ECE-IV YEAR QUESTION BANK

EC2402-OPTICAL & COMMUNICATION

NETWORKING
Unit-I
PART-A
1. A silica optical fiber has a core refractive index of 1.5 and a cladding refractive
index of 1.47.Determine the acceptance angle in air for the fiber.
2. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of mono mode fiber over multi-mode
fiber.
3. A typical relative refractive index difference for an optical fiber design for long
distance transmission is 1%. Estimate the numerical aperture for the fiber,
when the core index is1.47.
4. Define group delay.
5. What is critical angle of incidence?
6. What is meant by acceptance angle? [Nov 2014]
7. What is meant by leaky modes?
8. Differentiate Monomode and multimode fibers.
9. Mention any two limitations of fiber optical communication system.
10.
What is the energy of a single photon of the light whose =1550nm,in
eV?(Nov-2011)
11.
Assume that there is a glass rod of refractive index 1.5, surrounded
by air. Find the critical incident angle. (Nov-2011)
12.

Calculate the cutoff wavelength of a single mode fiber with core radius of

4m and = 0.003[Nov 2012]

13.

For a fiber with core refractive index of 1.54 and fractional refractive

index difference of 0.01, calculate its numerical aperture[Nov 2012]

14.

Consider a parabolic index waveguide with n1 =1.75 ,n2 = 1.677 and

core radius 25 micro meter. Calculate the numerical aperture at the axis
and
15.
16.
17.
18.

at a point 20 micro meter from the axis

Define numerical aperture of a step index fiber.
Define mode-field diameter.
What is the fundamental parameter of a single mode fiber?
A step index fiber has a normalized frequency V = 26.6 at 1300

nm wavelength. If the core radius is 25 m, find the numerical

aperture.
19.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of ray optics theory?
20.
The refracting index of the core and cladding of a silicon fiber are 1.48 and
1.46 Respectively. Find the acceptance angle for the fiber.[ Nov 2013]

21. Determine the normalized frequency at 820nm for a step index fiber having
a 25 m radius. The refractive index of the core and cladding are 1.47
and 1.47 respectively.[ Nov 2013]
22. A multimode fiber has core diameter of 50 m and cladding refractive index of
1.45. If its modal dispersion is 10 ns/km, find its numerical
aperture.[May2014]
23.Distinguish meridional rays from skew rays.[May2014]
24.

Mention the advantages and disadvantages of mono mode fiber over

multi mode fiber.

25.Compare SI and GI fibers.
26.Mention the applications of optical communication.
27.What is the basic working principle in optical fiber?
28.Define Numerical aperture. [Nov 2014]
29.With diagram explain TIR.
30.Draw the diagram of single and multimode fibers.
31.Define refractive index.
32.Draw the structure of an optical fiber.
33.Draw the diagram of step index and graded index fibers.
34.Define step index and graded index fibers.
35.Define normalized frequency.
36.Define cut off wavelength.
37.Define mode coupling.
38.What is phase and group velocity?
39.What is the fundamental parameter of a single mode fiber?
40.Define hybrid modes.
41.What are linearly polarized modes? [May 2013]
42.Give the relationship between acceptance angle and numerical aperture3
43.A typical RI difference for an optical fiber for long distance transmission is
1%. Determine the NA when the core index is 1.46. Calculate the critical
angle within the fiber. [May 2012]
44.A SI fiber has a normalized frequency V=26.6 at a 1300nm wavelength. If
the core radius is 25 m. Find out numerical aperture. [May 2012]
45. For n1=1.55 and n2=1.52 . Calculate the critical angle and NA. [May 2013]
46. Contrast glass and plastic fiber cables.
47. List any two advantages of single mode fibers. [Nov 2014]
48.Calculate the critical angle of incidence between two substances with
different Refractive indices, where n1=1.5 and n2=1.46. [May 2015]
49. State Snells law. [May 2015]
PART B
1. Discuss the mode theory of circular waveguide.(10)
2. Discuss the theory of graded index fibers. Derive the expression for the
numerical aperture of the graded index fiber.(10)Compare single mode
fiber and graded index fibers. (8) [May 2015]
3. Discuss the structure of graded index fiber.(8)
4. Explain about single mode fiber in detail.(12)
5. List the advantages, drawbacks and applications of optical fiber

