Tele-metered switching device statuses

Manually entered switching device statuses.
Modelled element statuses from DA applications.

The NCA will be useful in determining the network topology for the
network.

following status of the

Bus connectivity (Live/ dead status)

Feeder connectivity
Network connectivity representing S/S bus as node
Energized /de-energized state of network equipments
Representation of Loops (Possible alternate routes)
Representation of parallels
Abnormal/off-normal state of CB/Isolators

The NCA also assists the power system operator to know the operating state of the distribution
network indicating radial mode, loops and parallels in the network. Distribution networks which are
normally operated in radial mode; loops and/or parallel may be intentionally or inadvertently formed.

State Estimation (SE)

The State Estimation (SE) is used for assessing (Estimating)
the distribution network state. It shall assess loads of all
network nodes, and, consequently, assessment of all other
state variables (voltage and current phasors of all buses,
sections and transformers, active and reactive power losses in
all sections and transformers, etc.) in the Distribution
network.

Load Flow Application (LFA)

The Load Flow function shall provide real/active and reactive losses on:

Station power transformers

Feeders
sections
Distribution circuits including feeder regulators and distribution transformers, as well
as the total circuit loss
Phase voltage magnitudes and angles at each node.
Phase and neutral currents for each feeder , transformers, section
Total three phases and per phase KW and KVAR losses in each feeder, section ,
transformer ,DT substation & for project area
Active & reactive power flows in all sections, transformers List of overloaded feeder,
lines, busbars, transformers loads etc including the actual current magnitudes, the
overload limits and the feeder name, substation name
List of limit violations of voltage magnitudes, overloading.
Voltage drops

Volt VAR control (VVC)

In electrical power system the reactive power can be generated at source generators or can be
injected at the substations through Volt-var systems. It is more appropriate to inject at substations
rather then producing then at generator points and transporting them over long distances. Any
power system always tries to optimise on the reactive power flow over their networks.
The coordination of voltages and reactive power flows control requires coordination of VOLT and
the VAR function. This function shall provide high-quality voltage profiles, minimal losses,
controlling reactive power flows, minimal reactive power demands from the supply network.
The following resources should be taken into account in any voltage and reactive power flow
control:

TAP Changer for voltage control

VAR control devices: switchable and fixed type capacitor banks.

Load Shed Application (LSA)

The power delivery to the consumers is also bogged down with the Demand-Supply problems, with
demand being always higher than supply. The reasons for less Supply are several including the
faults, tripping of lines. In these situations the power system operator tries to distribute available
power through Shedding of loads to consumers over small definite periods till he tides over the
situation of loss of power.
The load-shed application helps to automate and optimise the process of selecting the best
combination of switches to be opened and controlling in order to shed the desired amount of load.
Given a total amount of load to be shed, the load shed application shall recommend different
possible combinations of switches to be opened, in order to meet the requirement. The despatcher
is presented with various combinations of switching operations, which shall result in a total
amount of load shed, which closely resembles the specified total. The despatcher can then choose
any of the recommended actions and execute them.
In case of failure of supervisory control for few breakers, the total desired load shed/restore will not
be met. Under such conditions, the application will inform the dispatcher the balance amount of load
to be shed /restore. The load-shed application runs again to complete the desired load shed /restore
process.

Fault Management & System Restoration (FMSR)

Application
The availability of data related to the breakers/ switches and the level of The Fault current flowing
in the networks helps one to Manage & Restore the System in an event of fault. This application
helps to provide the assistance to the power system despatcher for detection, localisation,
isolation and restoration of distribution system after a fault in the system has occurred with the
help of operating through the supervisory control available on SCADA. The devices which help in
localisation & isolation of the fault includes Auto Reclosures(AR), Sectionalisers, Fault Passage
Indicators etc. The operation & characteristics of these devices are separately addressed in the
SCADA section.

