International Conference on Agricultural, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'2012) May 26-27, 2012 Phuket

Mango Grading By Using Fuzzy Image

Analysis
Tajul Rosli B. Razak, Mahmod B. Othman, Mohd Nazari bin Abu Bakar, Khairul Adilah bt
Ahmad4, Ab Razak Mansor5
features of color, size, shape and texture are considered as
major functions in the food industry. Color and size are the
essential quality of natural image and it performs the
significant role in visual perception.
Fruit categorizations in agriculture have changed from
traditional grading by humans to automatic grading over the
past 20 years. Many companies are moving to automated
grading in many crops such as grading on peaches and oranges
[2]. One of the researchers has made an apple grading system
based on image analysis. The idea behind their study was to
train the system with many examples so it will become expert
by distinguishing differences on the fruit to create data as a
reference for their system [3]. In order to classify mangoes we
need to be aware of the mango grading standard. Color and the
size are the most significant criteria that are used to sort fruits.
However, for sorting of mangoes there is another major factor
which is the skin texture of mangoes that can improve the
accuracy of the classification system.
Mostly, the fruit that go through the grading process has
their own characteristic to be considered depending on the
type of fruits. The attributes chosen for the oranges, peaches
and apples [4] are size, color, stem location and detection of
external blemishes. Size has been identified using machine
vision by measuring area or diameter of fruits. The averaged
surface color is a good indicator for these types of fruits. To
determine the stem location, they take the images of the
random fruit from oranges, apples and peaches. Then, the
images analysis algorithms were applied and shown centroid
of the stem in the computer. The external blemishes were
detected using the combination of infrared and visible
information. Sometimes, to grade the apple, researchers use
other characteristic such as color, calyx and stem recognition,
and defects characterization [5]. The calyx and stem ends will
appear on an image as defects, and then were detected using a
correlation pattern recognition technique. The image of calyx
end and stem end were built by average five images. The
parameter has been set up by 0 if there is no relation and 1 if
they are match perfectly. The defects characterizations are
divide into typical defect, well contrasted defect, diffuse
defect and bruise. In grading process of tomato and
strawberry the feature are size, color, shape has been
considered [6, 7]. The size was taken by using weight
measured and the area of a fruit by image analysis. The color
can be either a normalized red/green index or better the
dominating wavelength as maturity index.
The shape
considered as misshapen or perfectly shaped. The spots and
scars can be classified by detecting greenback fruit or fruit
with bottom-end rot.

Abstract In agricultural industry the efficiency and the proper

grading process is very important to increase the productivity.
Currently, the agriculture industry has a better improvement,
particularly in terms of grading of fruits, but the process is needed to
be upgraded. This is because the grading of the fruit is vital to
improve the quality of fruits. Indirectly, high quality fruits can be
exported to other countries and generates a good income. Mango is
the third most important fruit product next to pineapple and banana
in term of value and volume of production. There are demands for
this fresh fruit from both local and foreign market. However,
mangoes grading by humans in agricultural setting are inefficient,
labor intensive and prone to errors. Automated grading system not
only speeds up the time of the process but also minimize error.
Therefore, there is a need for an efficient mango grading method to
be developed. In this study, we proposed and implement
methodologies and algorithms that utilize digital fuzzy image
processing, content predicated analysis, and statistical analysis to
determine the grade of local mango production in Perlis. The main
contribution for this study is on a design and development of an
efficient algorithm for detecting and sorting the mango at more than
80% accuracy in grading compared to human expert sorting. This
study becomes significant and may contribute to the perspective of
new knowledge on fuzzy image clustering model and can be adapted
to the other fruit such as apples, pineapples and banana.
KeywordsMango grading, Image processing, Fuzzy Analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION

IGITAL image processing analysis and computer visions

have exhibited an impressive growth in the past decade in
term of theoretical and applications. They constitute a
leading technology in a number of very important areas such
as telecommunication, broadcasting medical imaging,
multimedia system, and intelligent sensing system, remote
sensing, and printing [1].
Analyzing image using computer vision has many potential
functions for automated agriculture tasks. Lately, different
1
Tajul Rosli Razak,Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi Mara (Perlis),(email : tajulrosli@perlis.uitm.edu.my)
2
Mahmod B. Othman,Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,
Universiti
Teknologi
Mara
(Perlis),(email
:
mahmod135085@
perlis.uitm.edu.my)
3
Mohd Nazari bin Abu Bakar, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti
Teknologi Mara (Perlis), (email: mohdnazari @ perlis.uitm.edu.my)
4
Khairul Adilah bt Ahmad, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical
Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara Kampus Kedah, (email: adilah475@
kedah.uitm.edu.my)
5
AB Razak Mansor, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi Mara Kampus Kedah, (email: arazman70@
kedah.uitm.edu.my)