communications.(8)
6. Draw the elements of optical fiber optical transmission link and explain.[Nov
2013](8)
7. Compare the configurations of different types of fibers.(8)
8. Explain in detail the mode field diameter.(8)
9. Derive an expression for number of modes propagating in a graded index fiber
from the first principles.(10)
10. What is numerical aperture of an optical fiber? Deduce an expression for
the same. [Nov 2011) [10]
11. Relative refractive index ,difference between the core axis, and cladding of
graded index fiber is 0.7 % when the refractive index at the core axis is 1.45.
Estimate the value of numerical aperture of the fiber along the axis, when
the index profile is assumed to be a triangle.(8)
12. Discuss briefly about linearly polarized modes. [6]
13. Draw the structure of single and multi mode step index fibers and
graded index fibers with typical dimensions. [4]
15.A typical refractive index difference for an optical fiber designated for long
distance transmission is 1% .Determine the NA and the solid acceptance angle
in air for the fiber when the core index is 1.46.calculate the critical angle at
the core-cladding interface with in the fiber.(6)
16.Draw the structure and explain the principle of working of
(i)Single mode fiber (Step index)
(ii)Multi mode fiber (Graded index).Mention the advantages and limitations of
each category.(8) [May 2015]
17. Calculate NA of silica fiber with its core refractive index(n1) of 1.48 and
cladding refractive index of 1.46.What should be the new value of n1 in order
to change the NA to 0.23.(4) [Nov-2011]
18.Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection using snells law with
figures and calculations.(12) [Nov-2011]
19.Distinguish step-index from graded index fibers.(4) [Nov-2011]
20. Starting from the Maxwells equation, derive the expression for the
wave equation of an electromagnetic wave propagating through optical
fiber. [Nov 2012, May 2014] (16)
21.Derive the ray theory behind the optical fiber communication by total internal
reflection. State the application of Snells law in it. [Nov 2012]
22. A Si fiber with silica core refractive index of 1.458, v = 75 and NA = 0.3 is to
be operated at 820nm. What should be its core size and cladding refractive
index? Calculate the total number of modes entering this fiber. [Nov 2012]
23. Derive expression for the linearly polarized modes in optical fibers and
obtain the equation for V number. [Nov 2012]
24. Draw and explain the acceptance angle and numerical aperture of an

optical fiber and derive expressions for both.(8) [May 2012]

25. A fiber core has a radius of 25m, core RI of 1.48 and relative RI of 0.01.If the
operating wavelength is 0.84m, find the value of normalized frequency and
the number of guided modes. Determine the number of guided modes if
relative RI is reduced to 0.003. (8) [May 2012]
26.A SI fiber has a core diameter of 7m and core RI of 1.49. Estimate the
shortest wavelength of light which allows single mode operation when the
relative RI is 1%. (8) [May 2012] [Nov 2014]
27. Draw and explain the RI profile and ray transmission in SM and MM SI
fibers and GI fibers. Write the expressions for the NA and number of guided
modes for a GI fiber. (8) [May 2012]
28. Calculate the numerical apertures of fibers having n1=1.6 and n2=1.49
and another fiber having n1=1.458 and n2=1.405. Which fiber has greatest
acceptance angle.(16) [May 2013]
29.Explain the ray theory of a fiber with a special mention about TIR,
Acceptance angle and NA. (8) [May 2013]
30.Define SM fibers and their mode- field diameter. (8) [May 2013]
31.Compare the optical fiber link with satellite link.[ Nov 2013]
32.Explain the differences between meridional and skew rays.[ Nov 2013]
33.Bring out the difference between the phase and group velocities. [ Nov 2013]
34. Deduce an expression for NA of a fiber with the help of a neat figure
showing all the details.[ Nov 2013]
35.Draw and explain ray theory transmission in an optical communication.(8)
[May 2014]
36.Define the normalized frequency for an optical fiber and explain its use. (8)
[ Nov 2014]
37.Discuss on the transmission of light through graded index fiber.(8) [ Nov 2014]
38.Explain the features of multimode and single mode SI fiber and compose them.
(8) [ Nov 2014]
39.For a multimode SI fiber with glass core n1=1.5 and a fused cladding
n2=1.46. Determine the acceptance angle and NA. The source to fiber
medium is air.(6)
[May 2015]
40.Explain the ray propagation into and down an optical fiber cable. Also derive
the expression for acceptance angle. (10) [May 2015]

