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El nivel es una variable muy importante en los procesos ya que est vinculada
a la operacin del equipo, al inventario, etc. Lo ms comn es designar con
nivel a la posicin de la interfase lquido gas o slido-gas. Pero tambin se
suele medir y controlar la interfase lquido-lquido y lquido slido.
In industry, liquids such as water, chemicals, and solvents are used in various
processes. The amount of such liquid stored can be found by measuring level
of the liquid in a container or vessel. The level affects not only the quantity
delivered but also pressure and rate of flow in and out of the container.
Level sensors detect the level of substances like liquids, slurries, granular
materials, and powders. The substance to be measured can be inside a
container or can be in its natural form (e.g. a river or a lake). The level
measurement can be either continuous or point values.
No existe algo as como un medidor universal que sea aplicable a todos (o la
mayora) de los casos. Cada situacin debe ser cuidadosamente analizada, ya
que existe un sinnmero de condiciones a tener en cuenta como tipo de slidos
o fluido, agresividad fsica o qumica, existencia de espuma, ngulos de talud
en slidos, etc.
En la actualidad existe una gama enorme de tecnologas de medicin de nivel.
Se comentan algunas de las tecnologas ms comunes para la medicin
continua de nivel.
Continuous level sensors measure the level to determine the exact amount
of substance in a continuous manner.
Point-level sensors indicate whether the substance is above or below the
sensing point. This is essential to avoid overflow or emptying of tanks and to
protect pumps from dry run.
MEDIDOR DE CAPACITANCIA
Las sondas de deteccin de nivel de capacitancia/admitancia RF se pueden
usar para deteccin de nivel para en depsitos, silos y tanques, de manera
continua. Son aplicables en toda la industria, tanto en lquidos como en slidos,
pero principalmente en lquidos. Estn diseado para soportar altas presiones
como altas temperaturas y materiales custicos.
Algunos elementos que pueden ser detectados por estos sensores son:
Slidos: madera, cermica, vidrio, apilamientos de papel, plstico, piedra,
goma, hielo, materiales no frricos, y materias vegetales.
Lquidos: agua, aceite, adhesivo y pinturas.
Granulados: granulados plsticos, semillas, alimentos, y sal.
Polvos: tintas, polvo de jabn, arena, cemento, fertilizantes, azcar, harina y
caf.
PRINCIPIO CONDENSADOR:
La carga elctrica puede ser acumulado y almacenado temporalmente en un
condensador. Los condensadores tienen energa en forma de cargas positivas y
negativas en las placas de dos conductores que estn separados por una
resistencia. Se forma un campo entre estos elementos, y puede mantener una
carga. Este cargo puede luego ser puesto en libertad. Los condensadores no
son tan tiles para el almacenamiento de energa a largo plazo como son las
bateras pero son capaces de descargar la energa almacenada mucho ms
rpidamente, hacindolos tiles para ciertas aplicaciones que exigen dicha
descarga rpida, pero tambin potencialmente peligroso.
La capacidad de un condensador de acumular una carga elctrica se
denomina su capacitancia, y es este valor que se mide por un medidor de
capacitancia.
El mtodo ms simple de la medicin consiste en aplicar una corriente elctrica
a un condensador descargado, y medir entonces la velocidad a la que la
tensin en los cambios de condensadores. Con una entrada conocida, este
proceso puede ser utilizado para determinar la capacitancia de los
condensadores relativamente grandes con una corriente de prueba pequea.
Una corriente alterna a una tensin constante puede ser utilizado para fines de
prueba tambin.
Los condensadores se fabrican en una amplia variedad de tamaos. Los
modelos grandes utilizados en la transmisin de energa pueden contener
muchos rdenes de magnitud ms energa elctrica que los extremadamente
VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS
Advantages of Capacitive level measurement:
1. Relatively inexpensive
2. Versatile
3. Reliable
4. Requires minimal maintenance
5.
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Applications:
Capacitance Level Probes are used for measuring level of
1. Liquids
2. Powered and granular solids
3. Liquid metals at very high temperature
4. Liquefied gases at very low temperature
5. Corrosive materials like hydrofluoric acid
6. Very high pressure industrial processes.
Disadvantages:
Light density materials under 20 lb/ft3 and materials with particle sizes
exceeding in. in diameter can be a problem due to their very low dielectric
constants (caused by the large amount of air space between particles)
CONSTANTES DIELECTRICAS
The technique is frequently referred as RF as radio frequency signals applied
to the capacitance circuit.
The sensors can be designed to sense material with dielectric constants as low
as 1.1 (coke and fly ash) and as high as 88 (water) or more.
Sludges and slurries such as dehydrated cake and sewage slurry (dielectric
constant approx. 50) and liquid chemicals such as quicklime (dielectric
constant approx. 90) can also be sensed. Dual-probe capacitance level
sensors can also be used to sense the interface between two immiscible liquids
with substantially different dielectric constants.
Working Principle:
The principle of capacitive level measurement is based on change of
capacitance. An insulated electrode acts as one plate of capacitor and the tank
wall (or reference electrode in a non-metallic vessel) acts as the other plate.
The capacitance depends on the fluid level. An empty tank has a lower
capacitance while a filled tank has a higher capacitance.
A simple capacitor consists of two electrode plate separated by a small
thickness of an insulator such as solid, liquid, gas, or vacuum. This insulator is
also called as dielectric.
Value of C depends on dielectric used, area of the plate and also distance
between the plates.
Where:
C = capacitance in picofarads (pF)
E = a constant known as the absolute permittivity of free space
K = relative dielectric constant of the insulating material
A = effective area of the conductors
The RF signal results in a very low current flow through the dielectric process
material in the tank from the probe to the vessel wall. When the level in the
tank drops, the dielectric constant drops causing a drop in the capacitance
reading and a minute drop in current flow.
This change is detected by the level switchs internal circuitry and translated
into a change in the relay state of the level switch in case of point level
detection.
In the case of continuous level detectors, the output is not a relay state, but a
scaled analog signal.
Level Measurement can be divided into three categories:
Non-contact measurement
Non-conducting material:
For measuring level of non conducting liquids, bare probe arrangement is used
as liquid resistance is sufficiently high to make it dielectric. Since the electrode
and tank are fixed in place, the distance (d) is constant, capacitance is directly
proportional to the level of the material acting as dielectric.
Se emplea un electrodo normal y la capacidad total del sistema se compone
de la del lquido, la del gas superior y la de las conexiones superiores.
Conducting Material:
In conducting liquids, the probe plates are insulated using thin coating of glass
or plastic to avoid short circuiting. The conductive material acts as the ground
plate of the capacitor.
Con una conductividad mnima de 100 /cc el electrodo se asla, usualmente
con tefln, interviniendo las capacidades adicionales entre el material aislante
y el electrodo en la zona del lquido y del gas, y se debe aadir entonces la
capacitancia del dielctrico formado por el aislante.
Proximity level measurement does not produce a linear output and are used
when the level varies by several inches.
Permitividad
MODELOS
MATEMATICOS
Cylindrical tubes
CAMBO DE CAPACITANCIA
ELECTRODOS
PRECISION: