Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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DSR 73801
DSR 80004
Department of C i v i l Engineering
Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology
Gerhar d J i r k a
and
Donald R. F. Harleman
r e d mder t h
support
and
Long I s l a n d L i g h t i n g Company
H i c k s v i l l e , New York
and
N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e Foundation
Engineering E n e r g e t i c s Program
Grant No. GK-32472
ABSTRACT
A submerged m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r i s a n e f f e c t i v e device f o r d i s p o s a l
of water c o n t i P n i n g h e a t o r o t h e r d e g r a d a b l e wastes i n t o a n a t u r a l body
of water. A h i g h degree of d i l u t i o n c a n b e o b t a i n e d and t h e environment a l impact of c o n c e n t r a t e d waste can b e c o n s t r a i n e d t o a small area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This s t u d y w a s supported by Stone and Webster Engineering Corporat i o n , Boston, M a s s a c h u s e t t s , and Long I s l a n d L i g h t i n g Compnay, H i c k s v i l l e ,
New York, i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e d i f f u s e r d i s c h a r g e
P a r t i c u l a r mention
The m a n u s c r i p t w a s typed by
of D. R. F. Harleman, P r o f e s s o r of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g .
The material
FOREWORD
The r e s e a r c h c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s r e p o r t i s p a r t of a continuing
r e s e a r c h e f f o r t by t h e Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory f o r Water Resources
and Hydrodynamics on t h e e n g i n e e r i n g a s p e c t s of w a s t e h e a t d i s p o s a l from
e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n by means of submerged m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r s .
The
g u i d i n g o b j e c t i v e of t h e r e s e a r c h program i s t h e development of predict i v e m o d e l s f o r d i f f u s e r d i s c h a r g e which form t h e b a s i s of sound engineeri n g design compatible w i t h environmental requirements.
I n addition,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
11.
INTRODUCTION
11
12
1.2
13
1.3
15
17
19
2.1
19
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
19
21
26
29
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.2
2.3
111.
General Characteristics
Round Buoyant Jets
Slot Buoyant Jets
Lateral Interference of Round Buoyant
Jets
Effect of the Free Surface
Effect of Ambient Density Stratification
Effect of Crossflow
37
38
38
39
2.2.1
2.2.2
39
42
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
46
50
50
3.3
Solution Method
3.4
55
59
J'
Page
3.4.1
3.4.1.3
3.4.1.4
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
72
75
3.4.2.1
3.4.2.2
3.4.2.3
89
General Solution
Special Cases
Vertical Flow Distribution
Prior to the Hydraulic Jump
81
93
95
3.4.3.1
3.4.3.2
95
General Solution
Solution for Jumps with Low
Velocities and Weak Buoyancy
3.4.4.3
3.4.4.4
98
102
102
109
117
120
Mafchfng of Solutions
124
3.5.1
124
3.7
67
81
3.4.4.2
3.6
59
3.4.4.1
3.5
59
127
127
131
3.6.2.1
3.6.2.2
3.6.2.3
131
134
134
140
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.8
IV
141
141
3.7.2.1
3.7.2.2
3.7.2.3
141
145
147
Summary
148
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2
158
15a
4.1.1.1
4.1.1.2
158
162
Equivalency Requirements
Model for the Three-Dimensional
Flow Distribution
169
169
4.2.2
157
v.
Generating Mechanism
Control Methods
170
163
177
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
177
179
Generating Mechanism
Control Methods
180
5.1
180
5.1.1
5.1.2
180
183
5.2
Experimental Program
Experimental Limitations
185
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
185
190
190
191
Equipment
Experimental Procedure
Experimental Runs
Data Reduction
8
Page
5.3
192
5.3.1
5.3.2
192
198
199
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.4
6.1
6.2
6.3
COMPARISON
200
202
202
6.1.1
6.1.2
202
205
216
6.2.1
6.2.2
216
218
229
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
232
7.1
Basic Considerations
232
7.2
Method of Analysis
233
7.3
Flume Experiments:
7.4
243
7.4.1
7.4.2
243
248
7.5
VIII.
199
VI.
VII
Equipment
Experimental Procedure
Experimental Runs
Data Reduction
Perpendicular Diffuser
237
256
260
26 1
8.2
263
8.2.1
8.2.2
263
265
Page
8.2.3
Design Procedure
8.2.3.1
8.2.3.2
8.3
IX
Example: Diffuser in a
Reversing Tidal Current System
Example: Diffuser in a Steady
Uniform Current
267
268
276
27 9
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
280
283
284
287
Modeling Requirements
Undistorted Models
Distorted Models
Boundary Control
288
9.1 Background
288
9.2
289
9.3
Summary
289
9.3.1
9.3.2
289
294
9.4
Conclusions
295
9.5
298
LIST OF REFERENCES
300
LIST OF F I G W S
303
LIST OF TABLES
308
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS
309
10
I.
INTRODUCTION
water.
serving or enhancing the use of the natural water body for a variety of
human needs.
A common feature of all water quality standards, as set forth by
The
The r e s u l t i n g d i s -
t r i b u t i o n of c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e d i s c h a r g e d w a s t e materials w i t h i n t h e
r e c e i v i n g w a t e r depends on a v a r i e t y of p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s .
A clear
1.1 H i s t o r i c a l P e r s p e c t i v e
Note-
1 ) Water q u a l i t y s t a n -
sewage w a t e r i s d i s c h a r g e d .
A s a consequence t h e s e d i f f u s e r s are l i m i t e d
2 ) The buoyancy of t h e
d i s c h a r g e d water i s s i g n i f i c a n t .
s t r i n g e n t temperature standards.
area.
T h i s d i l u t i o n requirement f r e q u e n t l y r u l e s o u t r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e
On t h e o t h e r hand, m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r s can b e
12
2) The
Relative d e n s i t y d i f f e r e n c e s
The performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r , t h a t i s
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of v e l o c i t i e s , d e n s i t i e s and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s which
r e s u l t when t h e d i f f u s e r is o p e r a t i n g , are i n f l u e n c e d by many p h y s i c a l
processes.
-- d i v i d e d
I1
These p r o c e s s e s may be c o n v e n i e n t l y
-- y e t
somewhat l o o s e l y
i n t o two groups.
Near-field"
are:
Significant features
T u r b u l e n t j e t d i f f u s i o n produces a g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e i n j e t t h i c k -
The
t r a j e c t o r y of t h e j e t s i s determined by t h e i n i t i a l a n g l e and by i n f l u e n c e
13
of buoyancy c a u s i n g a r i s e towards t h e s u r f a c e .
Before s u r f a c i n g t h e
j e t s p r e a d i n g becomes s o l a r g e t h a t l a t e r a l i n t e r f e r e n c e between a d j a -
Upon
impingement on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e r e c e i v i n g w a t e r t h e j e t i s transformed
i n t o a h o r i z o n t a l l y moving buoyant l a y e r .
c r u c i a l importance.
S t a b i l i t y of t h i s l a y e r i s of
I n s t a b i l i t i e s r e s u l t i n re-entrainment of a l r e a d y
mixed water i n t o t h e j e t d i f f u s i o n p r o c e s s .
I n addition t o these b a s i c
Far-field''
p r o c e s s e s i n f l u e n c e t h e motion and d i s t r i b u t i o n of
by i t s buoyancy a g a i n s t i n t e r f a c i a l f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e as d e n s i t y
c u r r e n t s , t h u s a flow away from t h e d i f f u s e r i s g e n e r a t e d .
Conversely,
s e t up as t h e t u r b u l e n t e n t r a i n m e n t i n t o t h e j e t s acts l i k e a s i n k f o r
ambient water.
How-
Thus i n g e n e r a l ,
a t o t a l p r e d i c t i o n of t h e performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a r n u l t i p o r t
d i f f u s e r must i n c l u d e t h i s coupling.
14
These d i f f u s e r s produce a s t a b l e
T h i s a n a l y s i s i s t h e b a s i s o f most e x i s t i n g p r e d i c t i v e
models f o r d i f f u s e r d i s c h a r g e s .
On t h e o t h e r hand, d i f f u s e r s i n s h a l l o w water w i t h low buoyancy
("thermal d i f f u s e r s " ) may n o t c r e a t e a s t a b l e s u r f a c e l a y e r .
Subsequent-
l y , a l r e a d y mixed w a t e r g e t s r e - e n t r a i n e d i n t o t h e j e t s t o such a d e g r e e
t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e d buoyancy f o r c e of t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r i s s u f f i c i e n t t o
overcome t h e f r i c t i o n a l e f f e c t s i n t h e f a r - f i e l d .
composite a n a l y s i s o f n e a r - f i e l d
Hence i n t h i s c a s e a
developing p r e d i c t i v e models.
T h i s c o n t r a s t i n g d i f f e r e n c e between t h e s e two t y p e s of d i f f u s e r s
i s q u a l i t a t i v e l y i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 1-1.
t i c a l and n o n - v e r t i c a l d i s c h a r g e s w i t h o u t ambient c u r r e n t s .
As a n ex-
treme case of t h e n o n - v e r t i c a l d i s c h a r g e i n s h a l l o w water a uni-direct i o n a l flow of ambient water toward t h e d i f f u s e r and of mixed water away
from t h e d i f f u s e r i s e s t a b l i s h e d ( s e e F i g u r e 1 - l d ) .
1.3
O b j e c t i v e s of t h i s Study
T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s concerned w i t h t h e development of p r e d i c t i v e
15
The
L
'
-e
L-
Q)
3".
d
16
given l e n g t h , n o z z l e s p a c i n g and v e r t i c a l a n g l e of n o z z l e s i s l o c a t e d on
t h e bottom of a l a r g e body of water of uniform d e p t h .
a t an a r b i t r a r y a n g l e t o the axis of t h e d i f f u s e r .
A l l of t h e n e a r - f i e l d p r o c e s s e s b u t o n l y p a r t of t h e f a r - f i e l d
p r o c e s s e s (excluding e f f e c t s of ambient t u r b u l e n c e and decay p r o c e s s e s )
a r e taken i n t o account.
. This s t u d y a d d r e s s e s t h e g e n e r a l case of a d i f f u s e r i n a r b i t r a r y
However, s p e c i a l emphasis i s p u t
The s t u d y i s
not concerned w i t h t h e i n t e r n a l h y d r a u l i c s
of t h e d i f f u s e r p i p e (manifold d e s i g n problem).
A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s a n t i c i p a t e d
f o r various aspects :
-- Economical d e s i g n o f t h e d i f f u s e r s t r u c t u r e .
-- Design t o m e e t s p e c i f i c water q u a l i t y requirements.
-- E v a l u a t i o n
such as t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of r e c i r c u l a t i o n i n t o t h e c o o l i n g
-- Design
1.4
An a n a l y t i c a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s conducted.
I n Chapter 2 a c r i t i c a l review of e x i s t i n g p r e d i c t i o n techniques
f o r m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r s i s given.
Chapter 3 p r e s e n t s t h e t h e o r e t i c a l framework f o r t h e s t u d y of
17
I
dimensional flow pattern which prevails in the centerportion of a diffuser, predictive models are developed for a two-dimensional'khannel
model", i.e. a diffuser section is bounded laterally by walls of finite
length. This conceptualization allows the analysis of vertical and
longitudinal variations of the diffuser-induced flow field.
Chapter 4 discusses three-dimensional aspects of diffuser discharge.
(frictional resistance in the flow away zone) the length of the twodimensional channel model is linked t o the three-dimensional diffuser
length.
18
11- C R I T I C &
F i r s t , buoyant j e t
I n a p p l y i n g t h e s e models i t i s u s u a l l y t a c i t l y
exists.
Only
Secondly, one-dimen-
2.1
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f Buoyant J e t s
2.1.1
General Characteristics
S p e c i a l cases of t h e
19
Main p r o p e r t i e s of the j e t f l o w f i e l d and their i m p o r t a n t implic a t i o n s on p o s s i b l e methods of a n a l y s i s are (Abramoyich (1963) , Schlicht i n g (1968) ) :
The j e t w i d t h i s
T h i s a l l o w s t o make t h e t y p i c a l
Convection by mean t r a n s -
boundary l a y e r assumptions:
t i o n i s small compared t o d i f f u s i o n i n t h e t r a n s v e r s e
direction.
2) Self-similarity of t h e flow.
The t r a n s v e r s e p r o f i l e s
of v e l o c i t y , m a s s and heat a t d i f f e r e n t a x i a l d i s t a n c e s
a l o n g t h e j e t a r e s i m i l a r t o each o t h e r .
Local j e t
q u a n t i t i e s can b e e x p r e s s e d as a f u n c t i o n of c e n t e r l i n e
q u a n t i t i e s and j e t w i d t h .
3) F l u c t u a t i n g t u r b u l e n t q u a n t i t i e s are s m a l l compared
t o mean c e n t e r l i n e q u a n t i t i e s .
4 ) For j e t s i s s u i n g i n t o unconfined r e g i o n s p r e s s u r e
g r a d i e n t s are n e g l i g i b l e .
I f semi-empirical r e l a t i o n s h i p s r e l a t i n g the t u r b u l e n t s t r u c t u r e
Of
a r e invoked, a s i m i l a r i t y s o l u t i o n
t9
the s i m p l i f i e d g o v e r n i n g e q u a t i o n s
w i t h s p e c i f i e d boundary c o n d i t i o n s i s p o s s i b l e .
S c h l i c h t i n g (1968) f o r s i m p l e j e t s .
T h i s is shown by
The s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e s the s p e c i f i -
use,
is the a
Again, full
solution requires an experimentally determined coefficient. The coefficient either refers to the rate of spreading (method first described by
Albertson et.al. (1950) ) or to the rate of entrainment (first described
by Morton et.al. (1956) ), both coefficients being related to each other.
In general, these coefficients are not constants, being different for
single jet and plumes, Usage of the integral technique for buoyant jet
prediction is common to models described in the following sections.
2.1.2
Round Buctyant J e t s
c(s,r)
cc(s)
(,*I
!
21
Fig. 2-1:
22
where
=
srr
= axial velocity
ii
m
U
C
ambient density
C
C
centerline concentration
Pa
p
PC
tions show in general stronger lateral diffusion ( ~ > 1 )for BcaIai quantities such as mass or heat than for velocities.
(2- 5 1
-a u
23
dQ
=
ds
2% a;c
(2-6)
(2-2)
and (2-31,
i n t e g r a t e d conser-
can b e w r i t t e n .
S o l u t i o n t o the system of o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h
i n i t i a l d i s c h a r g e c o n d i t i o n s y i e l d s t h e shape of t h e j e t t r a j e c t o r y and
v a l u e s of
Gc
t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e entrainment c o e f f i c i e n t a
Examination of e x p e r i -
=)
0.057
-f
0.082
24
(1950)
For j e t s
w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l i n i t i a l momentum a certain e r r o r i s i n h e r e n t .
Using the i n t e g r a t e d energy c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n Fox (1970)
showed t h a t the dependence of t h e e n t r a i n m e n t c o e f f i c i e n t on FL as
a
a p
a+1
(2-10)
FL2
f o r t h e case of v e r t i c a l d i s c h a r g e
(0, = 90").
For n o n - v e r t i c a l d i s -
a =
+1
(2-11)
sin8
FL
where 8 is t h e l o c a l a n g l e of t h e j e t t r a j e c t o r y .
(2-10)
I n b o t h Equations
from
S i m i l a r t o the e n t r a i n m e n t c o e f f i c i e n t the s p r e a d i n g
In the analysis
i n g r a t e w a s p o s t u l a t e d t o b e r e l a t e d t o t h e l o c a l j e t a n g l e , and n o t t o
25
t h e l o c a l buoyant c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as is p h y s i c a l l y more r e a s o n a b l e .
S o l u t i o n g r a p h s f o r round huoyant jets d i s c h a r g e d a t Various
angles 9
and o t h e r s .
.-
zone of f l o w e s t a b l i s h m e n t .
From the p r a c t i c a l s t a n d p o i n t t h e r e i s
l i t t l e v a r i a t i o n between t h e p r e d i c t i o n s o f v a r i o u s models, t y p i c a l
In
t h i s respect a n i n t e g r a l model w i t h e n t r a i n m e n t c o e f f i c i e n t s as g i v e n
by Fox seems t o b e most s a t i s f y i n g .
S l o t Buoyant Jets
2.1.3
flow p a t t e r n f o r a buoyant
After the
(2-12)
(2-13)
(2-14)
where
s,n
a x i a l and t r a n s v e r s e c o o r d i n a t e s .
26
Fig. 2-2:
27
(2-15)
(2-16)
similar t o t h e round j e t .
Thus t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n is
(2-17)
A f t e r f o r m u l a t i o n of t h e o t h e r c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n s o l u t i o n s
proceed a n a l o g o u s l y t o t h e round buoyant j e t .
The dependence of t h e
entrainment c o e f f i c i e n t on t h e buoyant c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e j e t i s
i n d i c a t e d by e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .
~1
For t h e s i m p l e j e t
~1
i s found as
(2-18)
0.069
(2-19)
0.16
(Rouse et.al.
(1952) ).
An a n a l y s i s w i t h a c o n s t a n t a w a s f i r s t c a r r i e d out by L e e and
Emmons (1962) and l a t e r by Fan and Brooks (1969).
An a n improvement,dependence on t h e l o c a l Froude number w a s proposed
f o r t h e vertical buoyant j e t by Fax (1970) i n a r e l a t i o n s h i p analogous t o
Equation (2-10)
but w i t h d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s f o r a
and a
2'
28
Ceder-
L g r a d u a l l y b e g i n t o i n t e r a c t w i t h each o t h e r a c e r t a i n d i s t a n c e away
from the d i s c h a r g e .
I n a t r a n s i t i o n zone t h e t y p i c a l s i m i l a r i t y pro-
jet
This p r o c e s s i s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g u r e 2-3.
Mathematical a n a l y s i s a l o n g
of an " e q u i v a l e n t s l o t d i f f u s e r " .
By r e q u i r i n g t h e same d i s c h a r g e p e r
t h e m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r by
2
B
4R
(2-20)
TOP V I E W
Round j e t s
Transition
Fully developed
zone J p o - dimensional j e t
SIDE V I E W
2
Fig. 2-3:
R/2
(2-21)
i s o n l y a char-
Thus t h e
cannot b e s u p p o r t e d by p h y s i c a l arguments,
H e used e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s
R =
on t h e plume.
Cederwall found
jet:
d i l u t i o n o f the m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r
dilution of t h e equivalent s l o t d i f f u s e r
0.95
(2-22)
0.78
(2-23)
31
They remarked
t i o n of Equation (2-21).