Loss Minimization via Feeder Reconfiguration

(LMFR)
The switching operation during fault and requirement to supply power through alternate feeders in
the distribution network modifies the feeder configuration topology. The information of network
topology and availability of adjacent feeder networks can be useful in right selection of feeders
with overall aim of reducing the line losses and maximum power delivery to consumers.
This function identifies the opportunities to minimize technical losses in the distribution system by
reconfiguration of feeders in the network for a given load scenario. The technical losses are the
losses created by characteristic of equipment & cable such as efficiency, impedance etc.
The function helps in calculation of the current losses based on the loading of all elements of the
network. The Telemetered values, which are not updated due to telemetry failure, can also be
considered by LMFR application based on arriving at the recommendations of LF Application. The
LMFR application can be utilised to have the various scenarios for a given planned & unplanned
outages, equipment operating limits, tags placed in the SCADA system while recommending the
switching operations.

Load Balancing via Feeder Reconfiguration (LBFR)

The discussions had on previous topic can be used for the Load Balancing via Feeder
Reconfiguration for the optimal balance of the segments of the network that are over & under
loaded. This helps in better utilization of the capacities of distribution facilities such as transformer
and feeder ratings.
The Feeder Reconfiguration Function can be used also to have a scenario on an overload condition,
unequal loadings of the parallel feeders and transformers, periodically or on demand in the
network by the despatcher. The system will help generate the switching sequence to reconfigure
the distribution network for transferring load from some sections to other sections. The LBFR
application can even consider the planned & unplanned outages, equipment operating limits, tags
placed in the SCADA system while recommending the switching operations.
The function helps in distributing the total load of the system among the available transformers and
the feeders in proportion to their operating capacities, considering the discreteness of the loads,
available switching options between the feeder and permissible intermediate overloads during
switching. The despatcher can have the options to simulate switching operations and visualise the
effect on the distribution network by comparisons based on line loadings, voltage profiles, load
restored, system losses, number of affected customers.

Load Forecast (LF)

The Distribution Automation system keeps logging data periodically of the network. This historical
database and weather conditions data collected over a period can be used for prediction and to
have forecasting of the requirement of consumer loads. Generally there are two types of
forecasting that are resorted too.
Short-Term Load Forecasting (STLF) will be used for assessment of the sequence of average
electrical loads in equal time intervals, from 1 to 7 days ahead. The Long term forecasting is used
for forecasting load growths over longer durations. The fore casting techniques are based on
different forecasting methods such as:

Autoregressive.
Least Squares Method
Time Series Method.
Neural Networks.
Kalman filter
Weighted Combination of these method

Feeder Automation Philosophy

Feeder automation makes use of various
devices to reconfigure/switch feeders
under normal and abnormal operating
conditions, devices such as
Circuit breakers
Line reclosers/regulators
Group operating switches/load break
switches

As to be discussed these devices are used

within the context of different automation
philosophies

Example of Automated GOS

Example of Automated
Load Break Switches/Line Reclosers
SF6 LBS

Air-Break LBS

Vacuum LBS
Line Recloser

Example of RMU
(Pad-Mounted Switches)

Generally, if not automation ready, can be retro-fit with motor

or solenoid operating mechanism

Automated Feeder Switching

Automated feeder switching can involve the
fore-mentioned devices in such a way that
They operate in a coordinated, but
unsupervised manner
Alternatively in a supervised (integrated)
manner, i.e., monitored and possibly controlled
by a computer system located for example at a
substation or control center

Remote operation can be manual, semiautomatic, and/or fully automatic (no

manual intervention)

Feeder Automation Architectures

Standalone Automatic Switches
Reclosers, sectionalizers

Centralized System
Switches controlled by central DAS/DMS

Substation Centered Approach

Substation unit controls switches on associated
feeders

Peer-to-Peer Arrangement
Groups of switches communicate to determine
appropriate switching actions

Centralized Feeder Automation

System controlled by
central DAS
Acquire data from field
devices
Process data in DAS
Issue supervisory control
commands

Can be manually,
semi-automatic, or
fully-automatic

Workstation

Comm. Tower

Centralized Feeder Automation

(Conceptual Block Diagram

Central
DAS/DMS
Real-Time
Data

Geogaphic
Information
System
(GIS)
Feeder
Equipment
Data, Topology
Information

DAS/DMS Server
Feeder Models
Power Flow
Load Estimator
Topology Processor
Feeder Automation
Switch Order
Management

Equipment
Status and
Loading

Dispatcher Console

Fault indicator
status, currents,
voltages

Substation
and Feeder
Devices

SCADA Server

Switching
Actions

Device Control
Commands

Central Scheme Pros & Cons

Pros

Dispatchers retain control

Dispatchers are always informed
Considerably more operating flexibility
Fewer restrictions (e.g., number of switches controlled)
Better ability to handle abnormal situations

No unnecessary switching
Additional functionality possible
Non-outage switching
Feeder load balancing

Cons
Requires DAS
Requires extensive communications infrastructure
Requires distribution system (network) models to be created
and maintained

Substation Centered Approach

System controlled by
substation PLC or RTU
Acquire data from field
devices
Process data in
substation master
Issue supervisory control
commands as needed to
field devices

Can be manual, semiautomatic, or fullyautomatic

SCADA EMS
OP

TI
ON
AL

Local HMI

RTU/PLC

Comm. Tower

Substation

Substation Centered Pros and Cons

Pros
- Fairly easy to set up and maintain
- May or may not require electrical feeder models
- May be interconnected to a central DAS, but can
operate independently
- Lower cost alternative

- Cons
- Difficulty in handling complex situations as in case
of heavily loaded feeders where load must be split
up
- Limited number of switches controlled
- Requires substation/feeder communications

Peer-to-Peer Approach

Network of Distributed Controllers

Work as a team
Acquire local data via
local sensors
Acquire remote data
via peer-to-peer
communications with
other controllers
Process data locally
Open/close associated
switch as needed

Primarily intended for

fully-automatic
operation

Peer-to-Peer Pros
Pros
Does not require
Central SCADA system
Feeder models supported by GIS interface
Extensive communications infrastructure

Costs less than central approach

Primary application is FLISR, but not limited to this
Can be fully functional feeder SCADA system

Peer-to-Peer Cons
Cons
Lack of operator visibility and control
Can add SCADA interface (most utilities do!)

Communication difficulties
Peer-to-peer communications among pole top units can be a
challenge!

Costs more than substation centered approach

Some unnecessary switching involved
Switches in a team open regardless of fault location
Then close back in as necessary
May fail to close? Extra mechanical operations?

Feeder Automation Applications

Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration
Can detect and locate fault, isolate the faulty section,
restore power to healthy feeder segments

Load Shedding
Can shed one feeder section if necessary

Cold Load Pickup

Can pick up feeder load one section at a time

Feeder Reconfiguration
Can balance load between feeders and reduce losses

Intelligent Substation Bus Transfer

Can transfer load to another substation following
transformer failure

Control Room
Operators

R
T
U

Communications

Operational analysis,
decisions, issue controls
Outage Analysis

Master
Station

Substation

R
T
U

Line

Radio

Optical Fibre,
Cable

5
Microwave

R
T
U

KEY ELEMENTS of DAS

Data & Control
Pathway

Primary Plant
Interface

Reporting
Analysis

2
3

RTU

Communications

4
5

Master Station
Control Room,
Corporate Usage

DAS Functional/Architectural Overview

Decision
Support
Systems
OMS

DMS
Applications

Maintenance
Management

GIS

Crew
Management

Corporate Data
Accessibility and
Availability

DMS

SCADA

SCADA
Functions

COMMUNICATIONS

SCADA Platform
Environment

User
Interface

Data
Acquisition

Other
Applications

RTU

Typical Distribution Control Room environment

Planning

ERP, GIS
Corporate
Asset Data
and
Model

Crew Management
Current State
Analysis
(Incorporates Load
Modelling and
Network Analysis

