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and obsidian for his needs, and grow olives and vines. Man
began to be an active partner with nature, rather than being
satisfied with finished products provided by nature.
5000 BCE - Houses divided into rooms were built, and the
earth was plowed.
4000 BCE In pottery making, the use of potter wheel was
widely adopted.
3500 BCE - Agricultural villages became cities. Man
discovered that copper can be strengthened by melting it with
tin, to create bronze, which replaced stone as the main tool for
producing vessels. Man developed the plow, and began to
specialize in his work. Sailing and trade practice began, along
with the development of mathematics and writing.
Europe
10,000 BCE Man used cereals, fruits and marine resources,
found in nature.
6500 BCE - Villages appeared in the southeastern Europe. Man
began to grow cereal and domesticate animals.
4500 BCE Man began to use copper.
4000 BCE Man began to practice agriculture. In northwestern
Europe megaliths appeared for the first time.
3500 BCE - Began the use of plow and carts.
3000 BCE - Began wool production and the domestication of
horses.
2300 BCE - Began the use of writing by the Minoans .
2000 BCE - Began the use of bronze.
100 BCE - Urban settlement began in northern Europe.
The buildings that survived from prehistoric times and are
considered architectural works were cult structures. Homes were
built with less durable materials, such as mud bricks and wood.
face with two eyes, two arms and two legs. Nose, mouth and
ears are absent from most of the reliefs. The height of these
stones, dating to 2600-1800 BCE, ranges from 0.80 meters to
4.5 meters, and their weight ranges from hundreds of kilograms
to 14 tons.
The best preserved anthropomorphic menhirs are found in
museums in France, including: Museum of Natural History in
Nmes, Montpellier Archaeological Society Museum, and Muse
Fenaille in Rodez. Scholars believe that these menhirs represent
gods or goddesses whose duty was to protect the living or the
dead.
One fascinating fact regarding megalithic monuments is
their orientation. Menhirs fields are arranged in parallel lines
from east to west ending in cromlech - a circle of stones. The
menhirs seem as if arranged according to astronomical map.
They are laid out on the axis connecting the points of sunrise
and sunset on the longest or the shortest day of the year.
The longest day, the shortest day, the spring equinox, and
the autumn equinox, divide the year into four seasons. On each
of these days were held celebrations to mark the event.
Emphasis on orientation may reflect the way God makes his way
and the direction from which he is expected to appear. Sun and
moon eclipses provided an opportunity for irregular ceremonies
marking the return of the sun or the moon, expressing death and
resurrection in nature.
The phenomenon of menhirs is not unique to the area of
Carnac. Across Europe, there are different types of rows of
stones whose number and size vary from place to place, but
because most of the stones were damaged during the Middle
Ages by builders who reused them, it is difficult to assess how
they originally looked. Most of the rows of stones are made of
was called "Hanging Stones". Some ascribe it to the fact that the
stones seem suspended. Others assume that the stones were used
for hanging criminals. Another possibility is that the source of
the name is Hengist, the name of one of two brothers who led
the first Saxons' invasion to England in the 5th century CE.
Hengist's brother was killed, and Hengist and his son conquered
the Kingdom of Kent.
In one of King Arthur's tales, Merlin, Arthur's assistant,
tells him that these stones were mysterious and could cure many
diseases. According to the same story, ancient giants carried the
stones from across Africa, brought them to Ireland, and Merlin
moved them to Stonehenge by the power of his word.