Their c r i t e r i o n w a s a p p l i e d by S h i r a z i and
e 0
r e l a t i v e s p a c i n g a / D and t h e dy-
U
(2-24)
as a f u n c t i o n of t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e z/D.
/-,@a
The d i l u t i o n s
s l o t j e t w i t h d i s c h a r g e Froude number
(2-25)
and A.
Centerline dilutions
T h i s can b e
namely
(2-26)
and
(2-27)
32
2000,
'
"""F
X 4 0
.-
'0,
= sc
I\
---
Computed values
= 30
\-
X 17
\
\
, \ I
I I
Values computed by
Shirazi and Davis ( 1 9 7 2 )
f o r t h e m u l t i p o r t diffuser
for a S l o t Buoyant J e t
Centerline Dilutions S
33
\ -
),
A=1.0)
Fig. 2-4:
\
\
\
\
\
I
50 -
\"2 5
as the r e s u l t s f o r t h e s l o t j e t .
However, t h e r e i s a s y s t e m a t i c under-
e s t i m a t i o n of d i l u t i o n , t h i s o f c o u r s e b e i n g a s p e c i f i c consequence of
t h e adopted c r i t e r i o n f o r t r a n s i t i o n .
Thus, u n t i l e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e t o t h e c o n t r a r y becomes available
--
and t h i s q u e s t i o n
c a n only b e s e t t l e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y
--
it
through p o r t s
TOP
VIEW
Fig. 2-5;
M u l t i p o r t D i f f u s e r w i , t h A l t e r n a t i n g P o r t s i n Deep Water
34
evolves.
as the a r e a between t h e j e t s b e f o r e l a t e r a l i n t e r f e r e n c e is r e s t r i c t e d .
Con-
L i s e t h (1971).
L i s e t h ' s study
a l s o y i e l d e d an approximate expression f o r t h e l o c a t i o n z
of merging
above t h e d i f f u s e r
zm/E
(2-28)
Fn
(1952) a s
(2-29)
(2-30)
Apo g UoB
35
100
I " I
/
50
/Buoyant
'+
'
plume
SC
10
x Z/k = 8
Mu1tiport
diffuser
=20
=80
B e s t - f i t data from
Liseth (1971)
I
1
Fig. 2-6:
36
where Ap
Pa
Po
i s the i n i t i a l d e n s i t y d e f i c i e n c y .
(Eq,
(2-25))
Using the d e f i n i -
Eq. (2-29)
can be trans-
formed t o g i v e the c e n t e r l i n e d i l u t i o n Sc
= -Ap=0
C
*Q
.39 z/B
Fs-2/3
(2-31)
The d a t a
p o i n t s w e r e converted u s i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r s
and e q u i v a l e n t s l o t d i f f u s e r s .
cluded.
E f f e c t of t h e F r e e S u r f a c e
Depending
I n the a b s e n c e o f a n
For t h e s l o t
37
2.1,6
E f f e c t of Ambient D e n s i t y S t r a t i f i c a t i o n
Stable density s t r a t i i i c a t i o n
-- that
i s decreasing d e n s i t y w ith
e l e v a t i o n due t o y a r i a t i o n s i n t e m p e r a t u r e and s a l i n i t y
-- i s a common
P r e d i c t i o n of t h i s phenomenon i s i m p o r t a n t .
J e t t h e o r i e s f o r d i s c h a r g e i n t o l i n e a r l y s t r a t i f i e d ambients are a l l
E f f e c t of Crossflow
f l e c t e d i n t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e c r o s s f l o w .
g e t s de-
The d e f l e c t i o n i s a f f e c t e d
FD =
where C
CD
P aua
(2-32)
2b
i s a d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t and a f o r c e Fe r e s u l t i n g from t h e r a t e of
(2-33)
Characteristic feature
of
j e t s i n c r o s s flow i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i s t o r t i o n
-
to
(2-34)
- ucI
CI
between ambient velocity and jet velocity to account for the effect of
crossflow velocity on the entrainment mechanism (shearing action).
Values
for a when still retaining the assumption of Gaussian profiles are considerably larger than in the stagnant case, indicating the increased
dilution efficiency in the presence of a crossflow.
cases with eddying and re-entrainment in the wake zone behind the jet as
has been observed experimentally by Cederwall (1971).
The assumption of
on the assumption of an unbounded receiving water is given by the horizontal (or near horizontal) diffuser discharge into shallow water.
In
this case strong surface and bottom interaction causes a vertically fully
39
(1971) s t u d i e d the i o l l o w i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n :
An a r r a y of
d i f f u s e r n o z z l e s i s p u t between v e r t i c a l w a l l s of f i n i t e l e n g t h 2L.
The
o u t s i d e i n t h e b a s i n ( f a r f i e l d ) t o v e l o c i t y urn i n t h e channel.
Inside
Hence t h e
t o t a l head l o s s i s
2
(2-35)
and 2 of F i g u r e 2-7 as
(2-36)
flux r a t i o
s =
U,Hk
DZa
0 4
(2-37)
40
/ Channel
Walls
2L
P L A N VIEW
Specific H e a d Line
Channel E n d
Channel End
ELEVATION
Fig. 2-7:
VIEW
41
If the a p p r o x i m a t i o n s po/p,
:: 1, S/S-1
1 ( l a r g e d i l u t i o n s ) and the
d e f i n i t i o n f o r t h e e q u i v a l e n t s l o t d i i f u s e r , Eq.
(2-20)
are i n t r o d u c e d ,
(2-38)
t ion.
S a t i s f a c t o r y agreement w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s w a s found.
2.2.2
H e observed i n t h e absence of c o n f i n i n g
Using a s c a l i n g argument
u3 a t t h e d i f -
f u s e r line.
A f t e r p a s s i n g over the d i f f u s e r l i n e and being mixed w i t h the
j e t d i s c h a r g e the flow f i e l d c o n t i n u e s t o c o n t r a c t due t o i t s i n e r t i a
u n t i l s e c t i o n 4 where t h e s p e c i f i c head r e t u r n s t o i t s o r i g i n a l v a l u e H.
42
TOP VIEW
Dividing
Stream Line
rill
1
c
SIDE VIEW
Fig. 2-8:
43
g r a d u a l l y w i l l r e t u r n t o i t s p r i g i n a l v e l o c i t y ua through y i s c o u s d i s s i 2
2
p a t i o n of the excess v e l o c i t y head (u4 c. u ,)/2g.
Applying B e r n o u l l i ' s theorem between s e c t i o n s 1 and 2 and sect i o n s 3 and 4 y i e l d s the head change a c r o s s the d i f f u s e r
AJI
1
2
2
2g(u4 - u )
a
(2-39)
s o that, u s i n g
(2-40)
(2-41)
For l a r g e d i l u t i o n s
a 1
(2-42)
u4R2H
so that
s:: U,QIH 2
D T n
u0 -
(2-43)
44
dilution is
(2-44)
T1 ( 2 HE )1 1 2
(2-45)
For the case when the crossflow is very large Eq. ( 2 - 4 4 ) becomes
U
a H
s --
5 :
(2-46)
(2-47)
which reduces to
c
= -1
(2-48)
H 112
(2:)
(2-4 9)
45
to the contraction which occurs in the former case which causes more
velocity head to be dissipated in the region beyond.
Despite the approximations involved
diffusion at the boundary of the current
--
-- no bottom friction, no
-
discharge
46
--
been l a r g e l y v e r i f i e d i n l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r a e n t s .
Predic-
on t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n s .
In this
r e s p e c t an i n t e g r a l a n a l y s i s w i t h v a r i a b l e entrainment
c o e f f i c i e n t s depending on t h e l o c a l buoyant c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
seems t o b e p r e f e r a b l e .
2) I n t e r f e r e n c e of Round Buoyant Jets
The l a t e r a l i n t e r f e r e n c e of t h e round buoyant j e t s i s s u i n g
I
jet
However, reason-
a b l e assumptions r e g a r d i n g a t r a n s i t i o n c r i t e r i o n i n t h e
a n a l y t i c a l treatment can b e made.
Comparisons show t h a t
3) H o r i z o n t a l D i f f u s e r s i n Shallow Water
H o r i z o n t a l d i f f u s e r s d i s c h a r g i n g i n t o f a i r l y shallow water
produce f u l l vertical mixing due t o s t r o n g boundary inter-
47
actions.
P r e d i c t i o n s of a v e r a g e d i l u t i o n s downstream of
Solution
of t h i s problem r e q u i r e s t h e assessment o f :
a ) The e f f e c t of t h e f r e e s u r f a c e .
P r e d i c t i o n of t h e
t h i c k n e s s of t h e s u r f a c e impingement l a y e r as a
f u n c t i o n of j e t p a r a m e t e r s .
This d e f i n e s t h e upper
l e v e l up t o which e f f e c t i v e entrainment t a k e s p l a c e
into the jet.
I
b ) The s t a b i l i t y of t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r .
Jets d i s c h a r g e d
Hence, c r i t e r i a of a p p l i c a b i l i t y of
2) Three-Dimensional
Behavior
As exemplified by t h e case of h o r i z o n t a l d i f f u s e r d i s c h a r g e
48
49
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
CHANNEL MODEL
B a s i c Approach
T h e review of the p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r showed the l i m i t a t i o n s o f
e x i s t i n g t h e o r i e s f o r the p r e d i c t i o n of m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r b e h a v i o r .
A n a l y t i c a l models are a v a i l a b l e o n l y f o r the extreme c a s e s of (1) buoyant
j e t s i n deep water, n e g l e c t i n g the dynamic e f f e c t s caused by t h e f r e e
No m a t h e m a t i c a l models
The p r e s e n t s t u d y a t t e m p t s t o f u l f i l l t h i s need.
Hence,
t h e f o l l o w i n g approach i s u n d e r t a k e n i n t h e development of a p r e d i c t i v e
model :
1) The t h e o r e t i c a l treatment i s l i m i t e d t o t h e d i f f u s e r -
induced s t e a d y - s t a t e f l o w f i e l d w i t h o u t t h e p r e s e n c e
of a n ambient c r o s s flow.
2) A two-dimensional
The two-dimensional
Y
PLAN
VIEW
SURFACE FLOW PAT7 E R N
t
\
---- I- -
ELEVATION ALONG
X - y PLANE
Fig. 3-1:
tz
channel model assumes a diffuser section bounded laterally by walls of finite length, 2L.
This conceptualiza-
In
Analyti-
case is made.
In Chapter 6 , the theoretical model predictions are compared with
experimental results.
case.
flow f i e l d
3.2
Problem D e f i n i t i o n :
The
s t e a d y - s t a t e d i s c h a r g e of h e a t e d w a t e r w i t h temperature To and v e l o c i t y
e0
i n t o a channel
The h e i g h t hs of t h e s l o t
a) In the mathematical t r e a t m e n t a m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r c a n
b e r e p r e s e n t e d by an e q u i v a l e n t s l o t d i f f u s e r a s d i s -
(2-20)).
as shown i n F i g u r e 3-1.
It w i l l b e shown l a t e r t h a t
53
Channel Walls
TOP V I E W
l4
SI bt
2L
Ta
ambient
temperature
4
heat loss t o
t h e atmosphere
ELEVATION V I E W
To
Fig. 3-2:
Problem Definition:
54
Howeyer,
through variation of the brizontal nozzle orientation it is possible to control the three-dimensional
flow so as to approximate the two-dimensional behavior.
In the interest of achieving high dilutions this control is desirable. These three-dimensional aspects of
diffuser discharge are treated in more detail in
Chapters 4 and 6 .
3.3
Solution Method
For the problem defined, the governing equations of fluid motion
Local
Density devia-
(x,z)
&<<
P
.-
1
55
(3-2)
Hence
is approximated by
au + -aw= o
ax
az
(3-3)
in which
x,z
'
a
velocity fluctuations
56
mean pressure
T = m e a n temperature
T'
temperature fluctuation
Pa 11
B(T
- Tall
(3-7)
tion of Equations (3-3) to (3-7) with given boundary conditions determines the flow and temperature field.
--
--
as can be
57
Four
rl
aJ
Frc
r(
kl
a
Q
c)
a
C
k
Q
+I
-4
rH
Q
U
3
k
rl
0
7(
..
m
I
m
M
d
58
The p r e s e n c e of thefree
An a b r u p t t r a n s i t i o n between t h e
h i g h v e l o c i t y f l o w i n t h e s u r f a c e impingement r e g i o n t o
lower v e l o c i t i e s i n t h e flow away zone i s provided by
an i n t e r n a l h y d r a u l i c jump.
4) S t r a t i f i e d Counterflow Region:
A c o u n t e r f l o w system i s
body o u t s i d e t h e c h a n n e l , t h e f a r - f i e l d zone.
are given i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s .
3.4
3.4.1.1
c i t y components
G,
as shown i n F i g u r e 3-4.
59
Ig
Fig. 3-4:
.-
60
- an
aG -- -
P u -av + pa"
a as
an
,,gcosg
Jii'3'
Pa
as
2
-
aii'
Pa an
(3-10)
(3-11)
with
0 =
b
S
<<
(3-12)
* v
<<1
i3
61
2)
-aa'hZ -
= o
Pa 8
( 3-14)
._
Consequently, t h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e j e t i t s e l f can be
w r i t t e n as
P
where
pr
( 3- 15)
Ph + Pr
is a reduced p r e s s u r e , namely t h e p r e s s u r e
ah' as
in
s, r
g s i n 8
are
(3-16)
-aph
an
a gcose =
Noting t h a t
P
where
AT
= T
Ap
Pa
AP
(3-17)
- Ta
, pressure
e q u a t i o n s (3-9)
- *+
as
p g s i n e
- -3s +
pgcose
- -a n
._
Ap g sin
(3-18)
(3-19)
and
-22
an
respectively.
62
+ AP
GOS
--
I n the
(3-20)
c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e j e t impingement region.
The s i m p l i f i e d governing equations f o r the buoyant s l o t jet are,
using t h e continuity equation i n t h e transformation of the convective
terms,
(3-21)
(3-22)
(3-23)
(3-26)
is replaced by t h e h o r i z o n t a l
The f u r t h e r s o l u t i o n
The
o r by v i r t u e of t h e continuity equation
(3-27)
are s p e c i f i e d f o r
and
(3-28)
-(
AT(s,>n) =
ATc(s)e
64
T
&
1
(3-29)
i n which
The p r o f i l e f o r
Ap
is r e l a t e d t o (3-29) by t h e equation of s t a t e ,
thus
( 3- 30)
...
uc
Tc
, ApC
are c e n t e r l i n e values.
(3-22),
(3-24)
I f t h e boundary conditions
..,
+ + 5
d
x
[
J
a
..,
-(
g1
dnl
65
2Ge
(3-32)
2
d
ds
Q)
--[
-2(
h2
u cosee
dn]
-00
(3-34)
, i.e.
the "entrainment
velocity" is assumed t o be r e l a t e d t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c j e t v e l o c i t y
lGe1
a iic
(3-36)
After
(Gc b)
a tC
dir
(3-37)
a x i a l momentum:
d
-2
(uC b)
fi
%
pa
g hb s i n 8
(3 -38 )
h o r i z o n t a l momentum:
(3-39)
heat conservation :
d
(Gc
ds
ATc b)
or a l t e r n a t i v e l y i n s t e a d of ( 3 - 4 0 )
66
(3 -40 )
conservation of d e n s i t y deficiency :
3.4.1.2
Dependence of t h e Entrainment on
a as reported i n t h e
a with
is
and r e l a t e d t o t h e center-
iic
is i n t e g r a t e d t o
L
ds
r
~
-3 -3 (n/b)
~ c u
e
dn]
= 2
% g ii s-n
I
* p a c
W
- 2
and a f t e r evaluation
-OD
-(1+rH
8 e
4 -(n/b)2 d
dn f (nib) dn
uce
2
dn
where
a0
e- ( d b )
d
dn
ioD
f (n/b) dn
(3-45)
Noting t h e i d e n t i t y
(3-46)
-d ( G C b ) = 2 - g"Cb - [ f i X1 ds
Pa
U
1 + X
(3-47)
+2.\1+
Gc I
a is expressed as
...
(3-49 )
sin 8
(3-50)
68
showing a c o n s t a n t
a1
, as
f i r s t p o s t u l a t e d by Morton e t a1 (1956),
t , X , and
t h e j e t geometry, s i n 8
This dependence i s f u r t h e r
explored.
a reduces t o
a = al
= &I
as
(3-51)
F ~ - c -
As t h e l a c k of s p e c i f i c a t i o n of a s i m i l a r i t y p r o f i l e f o r
not allow e v a l u a t i o n of t h e i n t e g r a l
a,
c?
does
i s determined from
.
I
.
al
= 0.069
(3-52)
a l l buoyant jets
This
FL along
(3-53)
69
a f t e r some manipulation.
becomes
1 1
1
F L z ~ [ - &T
dFL
- =
-.
ds
-g
X b sin 8
Pa
uc
2
-a
N
uC]
(3-54)
or i n a simpler, i m p l i c i t form
dFLI
(3-55)
X sin 8
ds
.
n
dFL= o
-ds
as
FL
FL
L > o
da
if
FL
FL
if
FL >
FL
FL are
and
-dFL
< o
ds
(3-56)
where
is t h e entrainment c o e f f i c i e n t and
than
FL
, then
X t h e spreading r a t i o
Of d i r e c t i n t e r e s t in t h e submerged d i f f u s e r
A
FL > FL
This behavior
sin 8
0.069
, X , and
FL
1 , thus
-qy
+ [a
(3-58)
1 + X
FL #
tL
However,
0.160
and
0.89
(3-59)
FL #
GL
a = 0.130
and
X =
1.24
(3-60)
h
71
__
A spreading r a t i o X > 1 is
a l s o c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n s on o t h e r f r e e t u r b u l e n t phenomena.
h
Introducing
h = 1.24
agreement f o r
i n t o Eq. (3-58) y i e l d s
a = 0.128.
This good
m u s t b e judged somewhat f o r t u i t o u s s i n c e i t is
01
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s e x p r e s s e d by Eq. (3-48).
With t h e s e v a l u e s t h e magnitude
on t h e buoyant j e t
FL = 3.48.
a l s o shows some v a r i a t i o n w i t h j e t
buoyancy as i n d i c a t e d by experiments.
is observed.