PART A
1. Identify the causes of scattering loss. [May 2014]
2. A fiber has an attenuation of 1.5 dB/Km at 1300nm. If 0.5 mW of optical power
is initially launched into the fiber, what is the power level in microwatts after
9Km. [May 2014]
3. A continuous 12kms long optical fiber has a loss of 1.5 db/km. what is the
minimum optical power that must be launched in to the fiber to maintain an
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

optical power level of 0.3 micro watt at a receiving end? [Nov 2013]
Define dispersion in multimode fibers. What is its effect? [Nov 2013]
What is Rayleigh scattering? [May 2013]
What is meant by mechanical splice? [May 2013]
What are the two reasons for chromatic dispersion? [Nov 2012]
What are the most important non-linear effects of optical fiber

communication? [Nov 2012]

9. What factors cause Rayleigh scattering in optical fibers? [May 2012]
10. A 30Km long optical fiber has an attenuation of 0.8 dB/Km. If -7dBm of optical
power is launched into the fiber, determine the output optical power in dBm.
[May 2012]
11.
Define the attenuation coefficient of a fiber. [Nov 2011]
12. Calculate the cut- off wavelength of an optical signal through a fiber with its
core refractive index of 1.50 and that of cladding of 1.46. The core radius is 25
m. The normalized frequency is 2.405. [Nov 2011]
13.
What are the causes of absorption?
14.
What are the causes of mode coupling?
15.
Mention the two causes of intramodal dispersion.
16.
Define fiber loss.
17.
What is intermodal dispersion?
18.
What is meant by microbending loss? How it can be overcomed?
19.
What is meant by material dispersion and wave guide dispersion?
20.
Differentiate group velocity and phase velocity.
21.
What is meant by intrinsic and extrinsic absorption?
22.
What do you mean by polarization mode dispersion?
23.
Distinguish dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers.
24.
What is inter-modal dispersion. What does it cause?
25.
A multimode graded index fibre exhibit total pulse broadening 0.1us
over a distance of 15 kms. Estimate the maximum possible bandwidth on
the link assuming, RZ coding without ISI.
26.
Define dispersion.
27.
What do you mean by group velocity?

28. Define normalized propagation constant.

29. Compare SBS and SRS.
30. What is bandwidth distance product?
31. What is polarization?
32. What is PMD?
33. What is fiber beat length?
34. Write the types of polarization maintaining fibers.
35. What is GVD?
36. How to reduce Mie scattering?
37. How to reduce microbend and macrobend losses?
38. What is signal attenuation? [May 2015]
39. What are the types of absorption loss and why it occurs?
40. Give the types of linear and non linear scattering loss.
41. What is coupling efficiency?
42. Mention any four factors which affect the power launched into the fiber.
43. Define Fresnel reflection.
44. List the various types of misalignment which may occurs when joining optical
fibers.
45. Name the factors which are responsible for fiber to fiber coupling loss.
46. What is splicing? Give its advantages.
47. Mention the names of different splicing techniques.
48. What is fusion splicing?
49. What is mechanical splicing?
50. What are connectors?
51. Write the requirements of a good connector.
52. What is expanded beam connector?
53. What is an fiber coupler?
54. Give the examples of multiport optical couplers.
55. Write the applications of fiber coupler.
56.
What are the types of fiber losses which are given per unit distance? [ Nov
2014]
57.