Future
State
Analysis

Outage
Management

Updates to
Network Model
and Diagrams

Network
Operational
Model
NOM

Outage Analysis

r/t state

Switching
Management

Switching
Planning

r/t state

SCADA

Outage Reporting

Operational
Diagrams

Reports and
History
CIS

Design

IVR
Calls

Asset
Maintenance

Typical Distribution Control Room Environment

DAS

Crew Management

Current State
Analysis
(Incorporates Load
Modelling and
Network Analysis

Corporate
Asset Data
and
Model

Future
State
Analysis

Outage
Management

Design

Updates to
Network Model
and Diagrams

Network
Operational
Model
NOM

Outage Analysis

r/t state

Switching
Management

Switching
Planning

r/t state

SCADA

Outage Reporting

Operational
Diagrams

Reports and
History
CIS

Planning

ERP, GIS

IVR
Calls

Asset
Maintenance

DAS Vision

Conceptual Architecture
The DAS system will have a distributed architecture with an ability to support Control
Centres and remote data acquisition
It will incorporate rapid disaster recovery capability including a backup control centre.
Scope of Control
There will be a designed level of System-Wide DAS Control capability e.g., Load
switching, Fault Location Isolation and System Restoration (FLISR)
Performance and Expandability
The system will provide operationally acceptable performance as its domain of influence
grows or changes. It will support expansion as operational or corporate needs grow or
change
Interfaces and Integration
The DAS will provide for relevant interfaces necessary to support the suite of
applications and in accord with the principle of elimination of duplication in particular
data entry
Corporate Data Visibility
The DAS will provide for corporate visibility and accessibility to SCADA/DMS data
Operational Flexibility
The DAS will provide flexible support of roles and responsibilities of personnel
(Operators, System Engineers, Maintainers, Crews, Crew Managers, etc.)
DMS Applications
The DAS will include a DMS suite of capabilities within its bounds of influence
Capability building is core to its success,

DAS Functional Requirements

Core DAS+

Protocols (IEC 60870-5-101, IEC 60870-5-104, TASE.2)

Distributed Data Acquisition Nodes

Distributed Control Desks (Main Control Room, Backup CR, Remote Consoles)

Various Communications Interfaces

Data Acquisition (Status, Analogues)

Historical Data (what retention, what storage rates, accessibility?)

Alarming (what is intended to be the response of the BESCOM Operator?)

Provides Primary UI to SCADA & DMS applications

Data Volumes, Navigation, Browser Access need to be considered

Disaster Recovery Management

Regular exercise of backup capability

Possible Import of Data from Corporate Asset Data GIS, other??

Possible integration/interface with Corporate Distribution applications

Customer Information System (CIS) / Billing System

Interim Outage Management System (OMS) (Phase 1)

DAS Functional Requirements (contd)

DAS Core
Network Operational Model & tools to build + incrementally update the
NOM from corporate data sources
Connectivity
Electrical Attributes
Intelligent Views (Operational Diagrams)

Maintain current network state in NOM

Outage Management
Analysis, grouping, ungrouping outage reports
Inferring the source/cause of outages
Providing data to call centre & IVR with respect to unplanned and
planned outages
Dispatching outage jobs to work management
Tracking outages to completion
Deriving outage statistics (CAIDI, CAIFI, SAIDI, SAIFI)

DAS Functional Requirements (contd)

Switching
Planning/scheduling all network switching linked to work management
Planning detailed switching steps - obeying processes + rules
Support the plan/check/approval process + access permit process for work in progress
Record the execution of switching actions and record network state in NOM
Support processes to update NOM as network asset added/removed/changed
Distribution Network State Analysis
Current State
Live/Dead Analysis (including effect of jumpers, cuts, and grounds)
Check proposed switching
Routinely check impact of selected contingencies
Future Possible State
Develop/check proposed switching
Check worst case scenarios
Check potential contingencies
Crew Management
Assign and close out trouble tickets (e.g., allows statistics to be maintained)
Track field resources and facilities return to service.

Example of a Recent DAS

architecture
- Ergon Energy, Queensland
Australia

Ergon Energy Overview

68 connection points to the TNSP
33 Ergon Energy owned generating stations
(diesel/wind/solar) which supply isolated
distribution
Total distribution asset value is
approximately $3 billion
Includes 140,000km of distribution lines
and more than 400 Zone Substations.