A v a r i a t i o n between
= 1.24
= 1.41
f o r the
= h = 1.24
a = 0.069
[3.11
2.39 s i n 01
1
2
(3-61a)
FL
and a c o n s t a n t s p r e a d i n g r a t i o
3.4.1.3
t o (3-41)
do n o t adequately
Uo
and t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n
Therefore
72
XVelocity
Fig. 3-5:
u0
73
B=
OD
-2(n/b)
e
iii
-00
dn
= f i U :
bo
(3-62)
thus
b0
(3-63)
=$B
(3-64)
(3-65)
e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e length of t h e zone
=
i n which
s = 5.2 B
as
(3-66)
1.42 UoB
4e = volume f l u x .
F i n a l l y , conservation of d e n s i t y d e f i c i e n c y r e q u i r e s
-(1
Q)
uo8 Apo
/
-OD
Go
Apc
C
74
1/X2)(n/b) 2
dn
(3-67)
( 3-6 8)
s / B = 5.2
of t h e zone
s/B
is considerably larger.
3.4.1.4
Solution of t h e Equations
(3-69)
-2
(uC b)
A! -
A b sin 0
(3- 70)
Pa
d
ds (6:
b cos 6)
(3-71)
0
--iclud,ng
with
(3-72)
geometric r e l a t i o n s describing t h e j e t t r a j e c t o r y
- dx
ds
cos 0
(3-73)
dz
ds
sin 0
(3-74)
0.069
[3.11
- 2.39
s i n 01
1
2
(3-75)
FL
and
(3- 76)
1.24
75
Apc
ATc
above t h e ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i s
by t h e e q u a t i o n of s t a t e
ATc
p1
(3-7 7)
ApC
The i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s a r e
II
(3-78)
and (3-68).
S o l u t i o n of t h e e q u a t i o n s is n o t p o s s i b l e i n c l o s e d a n a l y t i c a l
form.
However, t h e i n i t i a l v a l u e problem is r e a d i l y i n t e g r a t e d by
n u m e r i c a l methods.
is used.
A f o u r t h o r d e r Runge-Kutta i n t e g r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e
d e n s i m e t r i c Froude
(3-79)
a n g l e of d i s c h a r g e
(3-80)
76
is scaledby
dimensionless d i s t a n c e
(3-81)
t h e buoyant j e t p r o p e r t i e s , namely v e l o c i t y , d e n s i t y d e f i c i e n c y , w i d t h
and t r a j e c t o r y , are f u n c t i o n a l l y dependent as
(3-82)
An important r e s u l t i n g parameter is t h e j e t c e n t e r l i n e d i l u t i o n
S
w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e discharge
4%
bTO
(3-83)
(3-84)
by virtue of Eq. ( 3 - 6 8 ) .
An average d i l u t i o n S
, -
distance
is d e f i n e d as t h e r a t i o of f l o w a t any
t o t h e discharge a t t h e s l o t .
m
(3-85)
I
Mass c o n s e r v a t i o n g i v e s the r e l a t i o n
-s
= s + y C
(3-86)
A comparison between t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s f o r c e n t e r l i n e d i l u t i o n
proposed i n E q .
c1 =
Limited e x p e r i m e n t a l
d a t a are a l s o included.
For t h e v e r t i c a l discharge both p r e d i c t i o n s are about e q u a l i n
t h e l o w Froude number range.
too high f o r l a r g e
FS
i n non-buoyant jets
S = 0.62
(3-87)
0 . 6 4
(3-88)
1 + X
Some measure-
w e r e made i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p a r t of t h i s s t u d y ( s e e
Fs
is a g a i n due t o t h e c o n s t a n t v a l u e of
c1
Experimental
78
---.
- .X
Fig. 3-6:
Fan a n d Brooks
oC = 0.16
A = 0 89
This s t u d y
CC Eq ( 3 - 7 5 )
Non-buoyant jet
Eq (3- 8 8 )
%+OO
Experiments
Centerline Dilutions S
-124
this Study
Surface Interaction.
Vertical Discharge.
Comparison
20c
-- -
OC
=0.16
=0.89
oC E q . ( 3 - 7 5 )
This s t u d y
Fig. 3-7:
Horizontal Discharge.
Comparison
*S
range.
A l l d a t a l i e between t h e p r e d i c t i o n s of both i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,
3.4.2
General S o l u t i o n
Pr
TI
i n conjunction with
Pr decreasing i n t h e v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n .
This
Thus
The thickness
t o which
The f l a w is described by a
Fig. 3-8:
82
Energy equations :
-2
U
-i
pa 2g
u1
APi
- 2ga-
'a
hL
a
(3-89)
-2
pa
= + Pa
APa
-U2gi -
Api z = P a
-ulb
2g
+ Pa
'Pb
(3-90)
Lb
H o r i z o n t a l momentum equation:
Q)
-m
$ cos
Pa
8i dn
+ $
2
Pa u% dz
pa uf
dz
( 3-9 1)
H-hl
a
Continuity :
02
$ Gi
-03
dn
la
us,
dz
I
H-hl
u1
dz
(3-92)
a
where
Further-
The d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e p r e s s u r e d e v i a t i o n
pr : The
vertical e x t e n t of t h e p r e s s u r e i n f l u e n c e is l i m i t e d .
Experiments
by Cola (1966) and Murota and Muraoka (1967) on v e r t i c a l nonbuoyant jets show t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e i n f l u e n c e is n e g l i g i b l e
below
_-
section
Thus t h e p r e s s u r e
as a f i r s t approximation.
pr
is neglected a t
The h o r i z o n t a l e x t e n t
83
.--
of t h e p r e s s u r e i n f l u e n c e i s r e l a t e d t o t h e j e t w i d t h
Sections
and
bi
are assumed t o b e l o c a t e d o u t s i d e t h i s
zone.
b)
Entrainment i n t h e s p r e a d i n g p r o c e s s is n e g l i g i b l e .
S o l u t i o n of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s r e q u i r e s t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n of
v e l o c i t y and d e n s i t y p r o f i l e s f o r a l l s e c t i o n s as w e l l as
e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e energy l o s s e s .
Hence t h e f o l l o w i n g
a d d i t i o n a l assumptions are i n t r o d u c e d :
c)
V e l o c i t y and d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a t s e c t i o n
(3-30) t y p i c a l of t h e buoyant j e t r e g i o n .
sections
and
. (3-28)
and
Distributions a t
t i c s of t h e impinging j e t .
t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r non-buoyant j e t s t o b e
essentially jet-like.
buoyancy in t h e s p r e a d i n g l a y e r exerts a s t a b i l i z i n g e f f e c t
on t h e flow which s u p p r e s s e s t h e j e t d i f f u s i o n i n t h e
vertical direction.
V e l o c i t y and d e n s i t y p r o f i l e s can be
reasonably approximated by a r e c t a n g u l a r p r o f i l e .
be s e e n i n Fig. 3-9.
This can
shows t h e dye
Due t o
However, t h e
photograph shows t h e q u a l i t a t i v e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
namely a s t r o n g approximately uniform flow i n t h e upper 5 i n .
of t h e depth and a weak counterflow t o t h e l e f t i n t h e lower
84
Grid Size
2 in. x 4 in.
X = + 6 in.
in.
T=
,
65.8"F
b ) Temperature P r o f i l e s a t S e c t i o n s a and b
Fig. 3-9:
85
p o r t i o n caused by t h e j e t e n t r a i n m e n t .
Similarly, the
(The e x p e r i m e n t a l s e t - u p i s d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l
i n Chapter 5.)
Thus t h e v e l o c i t y and d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s
are i n s e c t i o n a
(4
u1
1
a
H-hl<
a
Apa(z>
Apa
u1 a
z < H
( 3-9 3)
and i n s e c t i o n b
(3-94)
i n t h e spreading l a y e r s is
d)
as
(3-96)
86
where
5a
'kLb
-2
- in
2g
00
ci
dn
= -1-
1 - 0
2g
OD
45
2g
3, dn
2
C
(3-9 7)
-Q)
(3-99)
(3-100)
and
P
hl
a
hi
87
hl
(3-101)
cos Ii
bi
2
ulb hlb
2
u1 hl
a
a
(3-104)
fi
(3-105)
as a f u n c t i o n of j e t c o n d i t i o n s a t s e c t i o n
la
, ApC
a. .
, bi
f(z
, that
is
- hi)
(3-106)
to
of t h e s u r f a c e
88
Special Cases
3.4.2.2
, hl
hlb = hi
(3-107)
bi
fi = 2 u1 hi
(3-108)
and by s u b s t i t u t i o n
a)
= 0):
(3-110)
The j e t width
equations.
bi
(3-111)
by considering t h e i n i t i a l condition (3-63).
Eq. (3-69) y i e l d s
(8
Substitution i n t o
= z)
-db=
dz
- a
J;;
89
(3-112)
and i n t e g r a t e d
b
-4
3Lz
(3-113)
J;;
i f t h e i n i t i a l width
Hence a t
z =H
bo
is neglected f o r l a r g e
,b
>> bo
- hi
-4
bi =
u(H
- hi)
(3-114)
L
l
- L=
(3-115)
a = 0.069, and
kL-0.2
The v a r i a t i o n of
hi/H
with
i s seen i n t h e
following t a b l e :
hi
H
b)
Plume:
0.152
0. 2
-
0.4
0.167
-
0.188
number
F,, = FL
This f a c t , in
t h a t t h e j e t c e n t e r l i n e velocity
db a
ds
uc
is a l s o constant i n t h e
2 ;
J;;
90
implies
can be simplified t o
(3-116)
and i n t e g r a t e d f o r
- hi
z = H
- a(H
bi =
J;;
- hi)
(3-117)
FL
(3-118)
With
% = 0.2,
a = 0.128
and
1.24
t h e equation is evaluated
as
hi
H
(3-119)
0.149
I f t h i s term is neglected
(3-120)
0.159
extend t o t h i s elevation.
seen i n Fig. 3.9.
pr
a t s e c t i o n i made i n t h e
91
3.4.2.3
Vertical Flow D i s t r i b u t i o n P r i o r t o t h e
Hydraulic Jump
I
Fig. 3-10:
(3-121)
91
a
(3-122)
qlb
40
u1 hl
a
respectively.
The average d i l u t i o n is by d e f i n i t i o n
s =
+qlb
q1a
QO
92
follows as
(3The magnitude of
i s obtained by considering a
a and *%
horizontal momentum equation between a and b
Writing t h i s
q2
equation n o t i c e can be made of the f a c t that the horizontal j e t d i s charge momentum i s a c t u a l l y conserved within t h e buoyant j e t region
and the impingement region (Eq. (3-104)).
q2b
(3-
(3-
subscript)
93
(3-126)
(3-127)
i n which
Ap
-bpi
a
t h e uniform density d e f i c i e n c y i n t h e upper l a y e r .
F1
F2
For t h e v e r t i c a l momentum
(3-128)
For t h e plume,
(3-129)
h,
312
Eq. (3-118),
with
A = 1.24, a = 0.128
and
one g e t s
F1
= 2.63
(3-130)
F2
= 0.19
R o d e numbers.
94
3.4.3
General Solution
q1
q2
J-
Fig. 3-11:
These conditions
entrainment a t t h e i n t e r f a c e .
95
Furthermore t h e
21 (hl + h i )
(3-133)
96
Equations (3-131)
*2 2
2F1 h ( h '
1 1
h2
h2 h i ( h 1
- hl)
hi
- hl
( 3-134)
+ 1 -
+ hi)
h2
hi/hl
and
These a u t h o r s
h;/h2
In
These 4 r o o t s are
as i l l u s t r a t e d in Fig. 3-12a.
I t i s found (Yih
A jump
can only occur from a state of higher energy to one of laser energy.
For the i n t e r n a l jump s t a t e 3 i s t h e given upstream s t a t e and s t a t e 4
Under certain c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e i s no c o n j u g a t e s t a t e t o t h e
given s t a t e (3) as shown i n Fig. 3-12b.
t h i s f a c t i s discussed i n the sequel.
97
The p h y s i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n of
Fig. 3-12:
3.4.3.2
Low Buoyancy
Yih's s o l u t i o n , Eqs. (3-134) and (3-1351, give the jump
conditions as a function of 4 parameters
hi
-
hi
-
hl ' h2
f[
hl
*
F1
h2
9
F2
'P
Y
- AP
(3-136)
Pa
98
while
finite
(3-137)
hi
hi
hl
'
f[
h2
hl
,y 2 1
(3-138)
h2
Ahl
hi
- hl
Ah2
- hl
hi
Ah2/Ahl
(3-139)
hi
hi
( -+
hl
1)
2
2F1][
hi
hi
( -+
h2
hl
1)
h2
2
2 F2]
4(
Pa-&
pa
lF1 F2
(3-140)
Ah2/Ah1
from Eq.
(3-1351,
Ah2/hhl
thus
hi
hi
hi
- ( -+
hl
hl
1)
-2
2
F1]
- 2 F:
99
hi
-(-+
hl
hi
hi
-(-+
h2
h2
1)
(---
1)
h2
hl
1)
( -hi
--
hl
1)
h2
hl
(3-141
The e x p r e s s i o n (pa
unity.
i n Eq. (3-140)
&)/pa
A simple equation f o r
t h e value of
h v 2 / h 2 from Eq
hi/hl
. (3-140)
i n t o (3-141),
hi
[( - -
can b e approximated t o
namely
2 Fi
(3-142)
hl
2Fi
h!
h!
I
I
-(-+l)
hl hl
hi/hl
Eq. (3-142)
negligible.
For
and (3-135)
is
d e n s i t y d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r a c t i c a l d i f f u s e r a p p l i c a t i o n s (e.g.,
S e c t i o n 1.1) t h e e r r o r i s about 1%.Thus Eq. (3-142)
see
describes the
h;/hl
= 1
With t h i s
v a l u e t h e e q u a t i o n g i v e s t h e c r i t i c a l condition
2
F1
F2
(3-143)
F1
2 + F i > 1
(3-144)
and s u b c r i t i c a l flow by
2
F1
2
F2
< 1
100
(3-145)
_-
d i s s i p a t e d i n t h e jump.
is s a t i s f i e d .
c r i t i c a l state t o t h e s u b c r i t i c a l s t a t e p r e v a i l i n g i n t h e s t r a t i f i e d
counterflow region.
For c e r t a i n combinations o f
Fl
, FZ
and
hl/h2
, however,
I n steady
i s obtained.
101
Fig. 3-13:
C r i t i c a l Section
Non-existence of an i n t e r n a l h y d r a u l i c jump:
Turbulent d i f f u s i o n and re-entrainment
3.4.4
S t r a t i f i e d Counterflow Region
3.4.4.1
Ap =
B AT
a c r o s s the
i n t e r f a c e defined as t h e e l e v a t i o n of t h e zero h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y
point.
and
hl
h2
, respectively.
au/ax
awiaz
102
(3-146)
HEAT LOSS
'FACE
VE LOC IT Y
DENSITY
(3-147)
aT
ax +
U-
W -
aT
az
-*+
az
a
aT
z ( K Z z )
pg
( 3- 148)
(3-149)
where
E
KZ
103
-
a)
+ h2)
a(hl
surface
interface
bottom
= w
ax
ah2
ax
ul
= o
at
z = hl
at
z = h
1
at
2 - 0
+ h2
(3-151)
The s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s
Ri > 0.85
104
(3-152)
Ri
i s defined and
F by
(3-153)
with
depth of turbulent l a y e r
= layer velocity
b)
surface:
fs = pa z
P O
i n t e r face :
Ti =
3U
pa
tS
, T~
and
aZ
z=hl+h2
(3-154)
z * h2
z = o
bottom:
where
aZ
T~
t o t h e mean flow q u a n t i t i e s .
c)
Heat f l u x conditions:
, from
The f l u x of heat, qH
the
(1965) ) :
105
i n which
c
P
TS
Te
Both f a c t o r s
Te
and
p c
K ( T ~- Te)
(3-155)
specific heat
h e a t exchange c o e f f i c i e n t
= water s u r f a c e temperature
T(z = h l + h2)
equilibrium temperature
Te
T
a
I n general,
Te
interface:
bottom:
d)
= p c K
p z
qHi
*l$)
3T
az
z = h2
(3-156)
aT
cp
KZ
aZ
z = o
layer :
u1
p1
*1
-
u dz
hl
1
-
hl*2
hl h2
P dz
(3-157)
CONT 'D.
106
92
u 2 = - = h2
h2
lower l a y e r :
h2
udz
(3-15 7)
p2
1
I
h2
P dz
P 1 g(hl
+ h2
(3-158)
Z)
(3-159)
aU
az (Ez az
is integrated i n t h e
Equation (3-159)
(3-160)
h+h
2U 2 ~
Z - 2U
8
+ h2)
ax
107
ah2
ax + usws - uiwi
+ui
only t h e f i r s t t e r m ,
a
ax
2
(u 1 h 1), remains.
- -91
g h:
dhl
dx
F i n a l l y , Eq. (3-160)
dPl
- -1 - - a
'
dx
P1
Pa
q 1 = u1h 1
becomes, using
dhl
+-)
(ax
dx
pa
(3-161)
hl
h2
auT dz
ax
+ 1
dz
az
(Kz
aT
hl+h, L
)
h2
h2
a
'
(3-162)
'p
(3-163)
dpl
dx hl
- Tb>
dhl
p1
dx
dP2
+ -dx
(3-164)
and
(3-165)
Equations (3-161),
(3-163),
hl,h2 and
T1,
, rb
and
T2
x
q
Hi
re1at ions.
The s o l u t i o n of t h i s set of equations is not r e a d i l y achieved.
Thus i n t h e following s e c t i o n t h e equations are s i m p l i f i e d by a p p r o p r i a t e
scaling procedures f o r t h e flow area i n t h e d i f f u s e r v i c i n i t y .
3.4.4.2)
w i l l be scaled and
x* = x/L
h*
= h,/H
u*
= u
(3-166)
p
AT* = AT/ATo
i n which
L
channel l e n g t h
water depth
t y p i c a l induced v e l o c i t y
t y p i c a l s u r f a c e temperature d i f f e r e n c e
ATo =
T1 T2
-..
cpKz
qHi
(3-167)
S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e v a r i a b l e s (3-166) i n t o t h e h e a t t r a n s p o r t equation
UAT~/L
one obtains, d i v i d i n g by
u*- dAT*
dx*
v
-..
Pa cp H
L )AT* u
(3-168)
)AT*
L = 1000 f t .
( I n C h a p t e r 4 t h e channel l e n g t h
is
shown t o be r e l a t e d t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c h o r i z o n t a l
d i f f u s e r dimension, i t s h a l f l e n g t h
LD as
$1'
L
30 f t
0.1 f t
ATs = SF
K
KZ
150 BTU/OF, f t
ft2/sec.
, day
i n h i b i t e d by t h e d e n s i t y s t r a t i f i c a t i o n .