18

International Conference on Agricultural, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'2012) May 26-27, 2012 Phuket

There are several methods have been used in the fruit

grading process such as computer vision. Nowadays, most of
the commercial fruit have been graded by the machine-vision
technology such as strawberries [7], orange, peaches and
apples [4, 5] and tomato [6]. The machine-vision technology
is the technology that consist a color CCD camera equipped
with an image grab device, a bi-cone roller device controlled
by a stepping motor, and a lighting source [8] to grade fruit
based on the characteristic such as color, size, shape and
defection.
The knowledge-based system has been developed to
simulate human cognitive and problem solving process. The
real example for the knowledge based is an expert system. The
accuracy of fuzzy expert system is better than expert system
because fuzzy expert system applied fuzzy logic rather than
Boolean values. The efficiency of an expert system can be
improved by implementing the fuzzy expert system [9].
Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh has introduced the fuzzy set theory
in 1965 [10]. In practice, grading of fruit usually uses
subjective criteria. In doing so, one has to depend on ones
wisdom, experience, professional knowledge and information,
which are difficult to define and/or describe accurately. When
making an analysis using incomplete data, a lot of
uncertainties will arise and this will confuse decision-makers
and will complicate decision making in fruit classification
under uncertain situations. Although many classification
methods for selecting or ranking have been suggested in the
literature, there is so far no method which can give a
satisfactory solution to every situation [14]. In this paper, a
mango grading method that incorporates fuzzy sets and
approximate reasoning in fuzzy image processing determine
the quality grade of mangoes. The results were compared to
the traditional grading done by human experts.

III. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

Generally, the main objectives of this study are to perform
mango grading process by applied the fuzzy image clustering
for local mango in Perlis. The specific objectives are listed as:
1)
2)
3)

To propose and develop fuzzy image clustering

algorithm
To identify and evaluate the best algorithm for
clustering on local mango in Perlis
To compare the experimental results with human
expert grading decision and to further optimize the
system

IV. THE PROPOSED OF MANGO GRADING METHOD

This study proposes a mango grading method for mangoes
quality classification by using fuzzy image analysis. The
algorithm of the proposed method consisted of
Step 1: Determine the size of mango by calculating the area of
image object
Step 2: Detect the color of mango by determine the mean of
three colour array for red, green and blue.
Mean image = (Red value (Find size image) + Green value
(Find size image) + Blue value (Find size image))/3
Step 3: Apply edge detection algorithm to determine skin of
image mango
Mean skin = (edge (Red value) + edge (Green value) + edge
(blue value))/3

II. CURRENT SCENARIO

Federal Agriculture Marketing Authority (FAMA) is one of
organization that control the quality and grading of all the
mangos in Perlis and they make the grading process by using
the human expert to grade mangoes. Human expert means that
the grading process is done by using eye and hand method to
grade fruits. The human experts grading is still need to be
improved since grading process done by human always do
mistakes. The result obtaining from the human expert is
sometimes inaccurate. The process of grading mango also
takes too much time as it needs to grade the mango one by
one. But, the human experts still could not satisfy the market
demand in terms of quality. Besides, the results obtained from
different experts might lead to different results because the
experts need to measure the features of the mango in
according to the specification standard stated by FAMA.

Step 4: Fuzzy Inference Rule is applied for three values of

size, color and skin to compute the grade of mango.
Step 5: Rank the mango quality based on mango grade
The study improves the scheme based on digital image
processing techniques by selecting the best threshold scheme
that produced an accurate result of classification. The
framework of this study is shown in fig 1.

19

TABLE 1
AGE PROCESSING
THE RESULLT OF DIGITAL IMA

Digital
D
Image
Processing
(MATLAB)

S
Size

Result :
Size
Color
Skin

Fuzzy
Classification
(MATLAB)

Grading:
Gradee
A
Gradee
B
Gradee
C

Fig.1. Framework of this study

V. RESULT AND
N DISCUSSION
N
This study su
ummarized thaat in this stud
dy, fuzzy imaage
a
to mak
ke mango grad
ding in Matlab by
anaalysis can be applied
com
mbine the digiital image proccessing and fuzzzy classification.
So this phase wiill discuss abo
out the result that
t
obtains from
thiis study. Digitaal image proceessing in Matlaab had been ussed
acttually is to ex
xtract the parrameter or atttribute of man
ngo
whhich is size, co
olor and skin in
n order to prep
pare the input for
fuzzzy
classification.