ABB Houston
C&DS Users

Historian Users
Internet
VPN Access
ABB Support

Corporate Data Network

Controllers

Rockhampton
Control Centre

Garbutt
Control Centre

RAID Array

Controllers

RAID Array
SAN Switches
FC

FC

NETWORK MANAGER
Applications Servers

FC

FC

SAN Switches
FC

Oracle IS&R Servers

Rockhampton
DAFE

AlphaServer DS 25
2CPU
4GB Memory
288GB Disk

FC

NETWORK MANAGER
Applications Servers

Ergon NOC
AlphaServer DS 25
1CPU
4GB Memory
432GB Disk

AlphaServer DS 25
2CPU
4GB Memory
288GB Disk

SCADA LAN

FC

FC

Oracle IS&R Servers

Townsville
DAFE

AlphaServer DS 25
1CPU
4GB Memory
432GB Disk

IS&R LAN
SCADA LAN

SBS PCI
Expansion

IS&R LAN

DMZ LAN

SBS PCI
Expansion

NOC Support

SBS PCI
Expansion

DMZ LAN

SBS PCI
Expansion

ICP B/O Panels

ICP B/O Panels

Rockhampton Master
Station (RMS)

Garbutt Master
Station (GMS)

Powerlink Wide Area

Network
Operational
Communicaitons
Network

Operational
Communicaitons
Network
Remote Access
via PSTN

Remote Access
via PSTN

SCADA Wide Area Network

SBS PCI
Expansion

Toowoomba
DAFE
ICP B/O Panels

Operational
Communicaitons
Network

SBS PCI
Expansion

SBS PCI
Expansion

Maryborough
DAFE
ICP B/O Panels

Operational
Communicaitons
Network

SBS PCI
Expansion

SBS PCI
Expansion

Mackay
DAFE
ICP B/O Panels

Operational
Communicaitons
Network

SBS PCI
Expansion

SBS PCI
Expansion

Cairns
DAFE
ICP B/O Panels

Operational
Communicaitons
Network

SBS PCI
Expansion

Network diagram for the

distribution area

Network diagram for the

Town of Rockhampton
showing streets and
transformers

Control Centre Facilities

Layout of work areas

Allowance for Engineering/administration
Allowance for meeting/visitors
Wallboard
Equipment Room
UPS
Air Conditioning
Communications equipment, access, distances
Corporate connectivity

Ergon Energy Australia - Distribution

Comed USA Distribution Chicago

System Configuration for Data Concentrators

Typical System Architecture for Local Control Centre at Distribution Substations

HMI (LCC)

IEC 60870-5-104
to Control Centre
SICAM
AK1703 Data
Concentrator

Inverter

Field Signals DI/ DO/

AI

ET Switch

Electro
Mechanical
Relays

RTU

Serial interfaces of 3rd party relays

on IEC-103 protocol

IEC 61850
FO Link

Numerical
Relays
IEDs

Laptop
Feeder 1

Feeder 2

Feeder 12

Feeder 13

Feeder n

IEC 61850 Substation Architecture

Substation Switch yard

.01GB Thin net LAN

Hard Wiring

FEP
Poll
Data

DEC
Alpha
Servers
Modem
IBM Compatible

Repeaters
N LI
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Radio - TDMA
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RTU at Substation- ABB

SPIDER-200

Limited
applications

Quality Assurance

Introduction
SCADA / DMS systems and components needs to undergo various
tests and inspection methodologies as per well-established national
and international standards.
The testing ensures the procured systems / components meets the
safety,
reliability and other requirements to ensure proper
functioning of the system.

Standards for SCADA / DMS

Any large utility with an on going SCADA program and which over
time intends to install a number of discrete SCADA systems, must
eventually integrate these systems.
The SCADA program will involve multiple vendors over time and
they will face problems due to the SCADA industry's use of
proprietary hardware, software and communications protocols.
A smaller utility may be able to install in one go a SCADA system
that encompasses the majority of their operations.
- The utility will buy a proprietary system and rely on that vendor
for continued upgrades and support.
- But this approach will be cost intensive and highly dependent on
the vendor support.
The prime difference between these two situations is that the
smaller utility can standardise by installing a single system whereas
the larger utility is necessarily faced with a lengthy program, with
relatively small expansions at any time (compared to the overall
system).