110
r e l a t i o n which is an i n v e r s e f u n c t i o n of t h e density
gradient.
The d e n s i t y g r a d i e n t a t t h e i n t e r f a c e was
pa 'p
62 BTIJ/ft3
important f o r l a r g e r d i s t a n c e s
problem considered.
Thus, t h e h e a t equation is s i m p l i f i e d t o
dT1
5 0
dx
(3-169)
dT2
-dx
= o
(3-170)
dhl
*dx=
p1 dhl + -dh2
)
dx
c'nx
=i
(3-171)
pa g hl
(3-172)
with
111
dhl
dx
*b
Pa g h2
- F2*2
i
Pa g
-AP -
q
h2
FY
*2 *2
F1 F2
(3-173)
(3-175)
hl
where
h2
= H + n
t h e disturbance.
From
(3-174)
(3-176)
112
TERFACE
Fig. 3-15:
Ap/p
a f i r s t approximation
hl
The solution f o r
dh2/dx
hl(x),
h2 = const. = H
h2(x)
(3-1 77)
T)(x)
Knowledge of
which is
%
dx
- Pi -
113
(3-178)
P;
where
Ap/p
, F*2
have been
(3-179
or
(3-180)
Ti
= -fpi . ( - - 8 a
hl
h2
dx
Pi
F;
X, H1,H2
(x, hl,h2)/H
(3-182)
2
=
Fl H1
(3-183)
2
2
F2H
F2 H2
114
A flow r a t i o is given by
Q = -QT
(3-184)
42
Hence
(3-185)
x2-x1
8
2
(3-188)
.
l
.\
F2H
Equation (3-188) has been given i n a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t form by R i g t e r
The general form o f t h e s o l u t i o n is given in Fig. 3-16 f o r sign
(1970).
(q2) =
The
2 3
FiH[Q H2 i- ( 1
- H2)
- H~3
115
( I - H ~ )=~
(3-189)
x
n
00
a3
201
u"
%
w
-I
j
!
I
i
I
Ii
..
\o
4
i
ll6
F2H
a function of
and
1Q1
(3-190)
and
C
I;'
c r i t i c a l section d e l i n e a t e s the t r a n s i t i o n between s u b c r i t i c a l and superc r i t i c a l flow states and can be explained by energy considerations.
In
L*
between two c r i t i c a l s e c t i o n s i s found by evaluating t h e integral
C
(3-188) with limits
and
H;
C
HZ
This i n t e g r a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d out
Analytical
117
01
118
F;2
T -
h2
-dn =
dh2
+ -1
Ti(--
Ti
( -l
h2
1
h2
hl
Ap/p,
Dividing both s i d e s by
(3-192)
*2
1 + F1
*2
-Tb
h2
hl
and neglecting
<< 1 i n t h e
P I 2 , F;2
d
-
1.
dh2
T(+ - )
hl
h2
h2
"b
(3-193)
(3-194)
n/H
i n a d d i t i o n , one obtains
2 ( 1 l H2 )
(3-19 5 )
I
2
+1]+
1-H2
)+1
-t F2H
H2
[Q (7)
11
H2
119
H2
APIP,
rl
Lg
APIPa
can be found.
Integra-
S p e c i a l Cases
All
a)
Q 5 O : s t a g n a n t s u r f a c e wedge
Equation (3-188)
reduces t o
(3-196)
I n t e g r a t i o n g i v e s (Bata (1957) )
i- [A(1+Aj2
i n which
- F&]H2
A = -fi
fo
120
+ A[(I+A) 3
(3-197)
* , upstream
from a c r i t i c a l
s e c t i o n is found by taking t h e l i m i t s
( 3-19 8 )
AH*
= o
(3-199)
b)
In t h i s case F
= 0 as w e l l , so t h a t i t is advantageous
?I
ti
(3-200)
vith
-t QD
(3-201)
or Integrated
(3-202)
x2
- x1
8
2
p$ f i
121
* , upstream
H (L* )
- FZ3
from c r i t i c a l
(3-203)
b'
This expression f o r t h e i n t r u s i o n length w a s given by Schijf and
Schonfeld (1953).
h p l p ,- OI
(-
'b
(1-H2) 3
2
) dH2
F% (1-H2) 3
(3-204)
and
(3-205)
c)
-1 : equal counterflaw
(3-206)
122
which can be i n t e g r a t e d t o
x2
- x1
f o FH
1-$
4
(1-H2)
(1-H2)
( 1 ~ ~ )
(3-207)
2
1
2a
+(---
(a3
-a
+(
1
6a
(a+( 1-H 1
>FH)Rn (a+l-I2) 2
3a(l-H2)
- F2~ )gn
[a3
+ 3a2 + a4
43
(I-H~)3I
-- 1
+ a FH
2 4 3 2
Fa
a3fi
i n which
The length of t h e s u b c r i t i c a l f l a v s e c t i o n , Lc
, is
found by s u b s t i t u -
t i n g the s o l u t i o n s of t h e c r i t i c a l equation
I23 ( 1
- I2 ) 3 - P2(H3
a 2c
(1
- H2 13)
(3-208)
the curve 1Q1 = 1 i n Fig. 3-16 shaws t h a t equal counterflow can only
123
exist i f
FH
For t h e l i m i t i n g value
0.25
FH = 0.25
i t i s found t h a t
HI
C
H
2C
L c = L
3.5
Matching of S o l u t i o n s
I n t h e preceding s e c t i o n t h e f o u r flow regions which c
were analyzed.
an o v e r a l l p r e d i c t i o n of t h e d i f f u s e r induced flaw f:
Furthermore, i n case of
insti
and
ATO
(3-211)
S = -AT
is t h e d i l u t i o n a t any point.
IR
where
2B
(3-212)
=-+
v = kinematic v i s c o s i t y
(3-213)
(White-Colebrook r e l a t i o n ) i n which
IR2
- -Rn
u2
hydraulic radius
fi = A f o
The r a t i o
(3-214)
fo
and
parameter
Q = f o L/H
125
(3-215)
Fs
= v e r t i c a l angle of discharge
s l o t densimetric Froude
number
Far-f i e l d parameter:
and Eq. (3-210) is reduced t o :
(3-216)
The range of i n t e r e s t i s
to
Fs
= 90 (Section 3.6)
10
1,000
= 50
=
5,000
to
0.1
to
1.0
I n p a r t i c u l a r , the
126
H/B) is
Vertical discharge o r discharge with nozzles pointing i n alternat i n g d i r e c t i o n s have no n e t horizontal momentum and thus w i l l produce
a flow f i e l d which is symmetrical t o t h e d i f f u s e r axis.
3.6.1
90'
Fs
The i n t e g r a t i o n y i e l d s j e t
properties as a function of v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e
the centerline dilution
Sc
z/B
As an example
coefficient
I n the s o l u t i o n t h e energy l o s s
F1
hi/H
of t h e spreading l a y e r a f t e r impinge-
ment is calculated from Eq. (3-126) and also included i n Fig. 3-18.
The graph i n d i c a t e s t h e asymptotic values f o r t h e plume i n the high
low
Fs
range, namely
(3-129)).
hi/H
hi/H = 0.149
and
F1 = 2.63
0.167
- 1/6
FS ) t h e value
t h e r e is a s l i g h t
.-
For low
127
-
H/B,
H/B
, high
Fs
t h e spreading layer
Fig. 3-18:
128
Froude number
F1
becomes very l a r g e .
Ss
is c a l c u l a t e d .
sS
is by v i r t u e of t h e uniform mixing i n
Ss
S(Z
- hi)
(3-217)
Values of
FS
h;/H
, as
i n d i c a t e d i n Fig. 3-19.
For high
H/B
0.5.
increases u n t i l
solution
hi/H
is evaluated giving s o l u t i o n s f o r t h e
hi/H = 1 - hl/H
, beyond
, high FS
range
h;/H
which t h e r e is no p o s i t i v e
This i n d i c a t e s
t h e absence of a s t a b l e s u b c r i t i c a l conjugate condition and re-entrainment i n t o t h e j e t region w i l l occur, forming a l o c a l mixing zone.
The
t r a n s i t i o n is described by
FH
where
(3-218)
0.20
FH i s t h e average of
(Eq. (3-183))
and
FS'
H/B
graph t h a t
H/B
1.84 Fs4/3
(3-219)
I n consequence, d i l u t i o n p r e d i c t i o n s
129
Ss
for the
5010
50
- - - I
1 1 1 1
100
1000
500
FS
Q=W'
Fig. 3-19:
Average Surface D i l u t i o n S
Accounting f o r Thickness
1
I n t e r n a l H y d r a u l i c Jump.
130
Rather, d i l u t i o n
I n t e r a c t i o n w i t h near-field
The p o s s i b i l i t i e s of i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h
I n d i r e c t analogy t o f r e e s u r f a c e h y d r a u l i c
hi
is l a r g e r than t h e depth
hl
determined from
8
t h e counterflow s o l u t i o n .
b)
Some re-entrainment
of a l r e a d y mixed water i n t o t h e j e t r e g i o n
w i l l occur u n t i l a c o n d i t i o n is established i n s t e a d y - s t a t e
such t h a t t h e increased buoyancy in t h e f a r - f i e l d w i l l decrease
t h e depth
hl
until
B)
h i = hl
S
Unstable near-field:
As no s u b c r i t i c a l conjugate s t a t e e x i s t s
i n t o t h e j e t region t a k e s
131
__
A)
STABLE
NEAR-FIELD
2. Submerged
Internal Jump
B ) UNSTABLE NEAR-FIELD
Local Mixing and Reentrainment
Fig. 3-20:
Interaction of Near-Field
i32
condition.
Lc
, bounded
zone,
Lm
by two c r i t i c a l s e c t i o n s .
i s estimated as
Lm
2.5 H
(3-2 20)
Consideration of
Lm
Lc
This i s a good
is applicable.
The
.-
5 0.25
i s known from t h e s o l u t i o n of
the near-field
and t h e depth of t h e i n t e r f a c e
(FH
at t h e distance
hl
FH
3
Fh = F1 h /H3)
L
For t h e
The o v e r a l l d i l u t i o n
133
, is
Ss
f o r which t h e
FH = F
HC
equal t o
(neglecting L,)
as
(3-222)
s i n g l e parameter
3.6.2.2
A = fi/fo
if
i s assumed constant.
While t h e boundary f r i c t i o n f a c t o r
fo can u s u a l l y b e
i n t u r b u l e n t flows, i n
In addition, investiga-
(1961)).
fi/fo
is about
fi
as
a constant v a l u e of
is approached.
Based on t h i s l i m i t e d evidence
lo5
A = 0.4
to
0.5
In the
can b e assumed.
is taken as
(3-223)
i n a l l t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s given i n t h i s study.
3.6.2.3
Solution graphs
Surface dilution
Ss
( o u t s i d e t h e l o c a l mixing r e g i o n i n case of an u n s t a b l e
134
fi - Abraham
4 -
2 -
10
"
Fig. 3-21:
I I
V a r i a t i o n of i n t e r f a c i a l stress c o e f f i c i e n t
f i
Fs
, H/B
and
Q = fo
are developed
as follows:
a)
Ss
t h e impingement l a y e r t h i c k n e s s .
is not considered i n
t h e t h e o r e t i c a l s o l u t i o n s , as t h i s c o n d i t i o n only becomes
important f o r l a r g e v a l u e s of 0
b)
t h e Froude number
of t h e e q u a l counterflow system f o r
FH
C
channel l e n g t h is c a l c u l a t e d f i r s t .
The v a l u e is
as
FH
C
a function of
The d i l u t i o n s
Ss
, H/B
are
Ss
CP
i n Fig. 3-24.
Furthermore, while f o r
0.1
the
each o t h e r a t t h e c r i t e r i o n l i n e , t h e r e is a n o t i c e a b l e lack of
matching
for
= 1.0.
condition which is n e g l i g i b l e f o r
Q = 0.1
a smooth t r a n s i t i o n of equal d i l u t i o n l i n e s f o r
can be seen by i n s p e c t i n g Fig. 3-22.
l i n e is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by
FH
- 0.20
0 = 1.0.
This behavior
As mentioned above t h e c r i t e r i o n
which is smaller than
FH (0 = 0.1)
C
= 0.22
so t h a t
b e expected.
The important i n f l u e n c e of near-field
i n s t a b i l i t i e s i n combination
dilution predictions
(eo
= 90").
However,
t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e two-dimensional s l o t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n with
8
d i r e c t i o n s along t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e .
a
0
137
Fig. 3-23:
Surface Dilution S
as a Function of F
H/B.
100
50
10
e, = goo
Fig. 3-24:
@ =1.0
Surface D i l u t i o n s S
500
1000
Fs
as a Function o f F
H/b.
139
For t h e u n s t a b l e near-
Fig. 3-25:
D i l u t i o n is determined
3.7
d i r e c t i o n (uni-directional
= 45"
and
Bo
= 0"
P r e s e n t a t i o n of r e s u l t s is l i m i t e d t o
( h o r i z o n t a l discharge).
140
3.7.1
Near-Field Zone
A h y d r a u l i c jump
FS
o r decreasing
H/B
Furthermore, the s t a b i l i t y is
e0
Bo
f o r increasing
ment l a y e r hi/H
1/6 f o r a l l
Bo
.
Fs
Outside t h e s t a b l e range
and decreasing
H/B
hi/H
is r a p i d l y increasing
Y e t t h e thickness i n t h i a
Far-Field Zone
3.7.2.1
P o s s i b l e flow conditions
. A)
Stable near-field
a)
b)
B)
Unstable n e a r - f i e l d
I n s t a b i l i t i e s and j e t re-entrainment
t h e l o c a l mixing zone,
141
l e a d t o t h e formation of
001
I 1 1 1 1 1
I
I
UNSTA BLE
NEAR-FIELD
I
I
JU
10
100
50
500
F s '
!
I1
F i g . 3-26:
E f f e c t of Angle of D i s c h a r g e O0 on the S t a b i l i t y
of t h e Near-Field Zone
I
I
!
142
1000
A)
STABLE N E A R - F I E L D
1)
PCHANNEL
C H A N N E L END
END
-L
' 0
2L
2)
YI
*L
System
-L
0
2)
Stagnant Wedge
3)
Supercritical
Fig. 3-27:
*L
System
System
Depending on t h e
- 1)
i n each l a y e r .
The
(3-224)
b)
I n t e r f a c i a l f r i c t i o n prevents motion of w a t e r a g a i n s t
momentum.
t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e j e t discharge.
wedges are formed.
i s (Q = 0)
(3-225)
and s i m i l a r l y f o r t h e downstream s e c t i o n
c)
A S u p e r c r i t i c a l System r e s u l t s f o r s t i l l l a r g e r
h o r i z o n t a l momentum, e x p e l l i n g t h e s t a g n a n t wedges.
The densi-
of t h e flaw is simply
FH > 1
(3-226)
e0
144
, ..
e0
and
r e w r i t t e n as
(1
(i!
+ Q/2)1'2
cos
u 0)
(3-227)
f r i c t i o n i n the far-field.
The head change
r)
r)
, due
to
AH causes a p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n t i a l a c r o s s t h e d i f f u s e r
momentum of t h e d i f f u s e r .
r)
in
Solution method
The flow
and
respectively):
FS
, H/B,
and
B0
145
/
where
Qa(F
fI--a
, @)
denotes t h e e x p l i c i t form of t h e
i n t e r f a c e Eq. (3-188)
q%
where
(ss
e v a l u a t e d between
and
- l ) - 42a
, a)
Qb(F2,,
"b
-L
e v a l u a t e d between
and
F\
- h2
":a ,h2 a 1
C
The c r i t i c a l depths
h2
C
i m p l i c i t l y known from t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e
i n t e r f a c e equations
146
'
are
h2
b
'
-L
and
oa/H
where
Qa(
hplp,)
is t h e i m p l i c i t form of an equation f o r t h e
®ion similar t o 6 ) .
I n t h e given arrangement
Q,
is needed.
Convergence t o a s t a b l e v a l u e f o r
sS
Ss and
is f a s t , t a k i n g
Derivation of t h e
Solution Graphs
Surface Dilution
S o l u t i o n graphs giving s u r f a c e d i l u t i o n s
Ss
f o r both t h e
0 = 1.0) and f o r
0 = 1.0).
Io=
Io
= 0'
(Fig. 3-30, 0 = 0 . 1
Fig. 3-31,
FH = 1
Based on t h e s o l u t i o n i n
(3-228)
In t h e s u p e r c r i t i c a l case t h e d i l u t i o n Ss
is independent of
The d i l u t i o n is a minimum
a t t h e p o i n t of maximum wedge i n t r u s i o n l e n g t h .
Similar t o t h e
3.8
Stnnmary
148
J V
10
Fig. 3-28:
a=45O
50
= 0.1
Surface Dilution S
500
Fs
as a F u n c t i o n of F ,H/B.
149
1000
n .
rig. 3-29:
. -.
,
,
I
150
Fig. 3-30:
Surface Dilution S
H/B.
as a Function of F
S
151
5000
1000
50C
ss=lo
1oc
5c
10
I I I I I
50
Q = 0"
Fig. 3-31:
g=
100
1.0
Surface Dilution S
1000
500
F,
as a Function of F
S'
H/B.
152
p o r t i o n of a three-dimensional d i f f u s e r d i s -
The o b j e c t i v e w a s t o o b t a i n an o v e r a l l
d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e flow f i e l d by matching of t h e s o l u t i o n s f o r t h e
i n d i v i d u a l regions.
A r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t h e entrainment
It was
a f t e r impingement is always d i s t i n g u i s h e d by d e n s i m e t r i c a l l y s u p e r c r i t i c a l
flow conditions leading t o a subsequent i n t e r n a l h y d r a u l i c jump.
153
As t h e problem of i n t e r e s t is c h a r a c t e r i z e d
f o r t h e conjugate jump c o n d i t i o n .
s t r a t i f i e d counterflow region
Scaling
(3-188),
The s o l u t i o n f o r t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e i n t e r f a c e , Eq.
e q u a t i o n s were given.
F*
H/B and
Bo
is a far-field
parameter.
Matching of t h e s o l u t i o n s f o r t h e flow regions y i e l d s t h e following
important r e s u l t s : s t a b i l i t y of t h e n e a r - f i e l d zone is given only f o r a
l i m i t e d range of low
Fs
, high
H/B
154
It is only i n t h i s
It
e f f e c t on near-field d i l u t i o n (except f o r l a r g e
(3
leading t o a sub-
(3
of t h e j e t discharge, represented by
, and
8
t h e h o r i z o n t a l momentum input
(eo
= 90') t h e far-
(eo
< 90')
t h e r e are
I n t h e a n a l y s i s of each of t h e s e conditions t h e
v a r i a t i o n s of t h e flow f i e l d .