List the factors that cause intrinsic joint losses in a fiber. [ Nov 2014]

58.What are bending losses? Name any two types. [ May 2015]

PART B
1. Explain the attenuation and losses in fiber. (16) [May 2014] [May 2015]
2. With diagram, explain intra and inter modal dispersion. (16) [May 2014]
3. Discuss the attenuation encountered in optical fiber communication due to
(i)Bending (ii)scattering (iii)Absorption.(12) [Nov 2013]
4. Calculate the maximum transmission distance for the fiber link with an
attenuation of 0.2 db/km. if the power is launched in 1mw and the receiver
sensitivity is 50 micro meter. Calculate the attenuation for other link with some
parameter and the distance of 26 kms.(4) [Nov 2013]
5. Clearly bring out the difference between intra and inter modal dispersion.(12)
[Nov 2013]
6. Find the maximum bit rate for the fiber link of 5kms. The numerical aperture is
0.25 and the refractive index is 1.48. (4) [Nov 2013]

7. Derive the expressions for material dispersion and wave guide dispersion and
explain them. (8) [May 2013]

8. Describe the various types of fiber connectors and couplers. (8) [May 2013]
9. Explain fiber alignment and joint losses. (6) [May 2013, 2012]
10.
Describe various fiber splicing techniques with neat diagrams. (10) [May
2013,15]
11. Describe the linear and non-linear scattering losses in optical fibers.
(8) [Nov 2012]
12. An LED operating at 850nm has a spectral width of 45mm. What is the
pulse spreading in ns/km due to material dispersion? What is the pulse
spreading when a laser diode having a 2nm spectral width is used? (8) (4)
[Nov 2012, Nov 2011]
13. Draw and explain the various fiber alignment and joint losses.(8) [Nov 2012]
14. Write notes on fiber splices and connectors. (8) [Nov 2012]
15. Explain the following with necessary diagrams and expressions
i) Non linear scattering loss and fiber bend loss. (10)
ii)Material dispersion in optical fiber. (6) [May 2012]
16. Explain mechanical splices with neat diagrams. (8) [May 2012]
17. What do you mean by pulse broadening? Explain its effects on
information carrying capacity of a fiber. (12) [Nov 2011]
18. What is meant by fiber splicing? Explain fusion splicing of optical fibers.
(8) [Nov 2011]
19. Explain expanded beam connectors with neat diagram. (8) [Nov 2011]
20. What is meant by material dispersion? Derive the expression for it.
21. Discuss the various kinds of losses that an optical signal might suffer
while propagating through a fiber. Which is most important one? What is the
effect of these losses on light power and pulse shape?
22. What is meant by waveguide dispersion ? Derive the expression for the same.
23. Derive the expression for pulse broadening due to material dispersion.
24. Discuss the signal distortion in single mode fiber.
25. Explain the attenuation mechanisms in Optical fibers.
26. A 6 km optical link consisting of multimode step index fiber, with a core
refractive index of 1.5 and the relative refractive index difference of 1%.
Estimate the delay difference between the slowest and fastest modes at the
fiber output, and the RMS pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion on
the link.
27. Explain the following with reference to signal degradation in optical
fibers (i)Bending Losses (ii) Types of Dispersion. Draw appropriate
diagrams.
28. Explain the various types of mechanical misalignment.
29. Explain about PMD in detail.
30. Explain about mechanical splicing.
31. Explain about various types of fiber connectors in detail.
32. Explain in detail about fiber couplers.
33.
What is meant by critical bending radius of optical fibers? Explain. (8) [Nov
2014]
34. Explain the following in SMF- Modal birefringence, beat length. (8) [Nov 2014]

35.

Describe the three types of fiber misalignment that contribute to insertion

loss at
an optical fiber joint. (8) [Nov 2014]
36. What are the primary requirements of a good fiber connector design? (6)
[May 2015]
37. Outline the major categories of multi port fiber optic coupler.(8) [Nov
2014]

PART A
1. If the absorption coefficient of silicon is 0.05m-1at 860nm, find the penetration
depth at which P(x)/Pin =0.368. (May 2014)
2. Define the internal quantum efficiency of LED. (May 2014)
3. Write two differences between LED and Laser. (Nov 2013)
4. For a photodiode define quantum efficiency and responsivity. (Nov 2013)
5. Calculate the band gap energy for an LED to emit 850nm. (May 2013)
6. Define Detector response time. (May 2013)
7. Compare and contrast between surface and edge emitting LEDs. (Nov 2012)
8. What is the significance of intrinsic layer in PIN diodes? (Nov 2012)
9. What are the advantages of LED? (May 2012)
10. Photons of energy 1.53*10-19 J are incident on a photodiode which has a
responsivity of 0.65 A/W. If the optical power level is 10W, find the photocurrent
generated. (May 2012)
11. Calculate the external differential quantum efficiency of a laser diode operating
at 1.33nm.The slope of the straight line portion of the curve for the emitted
optical power P versus drive current I is given by 115 mW/mA. (Nov 2011)
12.

Define quantum efficiency of a photo detector and write the expression.(Nov 2011)

13.Define Radiance.
14.What is meant by hetero junction?
15.Give examples for direct and indirect semiconductor materials.
16.Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rate to the spontaneous emission rate
for a lamp operating at a temperature of 100 K. Assume average operating
wavelength is 0.5 micro meter.
17.What is meant by population inversion?
18.What is meant by indirect band gap semiconductor material?
19.Compare LED and LASER .
20.What is internal quantum efficiency of a LED? [Nov 2014]
21.What is external quantum efficiency?
22.What is meant by heterojunction? Mention its advantages.
23.Distinguish direct and indirect band gap materials.
24.Why silicon is not used to fabricate LED and Laser diode.[Nov-2011]
25.Draw the three key transition process involved in laser action.
26.
What is active or recombination region?
27.Why is carrier and optical confinement important in LED?
28.What is radiance or brightness?
29.
Mention the drawbacks of LED.

30.What is emission response time?

31.Define SLED and ELED.
32.Mention the advantages of ELED over SLED.
33.Compare homojunction and heterojunction laser.
34.What is gain guided and index guided lasers?
35.
Define lasing.
36.What are single mode lasers?
37.What is positive and negative index lasers?
38.What are the four fundamental structures used for index guided lasers?
39.Define longitudinal, lateral and transverse modes in lasers.
40.Define multimode lasers.
41.What is corrugated grating?
42.
Define external quantum efficiency of laser.
43.Mention laser configurations using frequency selective reflector.
44.What are the major requirements of photo detectors?
45.Why photo detectors are most widely used in fiber optic system?
46.What is impact ionization in APD?
47.Define responsivity.
48.What is avalanche effect?
49.Compare Pin and APD.
50.
Mention the drawbacks of APD. [Nov 2014]
51.What are the factors on which response time depends?
52.What is the transit time of photo carriers?
53.What is quantum noise?
54.Define photodiode dark current.
55.Define dark and surface leakage currents.
56.Define photocurrent.
57.What is carrier life time?
58.Define rise and fall time.
59.Write a note on avalanche multiplication.
60.What is P+Pn+ reach through structure?
61.Define power-bandwidth product. [May 2015]
62.Contrast the advantages of PIN diode with APD diode. [May 2015]