Standards for SCADA / DMS

To ensure interoperability and to protect long term investment over
technology obsoleteness, it is essential to adopt standardized
products.
It will ensure availability of quality products at competitive prices
from multiple vendors.
Communications protocols are the major area requiring standards,
and there are a number of alternatives.
Another aspect of standards is that they cannot be too rigid, but
must still leave flexibility for systems to add new functionality or
select certain options.
Many standards come with both mandatory requirements and
optional selections, as well as with extension rules for expanding
the standards in a consistent manner for new functions.
This helps to address a few vendor-specific requirements or utilityspecific requirements, as well as the flexibility to meet unforeseen
requirements in the future.

Standardizing Bodies
There are many national and international standardizing bodies:
International Electro technical Commission (IEC)
IS (Indian Standard)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
American National Standard Institution (ANSI)
British Standards (BS)
European Committee for Electro technical Standardization
(CENELEC) etc

Protocols
Modbus communication protocol is extremely used in process
instrumentation. Even though it is used in power sector, it is not
amenable for wide power sector automation requirements.
DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol) is a set of communication
protocols used between components in process automation systems
and is emerged from the electricity industry.
RTU programming standards is IEC-61131-3 programming
languages. These have been developed for PLC programming, and
are increasingly being mandated for use by large manufacturing
concerns.

Commonly Referred Standards

RTU The main component used for SCADA applications:

IEC 60870-5 SER Telecontrol Equipment and Systems
Part 5: Transmission Protocols
IEC 60870-5-1 Transmission Frame Formats
IEC 60870-5-2 Data Link Transmission Services
IEC 60870-5-3 General Structure of Application Data
IEC 60870-5-4 Definition and Coding of Information Elements
IEC 60870-5-5 Basic Application Functions
IEC 60870-5-6 Guidelines for conformance testing for
IEC 60870-5 companion standards

IEC Technical Committee 57 has also published following companion

standards for telecontrol equipment:
IEC 60870-5-101 Transmission Protocols, companion standards
especially for basic telecontrol tasks
IEC 60870-5-102 Companion standard for the transmission of
integrated totals in electric power systems (this standard is not
widely used)
IEC 60870-5-103 Transmission Protocols, Companion standard for
the informative interface of protection equipment)
IEC 60870-5-104 Transmission Protocols, Network access for IEC
60870-5-101 using standard transport profiles

Substation Automation System (SAS)

IEC 61850 SER Communications Networks and Systems in
Substations
- Technical report / standard series are applicable to substation
automation systems.
- This standard defines the communication between intelligent
electronic devices in the substation and the related system
requirements.

Inter-Control Center Communication Protocol

(ICCP)
IEC 61870-6 Series Telecontrol equipment and systems - Part 6:
Telecontrol protocols compatible with ISO standards and ITU-T
recommendations.
ICCP or IEC 60870-6/TASE.2 (Telecontrol Application Service
Element 2) is being specified by utility organizations throughout the
world to provide data exchange over wide area networks (WANs)
between utility control centers, utilities, power pools, regional control
centers, and Non-Utility Generators.

ICCP Functionality
Basic ICCP functionality is specified as Conformance Blocks. The objects that are used
to convey the data are defined in various parts of IEC 60870-6.
IEC TC 57 WG3 also generated standards for telecontrol protocols compatible with
ISO standards and ITU-T recommendations.
These standards include:
IEC 60870-6-1 Application context and organization of standards
IEC 60870-6-2 Use of basic standards (OSI layers 14)
IEC 60870-6-501 TASE.1 Service definitions
IEC 60870-6-502 TASE.1 Protocol definitions
IEC 60870-6-503 TASE.2 Services and protocol
IEC 60870-6-504 TASE.1 User conventions
IEC 60870-6-601 Functional profile for providing the connection-oriented
transport service in an end system connected via permanent access to a packet
switched data network
IEC 60870-6-602 TASE transport profiles
IEC 60870-6-701 Functional profile for providing the TASE.1 application service
in end systems
IEC 60870-6-702 Functional profile for providing the TASE.2 application service
in end systems
IEC 60870-6-802 TASE.2 Object models