This l i n k a g e is
156
How-
tion prediction in the general three-dimensional case, this chapter discusses the important three-dimensional aspects of the diffuser-induced
flow field and their relation to the two-dimensional channel model:
i) A simplified model of the three-dimensional flow field is
Based
to
In this
157
..-
The
e x i s t e n c e of t h e s e c i r c u l a t i o n s which u l t i m a t e l y l e a d
t o re-entrainment of mixed w a t e r i s r e l a t e d t o n e a r - f i e l d
instabilities.
The c o n t r o l of t h e s e c i r c u l a t i o n s t h r o u g h
o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e d i f f u s e r n o z z l e s i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l
plane i s discussed.
4.1
are given.
4.1.1
D i f f u s e r s w i t h No N e t H o r i z o n t a l Momentum
4.1.1.1
Equivalency Requirements
t a l flow p a t t e r n i n t h e lower l a y e r p o s t u l a t e d f o r a d i f f u s e r w i t h no n e t
The h o r i z o n t a l f l o w p a t t e r n i n t h e upper l a y e r i s
h o r i z o n t a l momentum.
similar w i t h reversed d i r e c t i o n s .
t h e two-dimensional
I n both
zone.
For comparison of t h e d i l u t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s -
t i c s of b o t h s y s t e m s i t i s r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e n e a r - f i e l d p a r a m e t e r s F
H/B are the s a m e .
fi
= Af
Furthermore, the s a m e f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f
and
are given.
158
To o b t a i n t h e s a m e d i l u t i o n s
5"
159
two r e q u i r e m e n t s h a v e t o hold:
1 ) Kinematic Requirement
The d i l u t i o n f o r t h e two-dimensional case i s
where 141
41
= -q2 i s t h e flow i n e a c h l a y e r ( l a r g e d i l u t i o n s )
-u i s
u = l a y e r v e l o c i t y u averaged o v e r t o t a l d e p t h H.
c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e channel,
-U U - .
C
(4-2)
-f
where
d
,
e v a l u a t e d a t t h e d i f f u s e r x =O,
-u
- LD<y<LD
the t o t a l depth
3=
(u,;)
a t the diffuser.
=&
2) Dynamic Requirement
-I
D i s c h a r g e w i t h s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s i s l i t t l e a f f e c t e d by
f a r - f i e l d e f f e c t s and t h u s w i l l behave s i m i l a r l y i n b o t h cases.
charges w i t h u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d
Dis-
c o n d i t i o n s depend s t r o n g l y on t h e f a r 160
field.
channel model d i l u t i o n i s uniquely con-
For t h e two-dimensional
i s p l o t t e d i n F i g u r e 3-22 (A = 0 . 5 ) .
The f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n i s g i v e n
as
@ = fo
(FH 1
fl
(4-5)
where F
HC
(Eq. 3-221).
By v i r t u e of t h e d i l u t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p , Eq.
(3-222),
this
e q u a t i o n i s w r i t t e n as
(4-6)
_-
and f u r t h e r m o r e , m u l t i p l y i n g b o t h s i d e s by
hf
2-D
fo
=4
u2/@
- 2
c
2g
U
3 (2-D)
(4-7)
where h
Ex-
c e p t f o r d i s t a n c e s f a r from t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e , t h e v e r t i c a l counterflow
161
Therefore a functional
relationship for the balance of far-field friction and buoyancy is hypothesized, similar to Eq. (4-71,
(4-9 1
hf 3-D = f3 (S3-*)
where hf
(4-10)
(u,;)
is neces-
sary.
2-D = S3,D)
is
hf 2-D
(4-11)
hf
3-D
4.1.1.2
A simplified
flow model is given describing the horizontal motion in each fluid layer.
Density changes due to heat dissipation or interfacial mixing are neglected in view of the fact that the model application is primarily
focused on the two-dimensional behavior in the diffuser vicinity; the
heat loss scaling performed in paragraph 3.4.4.2 applies then as well.
The flow is gradually varying and two-dimensional in the horizontal plane.
The
- -
(4-12)
(4-13)
(4-14)
where
7zx'
-T
zy
f r i c t i o n , w r i t t e n as
(4-15)
where
is the t o t a l f r i c t i o n coefficient.
(u*,v*)
= (U,V)/Gd
The d i f f u s e r l e n g t h i s chosen as t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e n g t h s c a l e
of t h e problem as t h e l o c a l flow f i e l d i n t h e d i f f u s e r v i c i n i t y i s o f
interest.
substituting
u*
T-
XZ
a u* + v * - -a u*
ax*
aY*
ax*
163
(4-17)
H = 30 ft. and
is taken as 0.03.
LD=lOOO ft,
, can
then be evaluated.
The potential flow formulation is
v20 = 0
(4-18)
with
a($
ax
= - u
x++o
(4-19)
= + u
X-t-0
A con-
(4-20)
w = b + i $
The complex potential due to a point sink at 5 is
(4-21)
164
Fig. 4-2:
Complex.
- S o l u t i o n Domain
S u p e r p o s i t i o n of p o i n t s i n k s a l o n g t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e l e a d s t o a l i n e
sink
(4-22)
I'iLD
and a f t e r i n t e g r a t i o n
(4-23)
- -
by d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
165
_-
(4-24)
rL
\Diffuser
Fig. 4-3:
Line
166
The flow d i s t r i b u t i o n a t t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e i s g i v e n as
(4-25)
E gives
d
2Ud
m--
(4-26)
0- L
(4-27)
f o r t h e three-dimensional
f l o w f i e l d can b e e v a l u a t e d as
(4-28)
or with x =
CLD
(4-29)
IT l o g
i s g i v e n by Gradshteyn
2 so that
- 2
h
34
- -f o- Ud
4H
2g
(0.884) LD
(4-30)
-1
The integral
dE
us'
4 H 29
.5
Fig. 4-4:
x/LD
At 5 diffuser half-lengths
0.884 LD
(4-31)
( 4 - 32)
LD
168
t h e l e n g t h of the three-dimensional d i f f u s e r .
4.1.2
D i f f u s e r s w i t h N e t H o r i z o n t a l Momentum
(Eq. (4-10) ), r e q u i r e s s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y
hf3-D
_ -
distribution
(u,;).
I n d e v e l o p i n g a model f o r
condition.
(t,;)
t h e h o r i z o n t a l mo-
h a s t o b e i n c l u d e d as a boundary
a d i p o l e d i s t r i b u t i o n along the d i f f u s e r l i n e .
The r e s u l t i n g flow f i e l d
w i l l be t h a t of two v o r t i c e s c e n t e r e d a t b o t h d i f f u s e r ends.
However,
c r i b e the three-dimensional f l o w f i e l d .
I n t h i s s t u d y i t is assumed t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n , L = LD, developed
f o r the d i f f u s e r w i t h no n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum i s a l s o a p p r o x i m a t e l y
c o r r e c t f o r t h e d i f f u s e r w i t h net h o r i z o n t a l momentum.
T h i s assumption
i s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e case of a d i f f u s e r w i t h a r e s u l t i n g c o u n t e r f l o w
system ( F i g u r e 3-27B1) which s t r o n g l y resembles t h e e q u a l c o u n t e r f l o w
system of t h e d i f f u s e r w i t h no net h o r i z o n t a l momentum.
The assumption
D i f f u s e r Induced H o r i z o n t a l C i r c u l a t i o n s
D i f f u s e r d i s c h a r g e s , even w i t h no n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum, are
under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , c a p a b l e of producing s i g n i f i c a n t h o r i z o n t a l
169
circulations.
Generating Mechanism
Vd
Ud
WILD
IT
log l-y/LD
(4-34)
1
.
_
The
f o r s t a b l e near-field conditions.
For u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s , however, t h e motion r e s u l t s
i n the g e n e r a t i o n of a s t r o n g h o r i z o n t a l eddying motion u n l e s s some c o w
t r o l i s invoked.
( t h e r e i s no n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum!) i s e x p l a i n e d as f o l l o w s , r e f e r r i n g t o F i g u r e 4-5:
A s s u m e a f l o w p a r t i c l e i s e n t r a i n e d i n t o t h e vcr-
t i c a l j e t near t h e d i f f u s e r end.
The p a r t i c l e i s c a r r i e d upward i n
As the n e a r - f i e l d
zone is dynamically u n s t a b l e t h e f l o w p a r t i c l e i s c a r r i e d a g a i n i n t o
t h e lower l a y e r w h i l e being swept inward a l o n g t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e .
p a r t i c l e g e t s re-entrained i n t o t h e jets.
p a r t i c l e is indicated.
The
The Lagrangian p a t h of t h e
The t o t a l e f f e c t of t h e b e h a v i o r i s t h a t a l l
mixed s t r o n g c u r r e n t a l o n g t h e x-axis.
i f i e d flow i n t h e d i f f u s e r c e n t e r p o r t i o n as i n d i c a t e d on F i g . 4-1.
f a c t , t h i s p o s t u l a t e d v e r t i c a l l y s t r a t i f i e d flow c o n d i t i o n (which a l s o
171
-
In
PLAN VIEW
A-A
reentrainment in unstable
near field zone
B-B
Fig. 4-5:
v e r t icallv
fully mixed.
flow - away
172
he achieved through orientation of the diffuser nozzles in the horizontal plane and is desirable in view of the prevention of the repeated
re-entrainment.
4.2.1.2
Control Methods
The objective of the control is the prevention of repeated entrainment within the unstable near-field zone (local mixing zone).
This is achieved by opposing the inward current within the local mixing
\
zone, however, does not imply zero tangential flow at the edge of the
local mixing zone. The flow outside the mixing zone will behave as
predicted by the simple layer model and indicated in Figure 4-3.
Con-
(4-35)
U
To counteract this entrainment flow within the local mixing zone the
individual nozzles of the alternating diffuser are directed against the
173
entrainment flow.
(4-36 )
e0.
Efficient counteract-
ing of the entrainment flow within the local mixing zone is only possible if the momentum flux of a nozzle discharge acting over the width
Fig. 4-6:
2RsinB
Obviously,
There i s a
The momentum f l u x of the nozzle discharge is, over the diffuser length
2 a , (see Fig. 4-6)
174
..
DTr
po '
0
sing
cos
e0
(4-38)
e0 sing R
1
m =
U ~ ' B cos
n
Pa
(4-39)
The s p a c i n g R i s considered a d i f f e r e n t i a l l e n g t h of t h e t o t a l d i f f u s e r ,
thus Ay-R
and Am-m
Am
Pa
uo
L~
cos e
o sing
(4-40)
AY
To make a c o n t r o l p o s s i b l e
3
(4-41)
4
H
-
cos 8
(4-42)
>1
sS
I n t h e parameter range f o r t h e u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d S
is given
by Eq.
(4-43)
where F
H accounts f o r t h e f a r - f i e l d effects
by v i r t u e of t h e i n t e r -
f a c i a l e q u a t i o n (see Fig. 3 - 2 2 ) .
estimated:
N e g l i g i b l e f a r - f i e l d e f f e c t s mean F
H
175
eo
is
max
= 0 . 2 5 and a t t h e
The maximum v a l u e of
= O0
(3-219)
so t h a t
= cos-l
eo
P-lI3
(1.84)
(0.25)4']
79"
(4-44)
max
For l a r g e r F
r e l a t i v e l y s t r o n g e r impact of t h e
d i f f u s e r d i s c h a r g e on t h e r e c e i v i n g w a t e r , t h e a n g l e O 0
ger.
, i.e.
S i m i l a r l y , f o r smaller FH
i s even l a r max
l a r g e r resistance i n the far-
eo
s i o n a l f l o w f i e l d through h o r i z o n t a l o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e n o z z l e s , B ( y )
given by E q . (4-36)
t h e v e r t i c a l a n g l e of t h e d i s c h a r g e h a s t o b e less
emax
t h e excess
As mentioned above, t h e
o b j e c t i v e of t h e c o n t r o l i s t o c o u n t e r a c t t h e t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y ,
w i t h i n the l o c a l mixing zone.
Vd'
The n e t horizon-
Thus i t i s emphasized, t h a t t h e
176
be characterized by the two-layered system which is in equilibrium between the buoyancy force of the near-field and the resistance in the
far-field (Fig. 4-1).
tion is applicable.
The two-dimensional channel model conceptualizaNo control is required for diffusers with a stable
near-field zone: The flow field outside the near-field will always be
the stratified two-layered type.
Evaluation of the sensitivity of the form of the flow field for
different orientations, ~(y), can only be made experimentally.
In the
Generating Mechanism
177
d i s c h a r g e w i t h no h o r i z o n t a l momentum.
1) D i f f u s e r s w i t h a s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d
zone e x h i b i t a two-
l a y e r e d system i n t h e f a r - f i e l d .
The h o r i z o n t a l orien-
t a t i o n of t h e n o z z l e s , B(y), i s n o t d e c i s i v e .
2 ) D i f f u s e r s w i t h a n u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d w i l l produce circula-
Fig. 4-7.
PLAN VIEW
Fig. 4-7;
kGd
A-A
U n i d i r e c t i o n a l Discharge w i t h P a r a l l e l Nozzle O r i e n t a t i o n
@(y) = c o n s t = 90")
along t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e .
full vertical mixing) the horizontal circulation is primarily caused by the momentum of the discharge.
This is
essentially the situation which has been described analytically by Adams (1971) as discussed in Chapter 2 .
Adams'
This contraction
0).
Control Methods
channel model.
Prevention of the contraction is again achieved by counteracting
the y-component of the entrainment flow as it enters the diffuser line
through horizontal orientation of the diffuser nozzles, The variation
of nozzle orientation, B(y),
In the experimen-
The assumption
V.
Two d i f f e r e n t
The
are discussed.
7, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
5.1
Experimental Program
b)
c)
180
are given i n Eq. (3-215), namely, the densimetric Froude number of the
(equivalent) s l o t d i f f u s e r , FS, t h e v e r t i c a l d i s c h a r g e angle, Bo, t h e
Two more
U
and
y
volume
flux r a t i o
angle of d i f f u s e r axis w i t h d i r e c t i o n
of cross-current,
ua
P a c i f i c Coast.
Equivalent
s l o t parameters are c a l c u l a t e d .
110 (ft)/sec.
In
LD, is derived as
L z LD
, hence
f4
181
fo LD/H
Comparison shows
Table 5.1:
Variables:
Sewage D i f f u s e r
Thermal Diffuser
Water depth, H ( f t )
200
20
T o t a l d i s c h a r g e , Qo (cfs)
400
1000
0.025
0.003
APf Pa
(fresh
s a l t water)
(ATo
- 20F)
T o t a l D i f f u s e r Length,
2% ( f t )
3000
3000
Nozzle Diameter, D ( f t )
0.5
1 .o
Nozzle Spacing, 11 ( f t )
10
6.8
20
to
8.5
0.1
to
Bottom f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , f o
0.02
0.02
Equivalent s l o t width, B ( f t )
0.02
0.04
70
140
10,000
500
0.5
Dimensionless parameters:
H/B
v a ri a bl e
0.1
to
1.5
100
variable
182
variable
0 to
50
variable
The e f f e c t
Experimental Limitations
These l i m i t a t i o n s are r e l a t e d t o t h e s i z e of u s u a l l y a v a i l a b l e
studied.
laboratory f a c i l i t i e s :
(1)
Boundary e f f e c t s :
The t h e o r e t i c a l treatment w a s d i r e c t e d
I f the d i f f u s e r is l o c a t e d i n a
b a s i n of f i n i t e e x t e n t , i t is clear t h a t , depending on t h e s i z e of t h e
b a s i n r e l a t i v e t o the d i f f u s e r length, t h e flow induced by t h e
d i f f u s e r w i l l be influenced t o a s t r o n g e r o r lesser degree through
boundary e f f e c t s .
flow.
There are cases which have some quasi-steady s t a t e condition,
such as discharges with no n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum and c o n t r o l , which
create
183
The s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n r e q u i r e s
On t h e o t h e r hand, f o r longer t i m e s
t o boundary e f f e c t s .
and high
H/B
wj
UOD
V
= -
(5-2)
I
Pearce found a f u l l y t u r b u l e n t
IR
> 3000
For IR
small i n s t a b i l i t i e s .
184
500 < IR
< 3000
is
d i s t i n g u i s h e d by an increasingly t u r b u l e n t j e t s t r u c t u r e .
Pearce
d i d n o t i n v e s t i g a t e t h e entrainment e f f i c i e n c y of j e t s i n this
t r a n s i t i o n region, b u t presumably i t will be lower and only approach-
IR >3000
i n g t h a t of the f u l l y t u r b u l e n t j e t ,
Hence, for a j e t
u4%
I R =
> 3000
should b e m e t i n experimental s t u d i e s
3)
Measurement technique:
are of interest.
(5-3)
is
There
Only approximate v i s u a l or
Thus t h e
water d i f f u s e r discharge.
lated as a continuous s l o t .
5.2.1
E<1uipment
50'
4.5' x 3'.
2L was i n s t a l l e d
185
F i g . 5-1:
TOP VIEW
metal flume
at.
A
U
, -b
2L4
II
t if'
I-
*
4.5'
SIDE V I E W
W
-1-
H
I.
1
\
KJ
'
slot jet
injection device
44
.JET
A-A
'
point-gage
mounted
themistor
pr ub e
DETAIL
sliding plate
perforated
damping plate
1 flume
3" ID plexiglass
t;racing
fixed
thermistor
Drobes
1'
INFLOW
3.5l
Fig. 5-2:
Flume Set-Up
pipe
s e c t i o n formed a r e s e r v o i r .
of marine plywood.
The l e n g t h of t h e c h a n n e l could b e v a r i e d by
T h e i n j e c t i o n device w a s
Bo
A few
center a s t h e j e t source.
Heated d i s c h a r g e
T h i r t y - s i x (36)
188
The probes
+ 0.2S0F
and were i n d i v i d u a l l y c a l i b r a t e d .
The t i m e c o n s t a n t is
7 sec. which f i l t e r s o u t t u r b u l e n t f l u c t u a t i o n s .
(2) Moveable probe:
Fenwal
GA51SM2 t h e r m i s t o r probe w a s
The v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n
versus t h e m i l l i v o l t output of t h e t h e r m i s t o r c i r c u i t r e s u l t e d .
The
of a mercury thermometer.
.
189
A l l flows w e r e
and were i n d i v i d u a l l y c a l i b r a t e d .
a t i m e c o n s t a n t of 9 se
The
S i x t e e n (16) probes w e r e
water.
i n s i d e the d i f f u s e r pipe.
(2) Moveable
as d e s c r i b e d i n t h e flume set-up.
The b a s i c components w e r e t h e s a m e
The p o i n t gages w e r e mounted on s t a n d s .
196
A complete r e c o r d of
ft
X
- To
X
Near field zone
r-
X+
I x
-15
a)
- 10
-5
Probes 1/4
Probes
3
in below surface
Robes
in above bottom
in
+10
+5
t5
+I5 f t
below surface
X
X
x +
+
A
r---;;---7
-I
+ 5
.x
--6
t0
VI
U
mc
Diffuser line
-5
. -10
I
-1 0
-15
b)
Fixed
-5
probe arrangement,
F i g . 5-5:
+5
+10
+I5 f t
Basin Set - Up 8
19 7
5.3.2
Experimental Procedure
t h e d e s i r e d cross-flow v e l o c i t y w a s e s t a b l i s h e d .
t h e d i f f u s e r p i p e w a s "primed", i . e . ,
Before t h e s t a r t
h e a t e d water was d i s c h a r g e d
i n t o an e n d of t h e d i f f u s e r p i p e w h i l e a t t h e o t h e r end a n e q u a l
amount w a s withdrawn.
An
Dye w a s
Automatic t e m p e r a t u r e
The
The s t e a d y s t a t e o r q u a s i - s t e a d y state p o r t i o n w a s l i m i t e d
t o a v a r y i n g d e g r e e f o r each experiment and depended s t r o n g l y on
diffuser characteristics.
The main f a c t o r w a s t h e n e t h o r i z o n t a l
momentum of the d i f f u s e r d i s c h a r g e .
I n g e n e r a l , e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a
s t e a d y s t a t e c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n i n t h e b a s i n r e q u i r e d about 5 t o 10
minutes.
For r u n s w i t h no n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum t h i s w a s f o l l o w e d
by an e s s e n t i a l l y s t e a d y p o r t i o n of 10 t o 30 minutes, i.e. d i l u t i o n s
i n t h e d i f f u s e r v i c i n i t y were n o t changing.
For runs w i t h n e t
h o r i z o n t a l momentum t h e s t e a d y s t a t e p o r t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o d i l u t i o n s
i n t h e d i f f u s e r v i c i n i t y w a s i n some i n s t a n c e s s t r o n g l y l i m i t e d , t h a t
138
Experimental Runs
5.3.3
i n the basin:
S e r i e s BH
S e r i e s BC
S e r i e s BN
Data Reduction
5.3.4
rise p r o f i l e s
given at f o u r p o i n t s i n t h e b a s i n are i n d i c a t e d .
For t h e purpose of comparing w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l s u r f a c e
dilution
Ss
The e x t e n t
describing t h e length of t h e
@ is c a l c u l a t e d as
ks = 0.03 f t f o r
f o LD/H
199
For t h e
5.4
Experiments by Other I n v e s t i g a t o r s
Basic experimental i n v e s t i g a t i o n of submerged multiport d i f f u s e r s ,
Most
diffuser
as considered i n t h i s study.
The two-dimensional experiments by L i s e t h (19 70) on d i f f u s e r s
Liseth
Harleman e t a l . (1971).
The
angle.
the p r e s e n t theory.
200
Their r e s u l t s cannot b e
flow.
28
A l l these
201
VI.
6.1
D i f f u s e r s w i t h No N e t H o r i z o n t a l Momentum
6.1.1
The r e l e v a n t p h y s i c a l
Most of t h e
were done w i t h a s i n g l e n o z z l e .
Although
v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n showed t h a t t h e j e t s t r u c t u r e w a s always c l e a r l y
turbulent, nevertheless it is possible t h a t t h e turbulent entrainment c a p a c i t y of t h e j e t i s weaker t h a n p r e d i c t e d by t h e t h e o r e t i c a l
a n a l y s i s assuming a f u l l y t u r b u l e n t j e t .
I n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l range
of d i l u t i o n a s a good approximation.
The v e r t i c a l s t r u c t u r e of t h e flow f i e l d i n t h e two-dimensional
channel model can b e i n f e r r e d from t e m p e r a t u r e measurements and
v i s u a l observation.
The
i n t e r n a l h y d r a u l i c jump r e g i o n i s c l e a r l y v i s i b l e i n F i g u r e 6 - l a ,
202
Table 6 . 1 :
Physical Variables
Ta
ATo
"0
(ft) (10%)
(ft/sec) (ft)
Governing
Parameters
Secondary Parameters
(OF)
(OF)
m1
L/H
fo c 2
fo
@bserved Predicted
eO
Fs H/B ( d w )
Ss
ss
FN-1
2.00
10.4
0.64
20 67.5 15.3
25
192
2.00
10.4
0.43
20 66.4 29.0
13
2.00
10.4
4.27
160
2.00
3.3
1.72
20
67.4 24.1
2.00
3.3
0.88
20 68.0 10.9
2.00
3.3
1.51
20 68.2 29.5
2.00
3.3
4.71
20 66.1 17.5
291
1.33
3.3
2.69
20 67.3 22.0
144 400
P;,
8
9
1.00
5.2
1.86
20 66.9 17.9
91
10
1.00
5.2
20 67.6 16.9
270
11
2.17
5.2
5.34
0.64
31 416
12
2.00
10.4
2.13
20 65.8 16.1
80
192
13
1.25
20.8
1.07
20 67.5 21.0
5,360 16
23
50
90
0.8
4.6
4.4
14
2.17
1.7
1.31
20 69.0 14.4
540 9
128 1300 90
0.6
20.6
28.n
15
2.17
1.7
3.92
20 69.0 23.0
293 i3no
?n
0.6
17.7
16.4
16
2.17
1.7
1.30
20
69.4 28.4
540 9
85 1300
90
0.6
25.6
36 .O
17
2.00
10.4
1.86
12 67.5 15.5
4,760 6
70 192
90
0.4
6.7
6.2
18
2.00
3.3
4.71
12
68.2 15.1
600 90
0.4
7.5
7 .0
19
1.25
20.8
1.07
12
68.2 21.4
5,360 10
23
60
90
0.5
4.1
20n
2.00
3.4n
2.61
20
73.0 22.2
131
585
90
0.6
11.1
4 .0
12.1
21n
2.00
3.4n
1.63
20
73.2 28.3
71
585
90
0.6
13.17
18.0
22n
2.17
1.7n
20
71.2 23.7
90
0.6
1.33
3.4n
20 67.5 21.8
2.17
5.8n
0.57
20
140
22
90
90
0.9
0.6
15.0
7.2
12.3
18.2
7.0
FN-24n
231 1240
23n
3.92
2.61
20 65.4 24.8
67.5 24.6
810
1,610
9n
0.7
11.8
12.2
192 90
0.7
17.0
17.0
192
90
0.5
4.5
3.5
87
600 90
0.6
15.0
16.5
71
600 90
0.7
15.5
19 .o
67 600 90
312
0.6
14.7
19.2
0.6
6.7
7.3
90
0.9
7.3
7.0
9r)
1.2
5.1
4.9
192 90
1.1
2.7
3.2
90
n.6
17.7
21 .0
90
0.5
5.5
5.6
600 90
192
390
377
Note:"n" denotes experiments with a single nozzle, equivalent slot width (spacing 1.0 ft)
23.0
aJ
.rl
Fr
I
ul
&I
Q)
2
P)
rl
cn
LD
0
II
*
5
f
C
.-V
1
---5
---
0
.
I
.
0
fi
204
0 0
i s a l s o g i v e n i n F i g u r e s 6-6 (@
(@
T h i s comparison
1.0) along w i t h
( F i l l e d o r un-
f i l l e d symbols i n d i c a t e an u n s t a b l e o r s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d ,
respective-
The observed d i l u t i o n s
jet discharge.
The r e s u l t s f o r t h e s i n g l e n o z z l e tests a g r e e w e l l
6.1.2
R, e q u a l t o h a l f t h e d e p t h , H.
Three-Dimensional
Basin Experiments
c
-
Most
lower t h a n t h e g i v e n r e q u i r e m e n t .
205
Table 6.2:
Physical Variables
H
(ft)
BN-1 0.67
2 0.67
3 0.67
4 0.67
5 0.67
6 0.67
7 0.67
8 0.43
9 0.67
10 0.67
11 0.67
12 0.92
13 0.67
14 0.67
15 0.67
16 0.67
17c 0.67
18c 0.66
19c 0.67
20c 0.67
21c 0.67
22c 0.67
BN-23c 0.67
Note:
. D
uo
LD Ta
(10-3ft> (ft) (ft/sec) (ft) (OF) (OF) IRj !L/H LD/H
10.4 0.08 2.42
6.4 58.8 27.0 2,870 0.12 10
10.4 0.08
2.42 6.4 64.0 25.3 3,000 0.12 10
10.4 0.08
2.42 6.4 65.3 26.4 3,090 0.12 10
10.4 0.08 2.42 6.4 67.9 27.3 3,210 0.12 10
10.4 0.08 2.42 6.4 65.6 27.4 3,120 0.12 10
3.60
6.4 67.2 26.6 4,700 1-1.1210
10.4 0.08
10.4 0.16
4.84 6.4 68.5 24.6 6,260 0.24 10
10.4 0.08
1.21
6.4 63.2 24.9 1,480 0.19 15
15.6
0.16 2.15
6.4 63.7 26.0 4,010 0.24 10
21.3 0.32 2.31
6.4 64.A 24.7 5,A10 0.48 10
10.4 0.16 1.50 6.4 64.2 23.0 1,820 0.24 10
10.4 0.16 1.50 6.4 64.0 23.0 1,810 0.17 7
10.4 0.08
2.42
6.4 64.7 26.1 3,040 0.12 10
10.4 0.16
4.84 6.4 65.2 25.3 6,070 0.24 10
15.6 0.16 2.15
6.4 65.9 25.9 4,110 n.24 10
15.6 0.16 0.87 6.4 66.6 22.5 1,610 0.24 10
10.4 OaO8
2.42 6 . 0 ~
63.9 29.3 3,130 0.12 9c
15.6 0.16 2.15 6 . 0 ~64.4 22.7 3,890 0.24 9c
10.4 0.08
2.42
6 . 0 ~64.7 27.1 3,080 0.12 9~
10.4 0.16 2.43 6 . 0 ~63.4 26.4 3,020 0.24 9c
10.4 0.16 150
6.0~
63.4 26.5 1,860 0.24 9~
15.6 0.16
2.15
6 . 0 ~64.3 28.3 4,140 0.24 9~
10.4 0.16 4.84
6 . 0 ~63.4 28.4 6,150 0.24 9~
Governing Parameters
Observed Predicted
eO
5.9
10.0
11.8
10.0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
9.5
10.6
8.3
8.0
13.2
10.4
ss
9.1
10.5
LOG
10.0
in.4
10.5
10.5
1.0 NOR
17.3
22 .n
0.6 NOR.
27 .0
37 .0
10.4
10.5
10.5
10.4
a08
o m
158 628
0.09 454 1256
0-A 0.9
LOG
0-A 0.9
LOG
0-A 0.9
10.0
in.4
0-A
15.1
19.5
8.6
10.4
9.1
10.4
LOG
1.0 LOG
0.09 142 552 45-A 0.8 0.09 155 628 45-A 0.8 0.09 223 1256 45-A O . R
0.09 137 1256 45-A 0.8 0.09 127 558 0-A 0.8
0.09 429 1256
0-A O.R
-
sS
0.8
4,
9.4
in.5
12.2
16.7
15 .0
22.5
9.2
10.4
9.3
10.7
as a c o n t r o l of t h e h o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l a -
t i o n s induced by a d i f f u s e r d i s c h a r g e w i t h an u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d .
I n Chapter 4 t h e t h e o r e t i c a l s o l u t i o n f o r t h e h o r i z o n t a l n o z z l e
o r i e n t a t i o n , B ( y ) , along t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e h a s been d e r i v e d ,
E q u a t i o n ( 4 - 3 6 ) , based on t h e model of t h e three-dimensional
f i e d flow f i e l d .
strafi-
To check t h e v a l i d i t y of t h i s e q u a t i o n and a l s o
t h e s e n s i t i v i t y due t o d e v i a t i o n s i n t h e n o z z l e o r i e n t a t i o n t h e
f o l l o w i n g f? (y) were checked:
1) Normal d i s t r i b u t i o n (NOR):
d i f f u s e r a x i s o r v e r t i c a l l y upward, t h u s p r o v i d i n g no d i s c h a r g e
momentum i n t h e y - d i r e c t i o n
B (y)
2)
= 90'
(along t h e axis of t h e d i f f u s e r ) .
= const.
(6-1)
L i n e a r d i s t r i b u t i o n (LIN) :
B(Y) = goo (1
- ")
LD
3)
S i n u s o i d a l d i s t r i b u t i o n (SIN):
B(y) = cos-l(Y-)
LD
4)
Normal s i n u s o i d a l d i s t r i b u t i o n (N- S )
(900
B(Y) =
is called f o r simplicity
the :
5)
"Logarithic"distribution
(LOG) :
(4-36)
207
Runs BN-1
t o 5 have
The r e s u l t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e
and 6-4a.
V e r t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s a t f o u r p o i n t s a r e g i v e n and s u r f a c e
current
w i t h o u t any d i f f u s e r
The
s i t u a t i o n i s r e v e r s e d f o r t h e l i n e a r d i s t r i b u t i o n (LIN), F i g u r e 6-3b;
t o o much n o z z l e o r i e n t a t i o n i n t h e y d i r e c t i o n r e s u l t s i n a dominant
flow-away a l o n g t h e y-axis
mixed.
( d i f f u s e r l i n e ) which is a g a i n r a t h e r w e l l
, Figure
6-4a,
how-
In general, i t is
t h a t n o z z l e o r i e n t a t i o n s p r o v i d i n g less d i s -
c h a r g e momentum i n t h e y - d i r e c t i o n
t h a n i n d i c a t e d by E q u a t i o n (4-36)
The f l o w con-
d i t i o n n e a r t o t h e LOG d i s t r i b u t i o n is n o t v e r y s e n s i t i v e .
The
It should b e n o t e d , how-
e v e r , t h a t a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n s , e x c e p t t h e LOG d i s t r i b u t i o n , set up
h o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l a t i o n s which u l t i m a t e l y l e a d t o r e c i r c u l a t i o n
208
NOR
9c
80
(Y>
60'
40"
20'
OC
0
-4
-8
y/
LD
1-0
End
Fig. 6-2:
209
'
'/H
30
I '
Surface lsother ms
a) Run BN-l,Fs
fH
30
@ =
Surface Isotherms
20
a5
02
01
10
'-4
0
*To
b ) Run BN-2,
F i g . 6-3:
B(y) = LIN
210
50
Surface Isotherms
'4 40
xAT
-0.075
30 -
10 -
20
0 '
- 40
-30
-20
-10
211
i n t o the d i f f u s e r l i n e .
effect.
The d i l u t i o n s g i v e n do n o t account f o r t h i s
(0
(8
= 45O,
These e x p e r i m e n t s
= 0').
have a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h e r v a l u e f o r t h e y-momentum of t h e d i s c h a r g e
as compared t o F i g u r e 6-4a.
The r e s u l t i n g f l o w f i e l d , however,
i s s i m i l a r , g i v i n g s u p p o r t t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n i n Chapter 4 , t h a t it:
i s n o t t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e of t h e d i s c h a r g e y-momentum t h a t i s
i m p o r t a n t , b u t r a t h e r i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n as l o n g as t h e v e r t i c a l a n g l e
1
, Equation (4-43)
max
A diffuser with a stable near-field
i s below Bo
With a s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d
i n a l l directions.
( t h u s r e q u i r i n g no c o n t r o l
t h e flow-away i s uniform
i n the y-direction.
(@z 1 . 0 ) .
Good
and two-dimensional
Due t o e x p e r i m e n t a l l i m i t a t i o n s ( j e t turbu-
l e n c e ) t h e e x p e r i m e n t s were mainly r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e u n s t a b l e
near-field
domain.
Various e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h similar F
S'
H/B b u t
fH
30
Surface Isotherms
I-
'
0.1s
a2
AT-
4.
0'-A,
@ =
0.9, B(y)
= LOG
0.03 * I
'n
zF-
0.5
2-0
Ale
@ =
2L3
10
50
5 00
100
~
8, = go"
= 0.5
F i g . 6-6:
c)
P r e d i c t e d V s , Observed Dilutions,
214
ss
1000
215
ss.
t h e e q u i v a l e n t s l o t concept f o r d i f f u s e r s w i t h a l t e r n a t i n g n o z z l e s .
A s can b e s e e n t h e d i l u t i o n s a r e , indeed, independent of v e r t i c a l
a n g l e and s p a c i n g , s o t h a t t h e e q u i v a l e n t s l o t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s
valid.
6.2
D i f f u s e r s w i t h N e t H o r i z o n t a l Momentum
6.2.1
The r u n s were l i m i t e d
eo
= 0) h a s been
e x t e n s i v e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e channel e x p e r i m e n t s by Harleman
e t al. (1971).
6-12 (@
(a
1) t o t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s .
l o s s e s w e r e n o t n e g l i g i b l e ; (b) For s t r o n g
j e t d i s c h a r g e s t h e s l o t j e t became a t t a c h e d t o t h e channel
bottom r e s u l t i n g i n s i g n i f i c a n t momentum d i s s i p a t i o n .
It may
conditions.
I n p a r t i c u l a r , i t does n o t a l l o w p e n e t r a t i o n of
216
Table 6 . 3 :
Physical Variables
Governing
Parameters
Secondary Parameters
IR
L/H
fo
c2
*
fO
Observed P r e d i c t e d
Fs H / B ( d g r )
Ss
sS
FH-1
2.00
3.3
1.68
20
71.4 31.3
1,340 10
0.036 1 . 7 0.061
64
600
45
0.6
17.5
23.0
2.00
10.4
0.64
20
65.7 16.9
1,610 10
0.038 1 . 7 0.065
23
192
45
0.7
10.1
13.2
3n
2.00
3.4n
1.63
20
69.1 29.9
1,340 10
0.037 1 . 7 0.063
71
585
45
0.6
13.6
20.5
2.17
1.7
1.31
20
66.6 14.9
129 1300
0.6
29.5
37 .O
2.00
3.3
1.68
20
2.00
10.4
0.64
1.64
FH-7n
2.00
Note:
3.4n
540
67.0 29.0
1,340 10
0.037 1 . 7 0.063
86
600
0.6
16.1
26.0
20
70.2 13.6
1,610 10
0.037 1 . 7 0.063
20
192
0.6
13.6
15.0
20
68.9 29.1
1,340 10
72
585
0.6
19.5
25.0
There is
I n general, t h e i r r e s u l t s
The t h r e e experiments
6.2.2
Three-Dimensional
Basin Experiments
The d i f f u s e r e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h u n d i r e c t i o n a l d i s c h a r g e i n t h e
b a s i n , S e r i e s BH, are summarized i n Table 6.4.
made w i t h a 4
5'
(0').