PART B
1. With diagram explain surface and edge emitters of LED structures. (16)
(May 2014,13,12)
2. Draw and compare the construction and characteristics of PIN and APD. (16)
(May 2014)
3. Explain the working of Hetero structure LED. (10) (Nov 2013) (May 2015)

4. Define internal quantum efficiency and deduce the expression for the same.(6)
(Nov 2013)
5. What do you understand by optical wave confinement and current confinement in
LASER diode? Explain with suitable structures.(10) (Nov 2013)
6. Briefly explain the different noise sources of a photo detector. (6) (Nov 2013,14)
7. Draw the injection laser diode structure and explain lasing in it.(8)(May 2013)
8. Draw the structures of PIN and APD photo detectors and explain their operation.(8)
(May 2013)

9. Derive expressions for the SNR of both PIN and APD by incorporating all noise
sources. (8) (May 2013)
10. Draw and explain the structure of Fabry-Perot resonator cavity for a laser
diode. Derive laser diode rate equations.(16) (Nov 2012)
11. Draw the structure and electric fields in the APD and explain its working.(8)
(Nov 2012)
12. What are the three factors that decides the response time of photodiodes?
Explain them in detail with necessary sketches.(8) (Nov 2012)
13. Explain any two injection laser structures with neat diagrams.(8) (May 2012)
14. Explain the operation of APD with neat diagram. (8) (May 2012, Nov 2011)
15. A silicon PIN photodiode incorporated into an optical receiver has a quantum
efficiency of 60% when operating at a wavelength of 0.9m.The dark current in the
device is 3nA and the load resistance is 4K. The incident optical power is 200nW
and the post detection BW of the receiver is 5MHz. Calculate the RMS shot noise
and thermal noise currents generated. (8) (May 2012)
16. Compare LED with a LASER diode.(4) (Nov 2011,14)
17. With the help of a neat diagram explain the construction and working of SLED.
(12)
(Nov 2011)
18. Define S/N ratio of a photo detector. What conditions should be met to achieve
a high SNR? (4) (Nov 2011)
19. Discuss the LASER diode principle. modes and threshold conditions.
20. Discuss the laser diode structures and radiation patterns.
21. Explain about index guided laser structure with neat diagrams.
22. Discuss about different types of laser configurations using frequency
selective reflector.
23. Explain about detector response time in detail. (Nov 2014)(May 2015)
24. Explain the following term relating to PIN photodiode with proper expressions
i) Cut-off wavelength ii) Quantum efficiency iii) Responsivity.
25. Compare the performance of PIN and APD diode.
26. Describe the operation of a injection laser. (10) (Nov 2014)
27. Derive an expression for the quantum efficiency of a double hetrostructure LED.(8) (May 2015)
28. Derive an expression for the mean square photo detector noise current. (8)
(May 2015)
29. A photo diode is constructed of Ga As which has a band gap energy of 1.43 ev
at 300K. Find the long wavelength cut-off. (May 2015)

PART A
1.What are the receiver error sources? (May 2014, 13, 12, Nov 2012, 11)
2. Describe the term Quantum limit. (May 2014, 13)
3.A digital fiber optical link operating at 1310 nm, requires a maximum BER of 10-8 .
Calculate the required average photons per pulse. (Nov 2013)
4. The photo detector output in a cutback attenuation setup is 3.3 V at the Far end of
the fiber. After cutting the fiber at the near end, 5m from the Far end, photo
detector output read was 3.92 V. What is the attenuation of the fiber in dB/km?
(Nov 2013)
5. What is dark current? (Nov 2012)
6. What are the methods used to measure fiber refractive index profile?
7. What is bit period?
8. Define internal noise and its types.
9. Define BER.[May 2015]
10. What is ISI?
11. What do you mean by excess noise factor?
12. Define threshold level.
13. Write the functions of optical receivers.
14. What is noise?
15. What are the stages available in an optical receiver?
16. Define an equalizer.
17. How to evaluate a digital receiver performance?
18. What is the need for fiber attenuation measurement techniques?
19. Mention the different techniques used for determining attenuation in fibers.
20. What are the drawbacks of dispersion?
21. How to measure the dispersion in optic fiber?
22. Define 3-dB optical BW.
23. Write the importance of the refractive index profile measurements.
24. Mention the different techniques used for refractive index profile measurements.
25. What are the common methods used for determination of fiber NA?
26. Write the expression for attenuation.
27. What are the benefits of a trans-impedance amplifier? [May 2015]
28. Name the types of preamplifiers.
29. Draw the block diagram of fiber optic receiver.
30. Define shot noise.

