Acknowledgement

The successful completion of this report is made possible with the help and guidance received
from various quarters. We would like to avail this opportunity to express our sincere thanks
and gratitude to all of them.
We are deeply indebted to our guide, Ms. D.LEELA RANI, M.Tech.,(Ph.D.),
Associate Professor, Department of ECE. We are really fortunate to associate ourselves
with such an advising and helping guide in every possible way at all stages providing time
and amenities to complete this Mini Project.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. P.V.RAMANA, M.Tech., (Ph.D.),
Head of the Department, ECE for his moral support and valuable advices during this Mini
Project work and the course.
We thank our Principal, Dr. P.C. KRISHNAMACHARY, M.E., Ph.D., for
supporting us in completion of this Mini Project work successfully providing the facilities.
We are very much thankful to all the faculty members of the ECE department for their
good wishes and value based imparting of the theory and practical subjects, which we have
put to use in Mini Project report.
Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to specially thank our parents for their
kind help, encouragement and moral support.
E.HARESH 12121A0422
A.SWATHI 12121A0401
D.LEELADRI 12121A0420
C.BHARGAVA REDDY 12121A0413

Declaration
We hereby declare that Mini Project report entitled UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT
DISTANCE LOCATOR being submitted by us for award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University Anantapur, Anantapur is a bonafide record of the SREE VIDYANIKETHAN
ENGINEERING COLLEGE and has not been submitted to any other courses or university
for award of any degree.

E.HARESH 12121A0422
A.SWATHI 12121A0401
D.LEELADRI 12121A0420
C.BHARGAVA REDDY 12121A0413

Abstract
The work is intended to detect the location of a fault in underground cable lines from the base
station in kilometers. In the urban areas, the electrical cables run underground instead of
running overhead. Whenever any fault occurs within the underground cable, it becomes
difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for the process of repairing that particular
cable. The proposed system finds the point of the exact location of the fault.
The system uses the standard concept of Ohms law, i.e., when a low DC voltage is
applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then the current would vary
depending upon the location of the short circuit fault in the cable. This system uses a
microcontroller of the 8051 family and a rectified power supply. Here, the current sensing
circuit in combination with the resistors is interfaced to the microcontroller with the help of
an ADC device for representing the cable length in Km. The fault creation is made by a set of
switches. The relays are controlled by a relay driver IC, which is used to check the cable line.
The 16x2 LCD display connected to the microcontroller is used to display the information.
In case of a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across the series resistors
changes accordingly. It is then fed to an ADC to develop the precise digital data which is
directed to the programmed microcontroller of the 8051 family in order to display the same in
kilometers. The work in future can be implemented by using a capacitor in an AC circuit to
measure the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable.

List of Contents
Page no.

Chapter 1

Acknowledgement

ii

Abstract

iv

List of Figures

vii

List of Tables

viii

Introduction

01

1.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems

01

Chapter 2

Block Diagram

04

Chapter 3

Hardware Requirements

05

3.1 Transformer

05

3.2 Voltage Regulator

Chapter 4

07

3.3 Rectifier

08

3.4 Filter

09

3.5 Microcontroller

10

3.6 Liquid Crystal Display

16

3.7 Analog to Digital Convertor

18

3.8 ULN2003

20

3.9 Relay

23

3.10 Diodes

25

3.11 Resistors

26

3.12 Capacitors

28

Software Requirements

33

4.1 Introduction to Keil Micro Vision

33

4.2 Concept of Complier

33

4.3 Concept of Cross Complier

34

4.4 Keil C Cross Complier

34

4.5 Building an Application in Vision2

34

4.6 Creating Own Application in Vision2

34

4.7 Debugging an Application in Vision2

35

4.8 Starting Vision2 and Creating a Project

35

4.9 Window - Files

35

Chapter 5

4.10 Building Projects and Creating a HEX file

35

4.11 CPU simulation

36

4.12 Database Selection

36

4.13 Start Debugging

36

4.14 Disassembly Window

36

4.15 Embedded C

37

Schematic Diagram and Operation

38

5.1 Schematic Diagram

38

5.2 Operation of the Circuit

39

Chapter 6

Layout Diagram

42

Chapter 7

Algorithm and Flowchart

43

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

7.1 Algorithm of the Embedded System

43

7.2 Flowchart of the Embedded System

44

Coding

45

8.1 Compiler

45

8.2 Source Code

52

Hardware Testing

58

9.1 Continuity Test

58

9.2 Power on Test

58

Result

60

Conclusion

61

Future Scope

62

References

63

List of Figures
Name of the Figure

Page no.

Figure 1.1

Embedded System design calls

01

Figure 1.2

V Diagram

02

Figure 2.1

Block Diagram

04

Figure 3.1

A Typical Transformer

05

Figure 3.2

Ideal Transformer as a Circuit Element

06

Figure 3.3

Voltage Regulator 7805

07

Figure 3.4

Block diagram of Voltage Regulator

08

Figure 3.5

Bridge Rectifier

09

Figure 3.6

Bridge Rectifier with Filter

09

Figure 3.7

Block Diagram of AT89S52

11

Figure 3.8

Pin Diagram of AT89S52

13

Figure 3.9

Oscillator Connections

15

Figure 3.10

External Clock Drive Configuration

16

Figure 3.11

Liquid Crystal Display

17

Figure 3.12

44780 LCD Background

17

Figure 3.13

Pin Configuration of ADC0804

19

Figure 3.14

Pin Diagram of ULN2003

20

Figure 3.15

Diagram of ULN2003

21

Figure 3.16

Schematics of Darlingtons Pair

21

Figure 3.17

Darlington Pair

22

Figure 3.18

Different Types of Relays

23

Figure 3.19

Relay showing coil and switch contacts

23

Figure 3.20

1N4007 diodes

25

Figure 3.21

PN Junction Diode operation

25

Figure 3.22

Different Types of Capacitors

29

Figure 3.23

Existence of Electric Field between plates of a Capacitor

30

Figure 5.1

Schematic Diagram

38

Figure 5.2

Connections between Relay and ULN2003

40

Figure 6.1

Layout Diagram

42

Figure 7.1

Flow Chart of the Embedded System

44

List of Tables
Name of the Table

Page no.

Table 3.1

Ratings of the Voltage Regulator

08

Table 10.1

ADC output for various distances of Fault

60