Runs 1 t o 9 w e r e
v e r t i c a l a n g l e , t h e rest w i t h h o r i z o n t a l d i s c h a r g e
low Fs).
Runs 1 t o 6 ( w i t h 45')
f u l l v e r t i c a l mixing.
The q u e s t i o n of t h e h o r i z o n t a l n o z z l e o r i e n t a t i o n , B(y),
f o r d i f f u s e r c o n t r o l w a s a d d r e s s e d by i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e normal d i s t r i b u t i o n (NOR) and t h e " l o g a r i t h m i c " d i s t r i b u t i o n (LOG) i n p a i r s
218
Table 6.4:
Physical Variables
H
D
58.2 24.1 1,190 0.18
0.090 31 534
6.4
0.085
6.4
1.08
6.4
0.32
1.66
15.6
0.32
0.92
21.3
8c 0.92
0.92
BH-1
0.92
18.7
0.16
0.58
6.4
0.92
15.6
0.16
0.83
0.65
15.6
0.16
2.15
0.65
15.6
0.16
0.67
15.6
0.67
7c
9c
Predicted
Observed This studv Adams (1972)
0.6
LOG
sS
sS
17.9
28.0
N.A.
768
45
0.6
LOG
18.5
30.0
N.A.
45
0.9
LOG
13.3
21.0
N.A.
45
1.0
LOG
11.8
18.5
N.A.
6.4
45
1.0
LOG
18.2
27 .O
N.A.
1.66
6.4
45
1.0
NOR
N.A.
N.A.
0.32
0.89
7c
0.090
59
824
45
0.6
30.0
N.A.
21.3
0.16
0.45
7~
0.090
21
412
45
0.6
18.9
28.0
N.A.
15.6
0.16
0.83
7~ 0.090
56
768
45
0.6
16.7
21.8
18.2
28.0
N.A.
67 558
1.0
LOG
14.3
20.5
N.A.
0.100 66 558
1.0
NOR
13.2
N.A.
N.A.
0.090 59
824
0.6
LOG
20.0
32.0
N.A.
0.090
60 824
0.6 NOR
16.1
N.A.
N.A.
0.9 LOC-
21.3
34.5
N.A.
6.4
0.090
31 534
0.6
LOG
19.6
27.2
N.A.
6.4
1.0 LOG
18.2
25.6
N.A.
2.15
0 0.9
NOR
13.5
N.A.
16.7
0.32
1.56
6.4
LOG
18.2
22.5
N .A.
10
0.67
15.6
0.16
1.08
11
0.67
15.6
0.16
1.08
6.4
12
0.92
21.3
0.32
0.89
6.4
13
0.92
21.3
0.32
0.89
6.4
14
0.67
15.6
0.32
1.66
6.4
15
0.92
0.58
0.67
18.7
15.6
0.16
16
0.16
2.15
17
0.67
15.6
0.16
18
0.49
21.3
0.095
53
45
0.100
97 436
99 440
1.3
19
0.49
21.3
0.32
1.56
6.4
0.100
1.3 NOR
16.7
N.A.
14.7
20
0.50
15.6
0.32
2.91
6.4
0.090 258
837
1.2
LOG
19.2
31.8
N.A.
21
0.50
15.6
0.32
2.91
0.090 254
837
1.2
NOR
17.2
N.A.
21-1.5
22
0.50
10.4
0.08
2.42
1.1
LOG
23.6
N.A.
23
24
0.50
0.50
6.4
6.4
1.1
NOR
1.1 NOR
0.6 -
16.7
0.83
0.92
0.08
0.32
0.16
2.42
2.31
25c
10.4
21.3
15.6
13.9
14.3
26c
0.92
21.3
0.32
0.89
7c
0.080
60 824
0.6
BH-27c
0.92
21.3
0.16
0.45
7c
0.085
22 412
0.6
Note:
LD
N.A.
15.3
15.0
18.2
.23.4
28.7
N.A.
19.6
29.5
N .A.
18.2
26.0
N.A.
w i t h e q u a l H / B , Fs,
lo
e s t a b l i s h e d i n Chapter 3,
sS
, were
However, observed
i n g e n e r a l lower t h a n p r e d i c t e d by t h i s s t u d y ,
This i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o
e x p e r i m e n t a l l i m i t a t i o n s as d i s c u s s e d below.
D i f f u s e r flow f i e l d s i n "deep water" f o r a LOG d i s t r i b u t i o n
(Run 5 ) and f o r a NOR d i s t r i b u t i o n (Run 6 ) are shown i n F i g u r e
6-8.
The d i f f u s e r w i t h c o n t r o l (LOG) t e n d s t o e s t a b l i s h a s t r o n g e r
l a t e r a l s p r e a d i n g of t h e d i s c h a r g e w i t h a d i s t i n c t l y s t r a t i f i e d
c o n d i t i o n , which i s p r e d i c t e d from F i g u r e 6-11.
On t h e o t h e r hand,
t h e d i f f u s e r w i t h o u t c o n t r o l (NOR) h a s a c o n c e n t r a t e d f u l l y mixed
flow-away a l o n g t h e x-axis.
eddying a t t h e d i f f u s e r end.
I n t h e "shallow water" r a n g e t h e comparison i s g i v e n i n
F i g u r e 6-9
f u l l v e r t i c a l mixing as p r e d i c t e d .
Both d i f f u s e r s show
Again t h e d i f f u s e r w i t h o u t
At the
220
0.5
'
'4
5
:
a) Run BH-5,
y
'3
e0
= 45", @ = 1.0,
T
I
'/H
10
20-
0.5
IU
10
zp--
:
1
B(y) = LOG
0.5
.I
0.1
.I
05
I
,,'
0
AT
b ) Run BH-6,
F i g . 6-8:
45O,@
(Nozzles D i r e c t e d t o the L e f t )
221
O1
40 -
'/H
30
20 -
z
10-
'2
'4
I
O'
-310
'
-20
a) Run BH-18,
05
2'3
1
- 10
10
20
' 0;
3 0 "/H
F ,
AT 0.'
ATe
0.5
0
b ) Run BH-19,
Fig. 6-9:
(Nozzles D i r e c t e d t o t h e L e f t )
222
0.1
t h e o r y , n e g l e c t i n g f r i c t i o n i n t h e flow-away)
As mentioned, t h e
It i s argued t h a t t h i s l a c k of
4:
t h e case of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s on d i f f u s e r s w i t h no n e t h o r i z o n -
t a l momentum.
( i i ) I n t h e "shallow water" r a n g e t h e r e l a t i v e s t r e n g t h o f t h e
h o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l a t i o n s as i n f l u e n c e d by t h e b a s i n b o u n d a r i e s
l e a d s t o a dilemma:
( a ) To o b t a i n s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s t h e
sS
223
g i v e n i n Table 6.4 do n o t c o n t a i n
8, =45"
@ =05
Fig. 6-10:
Series F H
Series B H
P r e d i c t e d V s . Observed Dilutions, Ss
224
1ooc
500
100
50
10
r
I
225
e, = oo
@
0.5
x
A
= Series FH
= Series BH
= Harleman et. al. (1971) - Fully mixed
-Stagnant wedge
. .226
3,
=oo
@ =I
Series BH
Fig. 6-13:
227
Figures
On t h e
could
not be i n s u r e d i n t h i s f a s h i o n .
I n t h i s c o n t e x t i t i s emphasized t h a t a l l d i f f u s e r s w i t h
s i g n i f i c a n t h o r i z o n t a l momentum, even i n a t r u l y unbounded s i t u a t i o n
(absence o f b a s i n w a l l s ) w i l l e x h i b i t some r e c i r c u l a t i o n , as can b e
shown by t h e Rankine-theorem of t h e p o t e n t i a l f l o w analogy ( v o r t e x
flow).
c i r c u l a t i o n which i s s t r o n g l y a f f e c t e d by t h e b a s i n b o u n d a r i e s .
Another f a c t o r which p r o b a b l y h a s some e f f e c t on t h e low v a l u e s of
t h e observed d i l u t i o n s i s j e t attachement f o r t h e h o r i z o n t a l
diffuser discharge
momentum.
(eo
= )'0
l e a d i n g t o d i s s i p a t i o n of h o r i z o n t a l
as t h e s e experiments are s i m i l a r l y i n f l u e n c e d by u n s t e a d y e f f e c t s
and boundary e f f e c t s .
g e n e r a l , f o r t h e case of n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum d i f f u s e r s w i t h
c o n t r o l perform o n l y s l i g h t l y b e t t e r
d i f f u s e r s without c o n t r o l .
(%
10% h i g h e r d i l u t i o n ) t h a n
The d i f f e r e n c e l i e s m a i n l y i n t h e
228
s t r e n g t h of t h e h o r i z o n t a l c u r r e n t g e n e r a t e d .
The e f f e c t of s p a c i n g , R/H, w a s s t u d i e d i n c e r t a i n test
combinations (keeping Fs and H / B about e q u a l ) , f o r example ( 2 3 , 2 4 ) .
( 7 c , 9 c ) and (25c,26c).
No i n f l u e n c e of n o z z l e s p a c i n g on t h e
d i f f u s e r performance is e v i d e n t .
6.3
Conclusions:
D i f f u s e r s w i t h o u t Ambient Crossflow
The t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s of two-dimensional c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
(Chapter 3 ) and three-dimensional a s p e c t s (Chapter 4 ) of d i f f u s e r s
w i t h o u t ambient c r o s s f l o w i n combination w i t h t h e experimental
program ( t h i s c h a p t e r ) e n a b l e s t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s t o be
drawn:
1) Equivalent s l o t concept
Any m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r can, f o r a n a l y t i c a l purposes.
k d . by an e q u i v a l e n t s l o t d i f f u s e r .
berepresen-
This i n c l u d e s d i f f u s e r s with
a l t e r n a t i n g n o z z l e s as h a s been shown by t h e a n a l y s i s of
Liseth's
U t i l i z i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t s l o t c o n c e p t i n t r o d u c e s a convenient
t o o l f o r comparing d i f f u s e r s t u d i e s and p r o t o t y p e a p p l i c a t i o n s :
t h e v a r i a b l e s D and R are r e p l a c e d by t h e s i n g l e v a r i a b l e B.
d i f f u s e r i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by F
s'
H / B and
e0,
where 0
90'
for
d i f f u s e r s with a l t e r n a t i n g nozzles.
2)
Two-dimensional d i f f u s e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
A stable near-field
The range i s
dependent on 0
Outside t h i s r a n g e t h e d i f f u s e r performance i s
governed by t h e f r i c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e flow-away
far-field,
governed by 0 = f
L/H.
D i f f e r e n t v e r t i c a l flow s t r u c -
t u r e s w i l l r e s u l t as a f u n c t i o n of 8
3)
i n the
and 0.
Three-dimensional d i f f u s e r a s p e c t s
The flow d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e i s i n t i m a t e l y
related t o near-field
i n s t a b i l i t i e s along t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e and t o
t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e h o r i z o n t a l momentum i n p u t of t h e d i f f u s e r d i s H o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l a t i o n s w i l l b e g e n e r a t e d by t h i s i n t e r a c -
charge.
t i o n , e x c e p t f o r t h e case of a s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d
("deep water"
4)
C o n t r o l of h o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l a t i o n s
H o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l a t i o n s can b e c o n t r o l l e d t h r o u g h h o r i z o n t a l
o r i e n t a t i o n , B(y), of t h e i n d i v i d u a l n o z z l e s a l o n g t h e d i f f u s e r .
For d i f f u s e r s w i t h no n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum, B(y) g i v e n by
Equation ( 4 - 4 3 ) ("logarithmic" d i s t r i b u t i o n
stably
LOG), i n s u r e s a
s t r a t i f i e d c o u n t e r - f l o w system i n t h e f a r - f i e l d .
For
d i f f u s e r s w i t h n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum, t h e LOG d i s t r i b u t i o n
p r e v e n t s c o n t r a c t i o n of t h e flow downstream of t h e d i f f u s e r and
promotes v e r t i c a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n .
5)
Dilution predictions
T h e o r e t i c a l d i l u t i o n s o b t a i n e d from t h e two-dimensional
230
I n mathematical terms,
2
LD ,
i . e . , t h e l e n g t h of
Experimentally, d i f f u s e r s t u d i e s i n a two-dimensional
channel model r e q u i r e a s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e r e s e r v o i r o u t s i d e t h e
channel and account h a s t o b e t a k e n f o r t h e i n c r e a s e d f r i c t i o n due
t o t h e s i d e w a l l s of t h e channel.
The i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e s e f i n d i n g s on p r a c t i c a l d i f f u s e r
d e s i g n and on t h e o p e r a t i o n of h y d r a u l i c scale models of d i f f u s e r s
are d i s c u s s e d i n Chapter 8 .
The i n t e r a c t i o n of t h - d i f f u s e r - i n d u c e d flows and temperatur
f i e l d w i t h an ambient c u r r e n t system is t r e a t e d i n t h e subsequent
chapter.
231
VII.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
diffuser performance is basically determined by four dimensionless parameters, namely the equivalent slot Froude number,
H/B,
@
f L/H.
FS
is important.
232
can b e i n t r o d u c e d ,
v = - ua-H OB
i n which u
u n i t w i d t h d i s c h a r g e of c r o s a f l o w
= volume f l u x
u n i t w i d t h d i s h c a r g e of d i f f u s e r
ratio
a n g l e of d i f f u s e r axis w i t h d i r e c t i o n of c r o s s f l o w
= u n d i s t u r b e d c r o s s f l o w v e l o c i t y upstream.
Thus i n g e n e r a l ,
The c r o s s f l o w c a u s e s a
d e f l e c t i o n of the buoyant j e t t r a j e c t o r s as d i s c u s s e d
Depending on V and Y, such effects
i n Paragraph 2.1.7.
as bending i n t o a d j a c e n t j e t s , j e t a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e bottom
and i n s t a b i l i t i e s of t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r c a n ensue.
case of an u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d
the diffuser line
(v
I n the
zone a c u r r e n t sweeping a l o n g
somewhat s i m i l a r t o d i f f u s e r induced c i r c u l a t i o n s w i t h o u t
c o n t r o l by n o z z l e o r i e n t a t i o n .
2 ) E f f e c t on t h e Far-Field Zone:
The d i f f u s e r induced c u r r e n t s ,
Spreading of t h e
d i f f u s e r flow a g a i n s t t h e c u r r e n t i s i n h i b i t e d t o a s t r o n g e r
o r lesser degree.
7.2
Method of A n a l y s i s
The d i f f u s e r i n a uniform ambient c r o s s - c u r r e n t w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d
experimentally.
No complete t h e o r y d e s c r i b i n g t h e f u l l range of t h e
233
so
To
near-field zone are in general little affected by the crossflow except for the deflection of the buoyant jets.
is then
(3-222)
in which F
HC
The behavior of
(3-227)
= go",
no control), w i t h
t y p i c a l c o n t r a c t i o n of t h e flow f i e l d downstream of
t h e discharge, Adams' model can h e used n e g l e c t i n g
Equation (2-45) i s
modified, including t h e e f f e c t of v e r t i c a l a n g l e
0'
to
C ) Cross-Flow Mixing:
ss =
(7-4 1
sin
E s s e n t i a l l y , regimes B and C, b o t h w i t h f d l v e r t i c a l
mixing, can b e combined by simple s u p e r p o s i t i o n :
i ) For t h e LOG d i s t r i b u t i o n :
I n t h e two-dimensional channel
ua
s i n2 y)/2g.
The d i l u t i o n pre-
'
sS
v*+
2s i n2 y
2 H/B cos eo
14- @/2
(7-5)
= y* =
+v
siny
+L
The e f f e c t of cross-flow
(2-44) w r i t t e n as
(V2sin2 y
+2
H cos go>
112
(7-6)
FT, 8 , V*,
@(y)
(Note:
~ ( y )determines whether V* i s
o r (7-6)).
used i n t h e d a t a p r e s e n t a t i o n .
I n t h e experimental program the d i f f u s e r arrangement
w a s l i m i t e d t o two values of y:
a) y = 0
:
'
P a r a l l e l D i f f u s e r , i.e.
t h e d i f f u s e r axis
i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e cross-flow d i r e c t i o n , and
b) y = 90":
Perpendicular D i f f u s e r , i.e.
the diffuser
a x i s i s perpendicular t o t h e crossflow d i r e c t i o n .
Two-dimensional channel model s t u d i e s on t h e perpend i c u l a r d i f f u s e r performed i n t h e flume set-up are
described f i r s t (Section 7.3).
Both perpendicular
7.3
Flume Experiments:
Perpendicular D i f f u s e r
S e r i e s FC.