31. Define thermal noise.

32. Mention the advantages of using transimpedance front end receiver
configuration. [Nov 2014]
33.State the significance of maintaining the fiber outer diameter constant. [Nov 2014]

PART B
1.

With suitable diagram explain optical receiver operation and its performance. (16)
(May 2014,15)( Nov 2014)
2. Describe the dispersion and numerical aperture measurements of fibers. (16)
(May 2014)
3. Explain any two types of preamplifiers used in a receiver. (12) (Nov 2013)
4. Define the terms Quantum limit and probability of error with respect to
a receiver with typical values. (4) (Nov 2013)
5. Explain the insertion loss method used for attenuation measurements. (8)
(Nov 2013)
6. Explain the technique used in Frequency domain intermodal dispersion
measurements. (8) (Nov 2013)[May 2015]
7. What are the various types of Preamplifiers available for optical networks?
Explain any three of them with their circuit diagrams. (16) (May 2013)
8. Write detailed notes on the following:
i) Fiber RI profile measurements
ii)Fiber cut off wavelength measurements. (16) (May 2013, Nov 2012)
9. Draw the front end optical amplifiers and explain. (8) (Nov 2012)
10.
Considering the probability distributions for received logic 0 and 1 signal
pulses Derive the expressions for BER and error function. (8) (Nov 2012)
11.
Discuss the noise and disturbances affecting the optical detection systems.
(6)
(May 2012)
12.

Draw and explain the operation of high impedance FET

and BJT preamplifiers.(10) (May 2012)

13.
Explain the following measurements:
i) Attenuation measurement using cut back techniques.
ii)Frequency domain measurement of fiber dispersion. (16) (May 2012)
14.Explain the fiber optic receiver operation using a simple model and its
equivalent circuit. (8) (Nov 2011)
15. Explain the operation of a preamplifier built using a FET. (8) (Nov 2011)
16. Explain the measurement technique used in the case of
i) Numerical aperture ii) RI profile iii) Fiber cut off wavelength
iv) Fiber Diameter. (16) (Nov 2011,14)
17. Discuss about Digital signal transmission with neat diagrams.
18. Explain in detail about error sources.
19. Explain the various attenuation measurement techniques in detail.[May 2015]

20. Explain Time domain measurement of fiber dispersion.

21. A digital fiber optic link operating at 850nm requires a maximum BER of 10-9.
Find the quantum limit in terms of the quantum efficiency of the detector and
the energy of the incident photon.(6) [May 2015]

