Revision Class (Week 1) Exponentials, logs and hyperbolic functions p1

Guided Practice Class 1

Mathematics Problem Class 1: Exponentials, logs and hyperbolic functions
Section A: warm-up
A1. Multiple choice exponents example sheet
1.

eaeb

= eab

e a + eb

ea+b

ea/b

2.

eo

= e

2.718

3.

e3
e2

= e

e3/2

e3- e 2

4. (x1/6)3

= 3x1/6

x1/2

x1/18

5. x-3

= -x3

x1/3

1
x

1
x3

= 1

x1/2

x/2

7. 210

= 32

1024

ca. 106

20

8. (x4)1/2

= x2

x42

1
x8

1 4
x
2

10

2.718

6.

9.

10. 10

= 10

Answers
1. ea+b 2. 1 3. e 4. x1/2 or

x 5. 1/x3

6. x1/2 7. 1024 8. x2 9. 2.718 10. 1

Revision Class (Week 1) Exponentials, logs and hyperbolic functions p2

A2. Multiple choice logarithms example sheet.

1. loge e

2. log5 1

3. loge e2

2 loge e

loge2

1/e

log e e3
log e e

loge(e3- e)

cannot be
simplified

5. log8 64

log4 (28)

log4 16

log64 8

6. loge x

log10 x
log10 e

2.303 log10 x

log10x

7. 2 loge x

loge 2x

loge x2

loge x/2

8. loge x - loge y =

loge (x-y)

loge (xy)

loge (x/y)

cannot be
simplified

9. loge 0

undefined

10. loge (-1)

-1

undefined

4.

A3.
If N = No et and t = td when N = 2No, show that td =

0. 693

Answers
1. 1 2. 0 3. 2 loge e = 2 4. 3 5. log4 16
log10 x
= 2.303 log10 x 7. log e x 2 8. log e ( x / y) 9. -
6.
log10 e

10. undefined.

Revision Class (Week 1) Exponentials, logs and hyperbolic functions p3

Section B: Logarithms and hyperbolic functions

B.1. Solve the following equations for x
2

(a) logx(5) = 2 (b) log2(x2 + 2x) = 3 (c) 3x 1 = 27

[verify your solution by back-substitution]

B.2. Exponential function (Singh)

The velocity v of a train moving along a straight track is given by
v = 20 1 e t
Sketch the graph of v against t for t 0.
What is the value of v for very large t?

B.3. Logarithms, transposition

It is often necessary to model heat transfer across a pipe wall, for example in a
furnace or heat exchanger. In such a model, the temperatures of a pipe wall
were called 1 and 2, at the inner radius r1 and the outer radius r2 respectively.
It was shown that 1 and 2 are given by
Q
Q
1 =
ln(r1 ) and 2 =
ln(r2 )
2kL
2kL
where Q is the heat transfer rate, L is the length of the pipe and k is the
thermal conductivity of the pipe wall. Show that
2kL
(1 2 )
Q=
r
ln( 2 )
r1
Adapted from Singh
Note: Similar equations arise in modelling ground water flow to a well.
B.4. Logarithms
The magnitude M of an earthquake on the Richter scale is given by
E
2
M = log10 , where E is the energy released by the earthquake, and E0 is
3
E0
a constant (energy of a small reference earthquake). Determine how many
times more energy is released from an earthquake that registers 7.1 on the
scale than an earthquake that registers 6.9.
(Ans.: ca. 2)
B.5. Hyperbolic functions
Using the definition of sinhx and coshx in terms of ex prove that
(a) 1 + sinh 2 x = cosh 2 x
(b) cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

Revision Class (Week 1) Exponentials, logs and hyperbolic functions p4

B.6. Gundermannian Function

Calculate the value of the angle in the figure on
the right as a function of x and draw a qualitative
graph of it as a function of x. Do you understand
why the coordinates of the hyperbola are sinhx
and coshx? (from: Robertson, Gudermann and
the Simple Pendulum College Math. J. 28:4,
1997)

B.7. Inverse hyperbolic functions

Look at the following way to calculate explicitly the inverse of sinhx

Do you understand
why only the positive
root is considered?

Use the same technique to derive the inverse of coshx and tanhx.

Revision Class (Week 1) Exponentials, logs and hyperbolic functions p5

Section C: Trigonometry

C.1. Area of triangle

150 mm

Calculate the area of the right triangle in Figure

(Ans.: 150 cm2)

160 mm

C.2. Sine and cosine rules

Find the unknowns in bold type (to 3 significant figures):
a) a, b = 3 m, A = 130, B = 30
c
b) c, a = 40 mm, A = 100, C = 23
c) b, a = 5 km, A = 116, C = 41
d) A, a = 10 m, c = 7 m, C = 37
B
e) B, a = 0.1 km, b = 0.08 km, A = 98
f) a, b = 230 mm, c = 200 mm, A = 80
g) b, a = 42 m, c = 38 m, A = 66

A
b

(Ans: 4.60 m, 15.9 mm, 2.17 km, 59.3, 52.4, 277 mm, 39.1 m)
C.3. Trigonometric identities
Use
(i) cos(A + B) = cos(A)cos(B) sin(A)sin(B)
to show that (ii) cos(2A) = 1 2sin2(A).
C.4. Trigonometric identities
Use
(i) sin(A + B) = sin(A)cos(B) + cos(A)sin(B)
to solve

(ii) x + sin 2 x = ( sin x + cos x ) for x.

2

C.5. Earths radius

In 240 B.C., Eratosthenes made the first
accurate measurement of Earth's radius.
He knew that at the summer solstice the
sun shone directly into a well at Syene at
noon. He also measured the angle of
inclination of the sun's rays at the same
time in Alexandria (his hometown).
Knowing that this angle is about 7.2
degrees and that the distance between
Alexandria and Syene was approximately
787
km
(see
Figure),
repeat
Eratosthenes' calculation and compare
your answer with the current estimate of earth's radius.

(Ans: 1)

Revision Class (Week 1) Exponentials, logs and hyperbolic functions p6

C.6. Inverse trigonometric function

Knowing the graph of y=arcsin (x), explain the following Figures

y = sin[arcsin (x)]

y = arcsin[sin (x)]