'It is more blessed to give than to receive.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG
cavity without air fluid level :
TB surrounded by infiltration
klebsiella pneumonia
emphysematous bullae
cyst(congenital-hydatid-retention)

broad superior mediastinum :

aortic aneurysm
bilateral lymphadenopathy
dermoid cyst
thymoma
retrosternal goiter

unilateral hilar opacity :

bronchogenic carcinoma
Ghon's focus
LN

WhiteKnightLove

Freely you have received; freely give.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG
bilateral hilar opacity :
TB-IMN-histoplasmosis
bronchogenic carcinoma-lymphoma-leukemic leukemia
sarcoidosis-silicosis

miliary shadow:
miliary TB
lymphangitis carcinomatosis
pneumoconiosis
sarcoidosis

apical shadow :
apical TB fibrosis
pancost tumour
klebsiella
thick pleaura

WhiteKnightLove

'It is more blessed to give than to receive.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG
ground glass appearance :
atypical pneumonia - pneumocystitis carnii - CMV
cardiogenic pul edema & ARDS
idiopathic pul fibrosis - hypersensitivity pneumonitis
atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
aspergilosis - sarcoidosis

DD of cannon balls/coin shadow :

TB
adenoma-bronchogenic carcinoma-single metastasis
lung cyst
pneumatic patch

complication of emphysema :
rupture bulla > pneumothorax
RVF
resp failure

WhiteKnightLove

Freely you have received; freely give.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG
acute pul edema :
causes > AMI - ARDS - increased ICT - contusion - pneumonia
ttt > hospitalization - siiting position - IV drugs (morphinefrusemide-Na nitroprusside-digoxin)

constrictive pericarditis :
ttt >>
ttt of cause > TB > rifampicin 10 mg/kg/day - isoniazid 10
mg/kg/day
symptomatic ttt > edema > frusemide 20-40 mg/day

multiple myeloma :
complications > anemia - bone pain and pathologic fractures renal impairment

Rheumatoid arthritis in the hand ... Mention 2

complications :
complications > carpal tunnel $ - deformities

Pneumonic patch .. Mention 2 investigations

sputum - blood culture - ABG - serology

WhiteKnightLove

'It is more blessed to give than to receive.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG

Aortic configuration ( LVE + Aortic enlargment) .. Mention

2 causes
coarcitaion of aorta - advanced HTN - aortic regurge

uni hydronephrosis , complication of used technique ( ivp ) :

allergy - renal imapirment - infection

percardial effusion... 2 causes :

trnsudate > CHF - nephrotic $ - liver cirrhosis
exudate > TB - uremia - myocardial infarction

lung abcess,ttt :
symptomatic > analgesic antipyretic - mucolytic
antibiotics > metronidazole 500 mg/8h - amoxycillin 1g/8h
drainage > postural - brnochoscopic - percutaneous
surgical lobectomy

WhiteKnightLove

Freely you have received; freely give.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG
bilateral pleural effusion .. two causes :
bilateral lung disease (e.g bilat. pneumonia)
generalized anasarca
SLE - RA

acromegaly (skull) .. two investigations :

CT - MRI skull
serum GH (normally < 5ng/ml )
glucose suppression test > fails to decrease GH level
blood chemistery > increased Ca - p - Glucose

causes of AV block:
congenital
calcific aortic stenosis
IHD
cardiomyopathy
gumma of interventricular system
digitalis , CCB , BB
1ry atrophy

WhiteKnightLove

'It is more blessed to give than to receive.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG
ttt of AF
if hemodynamically unstable > DC
if hemodynamically stable >
-conversion to sinus rythm > DC / propafenone 600 mg /
amiodaron
-control of ventricular rate > verapamil / digitalis / propranolol

ttt of flutter :
if hemodynamically unstable > DC
if hemodynamically stable >
verapamil 5-10 mg IV / digitalis / propranolol

ttt of VT :
if hemodynamically unstable > DC
if hemodynamically stable >
lidocaine 100 mg IV then 2-4 mg/min
amiodarone 150mg over 10 min
procainamide

WhiteKnightLove

Freely you have received; freely give.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG
ttt of supraventricular tachycardia :
if hemodynamically unstable > DC
if hemodynamically stable >
carotid massage .. if no response >
adenosine 6-12 mg IV
verapamil 5-20 mg IV
propranolo - digitalis - amiodarone

causes of RBBB :
RVE (ASD-PS-PH-embolism)
MI
ischemia
degenerative
normal
causes of LBBB :
LVE(HTN-AS-AR)
calcification of mitral annulus
IHD
cardiomyopathy
normal

WhiteKnightLove

'It is more blessed to give than to receive.

Mahmoud Sewilam
Clinical Pathology, X-Rays, ECG
causes of Lt atrial enlargement :
MS
MR
LVF
Lt to Rt shunt
causes of Rt ATRIAL enlargement :
TS
TR
RVF
ASD
causes of LVE :
pressure overload > HTN-AS-coarcitation of aorta
volume overload > MR-AR-VSD-PDA
causes of RVE :
pressure overload > PS-PS
volume overload > TR-ASD
complications of MI :
early > LVF-shock-MR-rupture of IV septum-pericarditistamponade-arrythmia
late > pericarditis-LV aneurysm-dressler $ -frozen shoulder

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