Fig.2.
F
The actuall image of mang
go

F
Fig. 2 shows one of the acttual mango sam
mple used in this
t
stuudy. The progrram is written in Matlab lan
nguage to uplo
oad
thiis image and by
b using digitall image processsing; this systtem
exttracted and calculated the size, color and sk
kin of this mang
go.

C
Color & Skin

The tthreshold doess not need to bbe sensitive in this part. In

fact, som
metimes we faace additional eedges inside thhe object and
affectedd the size neggatively. So too remove these edges and
keep thhe border, the fill method iss applied to geet the correct
size as shown in Tabble 1. For the ccolor and skin process, the
averagee from the threee color RGB ccomponents is oobtained and
based oon the number of edges we ddetermined thee skin image
as show
wn in table 1.
Thenn, in the fuzzyy classificationn part, the resuult from the
first parrt which is thee digital imagee processing iss used in the
second part, the fuzzyy logic inferencce. In this sectiion, the final
classificcation result bbased on the fuzzy logic inference is
obtainedd. The result of the manggo fuzzy classsification is
shown iin table 2.

VI. CONCLUSION
A fuuzzy image annalysis method has been pproposed for
mango quality grad ing. There arre two majorrs part that
involveed in mango ggrading. The fiirst part is a ddigital image
process ing that preppared three claassification faactors which
ment different aalgorithms andd methods andd the second
implem
part waas fuzzy classsification thatt will also eenhances the
classificcation system
m and makes it more like the human
classifieers. This studdy also will rreplace the huuman expert
burden by grading maango with this ssystem.
mented using the Matlab
The method has been implem
languagge and is suitaable for variouus fuzzy enviroonments that
involvee uncertainty. T
The main advan
antage of this m
method is the
without depending on the
used off fuzzy infereence engine w
human expert. The approximate reasoning of the method
make the best choice in
allows the decision maker to m
man thinking and reasoningg processes.
accordaance with hum
This is iimportant to ennsure the consiistency of the ddecision.
For ffurther study, we proposed an enhancemeent on other
methodds such as Neeural Networkk, K Nearest N
Neighbor in
classificcation of imagge analysis to improve gradiing accuracy
result.
A
ACKNOWLEDGM
MENT

This presented stuudy is supporteed by the Ressearch Grant

m Perlis, RMI of Uitm Perliss and FAMA
Excellennt fund of Uitm
of Perllis for their ssupport direct and indirect in order to
complette this researchh.

International Conference on Agricultural, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'2012) May 26-27, 2012 Phuket
TABLE 2
RESULT OF FUZZY CLASSIFICATION

Sample of Mango

Size

Color

Skin
90.1548

Fuzzy
Result
5.0

8.4391

10.5541

11.75

GRADE B

10.94

97.17

5.3

GRADE B

7.20

10.938

83.40

5.4

GRADE B

-9.58

10.92

112.59

4.5

GRADE C

4.63

10.94

101.09

4.7

GRADE C

8.18

10.94

112.15

5.5

GRADE B

21

Grading

International Conference on Agricultural, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'2012) May 26-27, 2012 Phuket

8.92

10.94

95.61

5.1

GRADE B

7.89

10.92

113.35

5.5

GRADE B

6.97

10.94

89.11

5.3

GRADE B

7.36

10.94

100.11

5.4

GRADE B

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Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 8, pp. 679-698, 1986
[12] LIANG-KAI HUANG and MAO-JIUN J. WANG, IMAGE
THRESHOLDING BY MINIMIZING THE
MEASURES OF FUZZINESS, Department of Industrial Engineering,
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C. Pattern
Recognition, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 41 51, 1995
[13] C. A. Murthy and S.K. Patal, ``Fuzzy thresholding : Mathematical
framework, bound functions and weighted moving average technique'',
Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 11, pp. 197-206, 1990.
[14] Ku Ruhana Ku- Mahamud & Mahmod Othman (2010), Fuzzy Subjective
Evaluation for Asia Pacific Airport Services, Journal of Information and
Communication Technology, Vol 9 p.41-57

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