DMS & CIM Standards

IEC 61968 Series Application integration at electric utilities - System

interfaces for distribution management
IEC 61968 is a series of standards under development that will define
standards for information exchanges between electrical distribution
systems. These standards are being developed by Working Group 14 of
Technical Committee 57 of the IEC (IEC TC 57 WG14).
The various standards published / under development are listed below.
IEC 61968-1 Interface architecture and general requirements
IEC 61968-2 Glossary
IEC 61968-3 Interface for Network Operations [NO]
IEC 61968-4 Interfaces for Records and Asset management [AM]
IEC 61968-5 Interfaces for Operational planning & optimization
[OP] [Under Development]
IEC 61968-6 Interfaces for Maintenance & Construction [MC] [Under
Development]

DMS & CIM Standards contd

IEC 61968-7 Interfaces for Network Extension Planning [NE] [Under

Development]
IEC 61968-8 Interfaces for Customer Support [CS] [Under Development]
IEC 61968-9 Interface Standard for Meter Reading & Control [MR]
IEC 61968-10 Interfaces for Business functions external to distribution
management [Under Development]. This includes Energy management &
trading [EMS], Retail [RET], Supply Chain & Logistics [SC], Customer
Account Management [ACT], Financial [FIN], Premises [PRM] & Human
Resources [HR]
IEC 61968-11 Common Information Model (CIM) Extensions for
Distribution [Under Development]
IEC 61968-12 Common Information Model (CIM) Use Cases for 61968
[Under Development]
IEC 61968-13 Common Information Model (CIM) RDF Model exchange
format for distribution
IEC 61968-14-1-3 to 14-1-10 Proposed IEC Standards to Map IEC61968
and Multispeak Standards [Under Development]
IEC 61968-14-2-3 to 14-2-10 Proposed IEC Standards to Create a CIM
Profile to Implement MultiSpeak Functionality [Under Development]

Security standards
IEC 62351 series:
IEC 62351 is a standard developed by WG15 of IEC TC57.
This is developed for handling the security of TC 57 series of
protocols including IEC 60870-5 series, IEC 608706 series, IEC 61850 series, IEC 61970 series & IEC
61968 series.

IEC 62351-1 Introduction to the standard

IEC 62351-2 Glossary of terms
IEC 62351-3 Security for any profiles including TCP/IP
IEC 62351-4 Security for any profiles including MMS (e.g.,
ICCP-based IEC 60870-6, IEC 61850, etc.).
IEC 62351-5 Security for any profiles including IEC
608705 (e.g., DNP3 derivative)
IEC 62351-6 Security for IEC 61850 profiles.
IEC 62351-7 Security through network and system
management.
IEC 62351-8 Role-based access control.

Other Standards
IEEE C37.1-2007 Standard for SCADA and Automation Systems
This standard applies to, and provides the basis for, the definition,
specification, performance analysis, and application of systems used
for supervisory control data acquisition or automatic control or both,
in attended or unattended electric substations, including those
associated with generating stations; and power utilization and
conversion facilities.
The standard is generic and comprehensive enough to cover the
most of the aspects of system design, interface & processing
requirements and environmental requirements.

DNP 3.0:
The main use of this standard is in utilities such as
electric and water companies.
It was developed for communications between various
types of data acquisition and control equipment.
It is primarily used for communications between a master
station and RTUs or IEDs.
The DNP3 protocol is also referenced in IEEE13792000, which recommends a set of best practices for
implementing
modern
SCADA
Master-RTU/IED
communication links.
The IEEE adopted DNP 3.0 as IEEE 1815-2010 in the
year 2010.
The Indian standard for Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) System for Power System
Applications is IS 15953- 2011. This standard covers
generic requirements of Power System SCADA.

TESTING AND INSPECTION

TESTING
Testing on automation components is conducted to
evaluate
the
system's
compliance
with
its
specified requirements.
Testing
is
done
at
various
levels
and
purposes/applications.
Testing is required:
- Throughout the development and use cycle (life
cycle) of a system (product, process or service) and it
is more rigorous, it is for evaluation.
- During design (simulation), fabrication, assembly,
transfer of technology & field use.
- By independent accredited test laboratories like
CPRI, ETDC/ ERTL etc. generally for a third party
certification.
- For marking purposes such as BIS, CE, UL and many
others.