PART A
1. List out the benefits of SONET over PDH networks. (May 2014)
2. Give the significance of solitons. (May 2014)
3. Obtain the transmission bit rate of the basic SONET frame in Mbps. (Nov 2013)
4. Illustrate interchannel crosstalk that occurs in a WDM system. (Nov 2013)
5. What is a broadcast and select network? (May 2013)
6. What is a soliton? (May 2013,15) [Nov 2014]
7. What were the problems associated with PDH networks? (Nov 2012)
8. Enumerate the various SONET/SDH layers. (Nov 2012)
9. Write the functions of transport and path overhead. (May 2012)
10. What are the drawbacks of broadcast and select networks for WAN applications?
(May 2012)
11. What are the three common topologies used for optical network? Give
the schematic of any one network. (Nov 2011)
12. Calculate the number of independent signals that can be sent on a single fiber
in the 1525-1565 nm band. Take the spectral spacing as per ITU-T
recommendation G.692. (Nov 2011)
13. Write the basic concept of Soliton generation.
14. What is WDM?
15. What is SONET? Mention the features.[May 2015]
16. What is the basic line rate and data rate of SONET and SDH?
17. Draw the frame format of STS-1 SONET frame.
18. What are the basic requirements of an Optical amplifier?
19. What is Erbium doped fiber amplifier?
20. What are the advantages of WDM?
21. Distinguish fundamental and higher order solitons.
22. Compare doped fiber amplifier and conventional repeaters.
23. Write the principle of operation of EDFA.
24. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wavelength routing networks?
25. Distinguish between limited and full wavelength conversion.
26. Why is wavelength stabilization an important issue in WDM optical networks?
27. Define cross talk.
28. What is mean by intra and interchannel cross talk?
29. List the various non linear effects on network performance.
30. What is CPM?
31. Define four wave mixing.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.

Define SRS and SBS.

What is frequency chirping?
List any two soliton parameters with its equation.
What are the types of WDM?
What is optical CDMA?
What is ultra high capacity networks?
Give the types of ultra high capacity networks.
Define SPM.
Write a short notes on topology.
Define router.
What is an optical network?
What ate the advantages of optical network?
What is switching?
Differentiate active and passive coupler.
What is the function of line layer?
What is the function of path and section layer?
Write the applications of SONET/SDH network.
Differentiate unidirectional and bidirectional rings.
What is the difference between SONET & SDH.
Why SONET/SDH rings are called self healing rings?
Write the features/concepts of WDM. [Nov 2014]
What is single hop and multi hop network?
Write the advantages and disadvantages of single hop network.

PART B
1. Explain SONET layers and frame structure with diagram. (May 2014)
2. With suitable example, explain the conditions and constraints in the formulation
and solution of routing and wavelength assignment problem in an optimal way.
(May 2014)
3. What is the four fiber BLSR ring in a SONET? Explain the reconfiguration of the
same during node or fiber. (Nov 2013)
4. What is the broad cast and select multi hop network? Explain. (Nov 2013)
5. Explain the following requirement for the design of an optically amplified WDM
link:

(i) Link Bandwidth

(ii) Optical power requirement for a specific BER. (Nov 2013)
6. Write notes on solitons.( Nov 2013)
7. Explain the SA/SA protocol and modified SA/SA protocol of Broadcast and select
Networks. (May 2013)
8. What are the non linear effects on network performance? Explain them briefly.
(May 2013,15,Nov2012)
9. Explain the layered architecture of SONET/SDH with neat diagram. (May 2013)
10. Write a detailed notes on optical CDMA and its applications.
(May 2013,12,Nov2012,11)
11. Discuss the concepts of MAC protocols in Broadcast and select networks.
(Nov 2012)
12.
Explain the principles of solitons and discuss the soliton parameters
with necessary expressions and diagrams. (May 2012)
13.
Write short notes on WDM and EDFA system performance. (May 2012)

14. Explain the architecture of SONET and discuss the non linear effects on
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

network Performance. (Nov 2011)

Write short notes on ultra high capacity networks. [Nov 2014] [May 2015
Write short notes on i)Bit interleaved optical TDM ii) Time slotted optical TDM.
Write short notes on single and Multi hop broadcast and select networks.
Explain operation of WDM with neat diagrams. [Nov 2014] [May 2015]
Discuss about Shuffle net multihop networks with neat diagrams.
Explain in detail about the network topologies with neat diagrams.
Explain SONET transmission formats and speeds.
Explain in detail about SONET rings.
Explain in detail about SONET/SDH networks.