Type test:
Series of tests carried out on the samples of the
same type having identical characteristics, selected
by manufacturer to prove conformity with all the
requirements of the standard.
Automation components shall conform to the type
tests.
A complete integrated unit shall be tested to assure
full compliance with the functional and technical
requirements of the Specification including
functional requirement.
The testing sample shall include one of each type of
cards/modules and devices.
Type testing shall be conducted in NABL accredited
Labs or internationally accredited labs.

Table 1
Test Nos.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST

FUNCTIONAL TESTS
Check for BOQ, Technical details, Construction & Wiring.
Check for database & configuration settings
Check the operation of all Analog inputs, Status input & Control output points.
Check operation of all communication ports.
Check for communication with master stations including remote database downloading from master
station
Check for auto restoration of RTU/FRTU on DC power recovery after its failure
Test for self-diagnostic feature
Test for time synchronization from Master
Test for SOE feature
End to end test (between RTU/FRTU & Master station) for all I/O points
Test for MODBUS protocol implemented for acquiring data from MFT/ transducers and updation time
demonstration in daisy chain configuration
Test for IEC 60870-5 -104,101 protocol implemented
Test for supporting other protocol

Contd..
Test Nos.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST

Test for operation with DC power supply voltage variation

Test for internal Clock stability
Test for Noise level measurement
Test for Control Security and Safety for Control outputs
Test for functionality/parameters verification of CMRs & Heavy duty trip relays
Test for data concentrator
Test for IED pass through
Test for SOE buffer & time data back up
Other functional tests as per technical specification requirements including features in support/ capability (for
future)
Test for DCPS of FRTU
Test for compliance of standards for bought items viz. CMRs, Heavy duty trip relays, MFT, weather sensor
etc.
Test for functionality/parameters for bought items viz. CMRs, Heavy duty trip relays, MFT, weather sensor
etc.
Test for test tools

Test Nos.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST

EMI/EMC IMMUNITY TESTS FOR RTU/FRTU

Surge Immunity Test as per IEC 60870-2-1
Electrical Fast Transient Burst Test as per IEC-60870-2-1
Damped Oscillatory Wave Test as per IEC 60870-2-1
Electrostatic Discharge test as per IEC 60870-2-1
Radiated Electromagnetic Field Test as per IEC 60870-2-1
Damped Oscillatory magnetic Field Test as per IEC-60870-2-1
Power Frequency magnetic Field Test as per IEC-60870-2-1

INSULATION TEST FOR RTU/FRTU

Power frequency voltage withstand Test as per IEC 60870-2-1
1.2/50 s Impulse voltage withstand Test as per IEC 60870-2-1

Insulation resistance test

D

ENVIRONMENTAL TEST FOR RTU/FRTU

Dry heat test as per IEC 60068-2-2
Damp heat test as per IEC 60068-2-3

Routine Tests or Factory acceptance test (FAT):

Tests carried out on each sample to check
conformity with the requirements of the standard in
aspects which are likely to vary during production.
Acceptance Test or Site Acceptance Test (SAT):
Tests carried out on samples taken from a lot for
the purpose of acceptance of the lot.

Field Tests :
After automation components are installed and
commissioned in field, the Contractor shall carry out the
field-testing.
Availability Tests:
After field testing, automation components shall exhibit a
98% availability during test period.
Availability tests shall be performed along with Master
station.
The RTU/FRTU
shall be considered available only
when all its functionality and hardware is operational.
The non-available period due to external factors such as
failure of DC power supply, communication link etc., shall
be treated as hold-time & availability test duration shall
be extended by such hold time.

Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) has full fledge

test facilities for type testing, IEC 61850, IEC 62056
protocol validation.

Utility IT Requirements

Conclusion
SCADA / DMS improves the quality of service
by reduction in number of outages & outage
durations
Quick isolation of faulty section & fast
restoration of healthy section so that only
least customers are affected during outage
period.
All data are available in real time and historical
data archive for planning

Conclusion (contd.)
Sharing of data with all stakeholders and MIS
Though requires capital investment, but a
good SCADA / DMS system implemented in a
phased manner brings returns in a shorter
period.
All data are available in real time and historical
data in archive for planning and other
applications of utility

THANK YOU