The
Table 7.1:
Physical Variables
Governing Parameters
ss
FC-1
2-00
0.100
3.3
2.69
90
0.7 22.5
9.5
21.7
14.1
2.00
0.044
3.3
2.69
600
90
0.7 10.0
A.2
2.00
0.022
3.3
2.69
600
90
0.8
5.0
8.2
9.6
2.00
0.011
3.3
2.69
600
90
0.8
2.5
9.4
12.8
2.00
0.049
3.3
1.68
69
600
90
0.8 16.0
4.6
16.7
2.00
0.067
3.3
1.68
70
600
90
0.7 24.0
4.7
31.3
11.6
2.00
0.100
3.3
4.71
600
90
0.7 12.9
21.0
2.00
0.033
3.3
4.71
600
90
0.8
4.3
20.7
7.4
2.00
0.067
3.3
0.88
69.5
77
600
90
0 . 8 45.8
5.2
30.3
10
1.33
0.100
3.3
2.69
1.7
3.92
9.0
700 10 0.082
400
90
0.8 15.0
16.7
14.7
90
0.7 13.3
6.4
15.4
11
2.17
0.049
12
2.17
0.020
1.7
3.92
13
2.17
0.061
5.2
0.55
67.1 24.1
0.085
14
1.00
0.133
5.2
5.34
15
1.00
0.067
5.2
16
1.00
0.278
17
2.00
90
0.7
6.7
6.6
13.7
27
416
90
0.8 46.2
3.2
27.8
0.044 276
192
90
0.9
4.8 104.0
5.0
5.34
0.051 278
192
90
1.0
2.4 104.4
3.8
5.2
1.87
0.059
78
192
90
1.2
5.7
29.2
7.0
0.033
10.4
0.64
0.085
24
192
90
0.9 10.0
9.0
11.0
700
18
1.25
0.153
20.8
1.07
0.048
24
60
90
0.8
8.6
51.5
8.5
19
1.25
0.062
20.8
1.07
0.056
24
60
90
0.9
3.5
51.5
5.1
20
2.00
0.967
3.3
2.69
0.7 21.8
8.9
20.4
21
2.00
0.044
3.3
2.69
0.075 134
600
0 . 8 10.0
9.0
13.7
22
2.00
0.078
3.3
1.68
0.072
600
0.7 28.0
4.7
25.6
70
23
1.33
0.033
3.3
2.69
0.064 1 4 1 400
1.0
5.0
17.5
8.5
24
2.17
0.041
1.7
3.92
0.7 13.3
6.8
15.2
25
2.00
0.100
3.3
2.69
0.065 139
600 180
0.7 22.5
9.3
21.3
26
2.00
0.044
3.3
1.68
0,080 73
600 180
0.8 16.0
4.9
1 7 .O
FC-27
1.33
0.033
3.3
16.5
7.6
Note:
1)
2.69
68.3 24.6 2,140 15
Channel length, L = 20 f t .
2)
1.0
5.0
I n a l l t e s t s the
The d i s c h a r g e a n g l e , O0, w a s
a r e i n c l u d e d on Table 7.1.
Resultant surface d i l u t i o n s ,
T y p i c a l flow d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e shown i n
F i g u r e 7-2.
The d a t a are analyzed c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e of t h e
flume set-up:
A c u r r e n t having a u n i t w i d t h d i s c h a r g e u H i s f o r c e d
a
through t h e channel.
cannot a l t e r t h i s d i s c h a r g e ; t h e e f f e c t of t h e h o r i z o n t a l momentum i s
merely t o b u i l d up a h i g h and a low p r e s s u r e r e g i o n i n t h e c h a n n e l .
The
consequence of t h i s f o r c e d c u r r e n t i s t h e independence of t h e d i f f u s e r
performance ( o u t s i d e some l o c a l zone) on the h o r i z o n t a l momentum ( t h u s
0
90" as w i t h no n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum).
The two l i m i t i n g regimes f o r t h i s d i s c h a r g e s i t u a t i o n are t h e
1, FH
A s most r u n s had
The l i m i t i n g v a l u e f o r low
c r o s s f l o w i s assumed .at V = 1.
A c r i t e r i o n of a p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e f u l l y
FH
= 1 s t a g n a n t wedges w i l l form.
Thus
and u s i n g S s = V and t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d e f i n i t i o n s t h e c r i t e r i o n i s
2 39
a4
= 45"-A,9 = 0.4,
@(y) = LOG,
V = 14.0, y = 90"
245
e x p e r i m e n t a l set-up,
t h e t o t a l l e n g t h of t h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i f f u s e r w a s
T h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s expressed
t w i c e t h e l e n g t h of t h e p a r a l l e l d i f f u s e r .
by the v a l u e of t h e f a r - f i e l d parameter
a s shown i n t h e f i g u r e cap-
I n b o t h c a s e s t h e f l o w f i e l d i s w e l l s t r a t i f i e d and upstream
tions.
wedges a r e p r e s e n t .
I n F i g u r e 7-5a t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d i l u t i o n s f o r the p e r p e n d i c u l a r
d i f f u s e r t a k e n a t t h e edge of t h e n e a r - f i e l d
p r e d i c t i o n s f o r t h e l i m i t i n g regimes.
zone a r e compared w i t h t h e
F i g u r e 7-5a w a s developed i n t h e
b u t w i t h cp = 0.5
(FH = 0.187)
corresponding
t o most r u n s .
t o l i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e c r o s s f l o w g e n e r a t i o n system.)
F i g u r e 7-5a a l s o shows f o r the g e n e r a l case V* = Y s i n y t h e
c r i t e r i a f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t regimes, w i t h h y p o t h e t i c a l i s o - d i l u t i o n
i n the counterflow region.
Only t h e r e s u l t s of t h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i f -
lines
For t h e p a r a l l e l d i f f u s e r , V* = 0.
w i t h very good
t h e d i l u t i o n i s dependent o n l y on t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e buoyant
c o u n t e r f l o w regime.
T h i s i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d a p p r o p r i a t e and i n d i c a t e s
It c a n b e expected t h a t f o r t h e p a r a l l e l d i f f u s e r , t h e c u r r e n t
sweeping a l o n g t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e ( s e e F i g u r e 7-4b) w i l l c a u s e r e p e a t e d
re-entrainment and some d e c r e a s e d d i l u t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r a s t r o n g
current.
d i f f u s e r v e r s u s t h o s e of t h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r o n e i s g i v e n i n F i g u r e 7-5b
246
t h e potential dilution).
Series B C
IXI N
L
30 =Ss
$=0.5
I I I I I
10
v*= v SINT
50
100
50
100
o.2kl-L--l
01
lo
247
Runs 21 to 34
In
The tests on diffusers with net horizontal momentum in the presence of an ambient current exhibit some of the experimental difficulties
and limitations as was discussed in Section 6.2.2 for the no crossflow
tests (Series BH), namely unsteady effects and boundary effects.
Again,
in taking temperature measurements care was taken not to include recirculation effects due to basin boundaries.
Characteristic flow fields for corresponding parallel and perpendicular diffusers with net horizontal momentum are shown in Figures 7-6,
7-7 and 7-8.
The
Figure 7-9).
Table 7.2b:
H
(ft)
BC-21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
64.8
64.8
65.4
65.4
66.2
66.2
26.3
26.2
23.5
23.5
24.3
24.2
4.060
4,060
1,990
1.990
2,020
2,020
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
3.2
66.5
66.5
67.3
67.3
67.4
2,929
2,929
2,880
2,840
2,800
3.2
6.4
6.4
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
23.8
23.9
27.6
26.6
25.0
25.2
26.9
26.9
26.0
25.9
23.2
23.6
23.1
67.4
61.7
67.7
60.5
60.5
61.2
61.2
61.6
61.6 23.3
58.8 21.4
58.8 21.0
59.7 26.1
59.7 26.1
61.0 25.7
61.0 25.7
60.2 26.8
60.2 26.8
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.67 0.024
0.67
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.009
0.024
0.012
0.024
0.012
0.024
0.012
0.024
0.012
0.024
0.012
39 0.67 0.024
40 0.67 0.012
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
BC-48
Secondary
Parameters
Phyrical Variables
Ua
Uo
LD
(ftlsec) (ft/rec) (it)
6.4
2.12
0.024
6.4
2.12
0.012
6.4
1.08
0.024
6.4
1.08
0.009
1.08
6.4
0.024
6.4
1.08
0.009
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
Note:
0.024
0.009
0.024
0.009
0.024
0.012
0.024
0.012
1)
2)
1.08
1.08
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
2.15
2.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
Ta
ATo
(OF) (OF)
2,800
2,870
2,870
3,870
3,870
1,890
1,900
1.900
1.900
1,810
1,810
1,920
1,920
2,620
2,630
2,630
2.630
E/H
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
Governing P u m a -
80
fo PI" H/B (dgr) 0 B(y)
0.043 132 558 45 0.4 LOG
0.050 132 358 45
0.043 70 558 45
0.053 80 558 45
0.043 69 558 0
0.053 69 558 0
0.5 LOG
0.4 LOG
0.5 LOG
0.043
0.053
0.045
0.053
0.045
69 558
69 558
87 419
88 419
91 419
0.4 NOR
0
0
0.5 NOR
0.4 LOG
0.6 LOG
0 . 3 LOG
0.053
0.045
0.053
0.043
0.050
0.043
0.050
0.043
0.050
0.043
0.053
0.043
0.053
0.045
0.053
0.045
0.053
91 419
88 419
88 419
133 558
133 558
70 558
70 558
70 558
70 558
73 558
73 558
66 558
66 558
90 419
90 419
88 419
88 419
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4 LOG
0.5 LOG
Y
V (dgr)
6.2 90
3.1 90
4.4 90
4.7
2.4
90
90
4.7
12.4
90
90
4.7
6.7
3.5
6.9
90
90
90
90
0.2 NOR
0.3 NOR
0.2 LOG
3.5
6.9
3.5
6.2
3.1
12.4
6.2
12.4
6.2
12.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
NOR
4.7
12.4
4.7
6.7
3.5
6.7
0.3 NOR
3.5
0
0
45
45
45
45
45
45
0
0
0
0
0
UX;
NOR
NOR
LOG
LOG
LOG
0 . 3 LOG
LOG
NOR
NOR
LOG
LOG
90
90
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
?T
Obrerved
v*
10.0
25.90
10.0 25.38
5.3 25.6.
5.3 29.0a
5.3 32.4s
5.3 30.2a
5.3 24.0b
5.3 19.2b
10.3 26.6a
10.3 26.1.
10.7 26.8a
10.6 26.la
10.3 18.3b
10.2 16.3b
10.0 25.la
10.0 25.10
5.3 25.1.9
5.3 25.10
5.3 14.0b
5.3 14.0b
5.5 29.9a
5.5 29.9a
5.0 16.7b
5.0 16.7b
10.5 25.9a
10.5 25.9a
10.3 14.5b
10.3 14.5b
sr
15.4
13.8
16.4
14.3
17.6
15.4
13.4
12.5
18.2
15.4
19.2
16.7
13.3
12.2
13.0
11.1
12.5
12.5
12 .o
11.8
12.7
10.6
12.5
12.0
12.0
10.8
9.5
10.2
r'
I SOT HERMS
SURFACE
0.5
#
10
04
-20
-1 0
1 '
0.5
2o
10
558,
45",
@ =
'
.I
1
0.1
AT 01
-
"/H
0.4, B(y)
AT
= LOG,
(Nozzles D i r e c t e d t o t h e L e f t )
I
a5
c
0.1
0.5
0
eo
= 45',
cp = 0.2,B(y)
= LOG,
250
40-
-: zlz
30
0.5
10
--
SURFACE ISOTHERMS
%-
20
*4
*I
1
201
0.5
.'T'
zim,
0.1
AT
0.1
SURFACE ISOTHERMS
t
I
/ //
I
- 30
-2 0
//I
-10
10
20
z i - p
0.5
30 X
AT 0.1
AL
251
"h
I
-1
ISOTHERMS
SURFACE
30
0.5
20
0
0.1
1c
z/H
.I
n
"
-30
- 20
a) Run BC-33,
y =
20
10
YH
-10
0.5
@ =
3 0 xA.
XA
'H
0.5, B(y)
NOR,
SURFACE ISOTHERMS
10-
-1 0
- 20
b) Run BC = 47, F
=
0
0",
@ =
0.2, B(y)
NOR
F i g . 7-8:
252
t u a t e d by boundary e f f e c t s .
F i g u r e 7-7 i n comparison w i t h F i g u r e 7-6 shows the e f f e c t of dec r e a s e d ambient d e p t h , H, and i n c r e a s e d d i f f u s e r momentum ( 8
45").
= 0"
vs.
The i n c r e a s e d s t r e n g t h o f
(NOR)
The furt:her i n c r e a s e d s t r e n g t h of t h e
regimes and c r i t e r i a .
F i g u r e 7-9 a p p l i e s t o t h e LOG d i s t r i b u t i o n s w i t h
a predominantly two-dimensional
V*,
7-5.
flow f i e l d :
o f c r o s s f l o w and h o r i z o n t a l d i f f u s e r momentum i s g i v e n by E q u a t i o n
V* (FH = 0.52 f o r
c o n c e n t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 7-9,
0.5).
only substi-
The r u n p a r a m e t e r s are s t r o n g l y
i n d i c a t i n g t h e dominance of t h e h o r i z o n t a l
Dilutions
p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i f f u s e r s , which i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n f o r
t h e b a s i n experiments w i t h z e r o c r o s s f l o w ( S e r i e s BH) and may b e a t t r i buted t o experimental l i m i t a t i o n s .
F i g u r e 7-10 a p p l i e s t o t h e NOR d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h a c o n t r a c t e d
flow f i e l d :
i n s i m i l a r f a s h i o n a s f o r F i g u r e 7-9.
There i s no p r e d i c t i v e model f o r
I n t h e f u l l y mixed r a n g e o b s e r v e d
253
0
4IX
12.:
12.5
5-
j .4
q2
12.0
10.8
i
t
5=0.5
1
,
perpendicular d=90
Y
-d= 0"
Fig. 7-9:
D i f f u s e r s i n Crossflow, N e t H o r i z o n t a l Momentum,
w i t h C o n t r o l (LOG D i s t r i b u t i o n )
25 4
- 1-r
20
30
50
1x1I
=S
5.8
3.5
L0.6
12.0@
11.8 +
12.5
12.0
F\
\\
I I 1 1 1
10
50
V * = ~ V S I N $ + + ( V2 S I N 2g + 2 +cos e m'/)2
2
x
0
Go =
perpendicular 8 = 90"
= 4 5 O para1I el
r = 0"
=o"
Adams (1972)
Fig. 7-10:
255
d i l u t i o n s a g r e e r e a s o n a b l y w e l l (about 20% l o w e r ) w i t h t h e p r e d i c t e d
values.
d i f f u s e r s showing b e t t e r agreement, a l t h o u g h i t i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t
Adams' d i l u t i o n d a t a are averaged v a l u e s taken a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e
downstream from t h e d i f f u s e r as opposed t o t h i s s t u d y where d i l u t i o n i s
d e f i n e d a s the maximum t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e edge of t h e n e a r - f i e l d zone.
A comparison of r e l a t i v e d i f f u s e r performanced i s g i v e n i n F i g .
B(y).
This I s con-
7.5
Conclusions:
D i f f u s e r s w i t h Ambient C r o s s f l o w
R e s u l t s of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n a l y z e d w i t h i n t h e
framework of the l i m i t i n g f l o w regimes e n a b l e t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s
t o b e drawn on t h e e f f e c t of an ambient c r o s s f l o w on d i f f u s e r performance :
1) D i f f u s e r Arrangement
I n t h e p r e s e n c e of ambient c u r r e n t s t h e s i n g l e most c r i t i c a l para-
meters of d i f f u s e r b e h a v i o r i s t h e arrangement, y , of t h e d i f -
Depending on t h e
256
0.2 -
0.4
0 -
I I l l l
I
5
NOR
V
-.
I I I I
50
10
100
0%
1.0
%OG
0.8
0.6 --
I
I
048 I
zx28
34
x32
%I
#?i s3T9
0%
"9
.27
x
perpendicular
parallel
Hrun
number
0.4
02
I
5
I I I I I
10
50
I I I I ,
100
257
a) Perpendicular Diffuser:
against the current was not studied in this investigation, however, other studies (Harleman et. al. (1971))
indicate qualitatively a marked decrease in dilution
due to stagnation effects and unsteady recirculation.
The interplay between the diffuser induced and the ambient flow
field for the three-dimensional diffuser cannot be simulated
258
i n a two-dimensional
crossflow.
The a p p l i c a t i o n of s u c h e x p e r i m e n t s is l i m i t e d
t o l a t e r a l l y s t r o n g l y confined s i t u a t i o n s .
259
VIII.
The
- with
f o r t h e preliminary d e s i g n e s t i m a t e f o r a
For
A complete
S i t e S e l e c t i o n i s t h e choice of a g e n e r a l area
f o r t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e d i f f u s e r o u t f a l l .
(ii)
- involves
D i f f u s e r Design f o r Dilution Requirement
t h e hydrodynamic design of t h e d i s c h a r g e s t r u c t u r e
within t h e s e l e c t e d s i t e with t h e purpose of reducing
t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e e f f l u e n t material so as t o
conform t o environmental criteria.
260
--
T h i s s t u d y w a s p r i m a r i l y a d d r e s s e d t o d e s i g n s t e p (ii)
However,
c e r t a i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g s t e p (i)can b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e
c o n t e x t of t h i s s t u d y .
The i n t e r n a l h y d r a u l i c d e s i g n , s t e p ( i i i ) , h a s
An i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t of R a w n
e t a l . ' s work i s
summarized h e r e , as i t d i r e c t l y relates t o s t e p ( i i ) : I n o r d e r t o i n s u r e
r e a s o n a b l e u n i f o r m i t y of t h e d i s c h a r g e v e l o c i t i e s from t h e d i f f u s e r
0
The d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n
A t y p i c a l example
Sewage d i f f u s e r s w i t h a h i g h d i l u t i o n
zone w i t h l o c a l r e - e n t r a i n m e n t and t h e
S i t e Characteristics
S e l e c t i o n of a s i t e f o r t h e l o c a t i o n of a t h e r m a l d i f f u s e r
o u t f a l l i n v o l v e s a v a r i e t y of c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , such a s d i s t a n c e f r o n t h e
261
i s given here:
(i) S i t e topography.
( d i f f u s e r l o c a t e d c l o s e t o shore-
Significant current
sites with s t r o n g t i d a l o r i n e r t i a l c u r r e n t s .
(iii)
Ambient Density S t r a t i f i c a t i o n .
Occurrence of temperature
S i m i l a r l y , temperature s t r a t i f i c a t i o n
e s t u a r i n e sites.
(iv)
Ambient Turbulence.
The ambient t u r b u l e n t i n t e n s i t y h a s
Wind S t r e s s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o c r e a t i n g convective c u r r e n t s
or lead t o r e c i r c u l a t i o n a t t h e i n t a k e .
8.2
D i f f u s e r Design f o r D i l u t i o n Requirement
Once t h e general s i t e f o r t h e d i f f u s e r l o c a t i o n has been s e l e c t e d ,
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d i f f u s e r should meet
of submerged multiport d i f f u s e r s :
Equivalent S l o t Diffuser:
26 3
The s l o t width, B , of t h e e q u i v a l e n t
s l o t d i f f u s e r is
n
DLR
B z -
(2-20)
4R
FT
, is
a d e n s i m e t r i c Froude number
(7-1)
where
(eo
(eo
: Varying between h o r i z o n t a l
= 90").
D i r e c t i o n of Discharge:
264
A l i m i t i n g case of
a l t e r n a t i n g d i s c h a r g e is t h e v e r t i c a l discharge.
In terms of t h e
e0
= 90"
The h o r i z o n t a l
B(y)
are t h e "LOG" d i s t r i b u t i o n
(4-36)
90"
l i m i t i n g values of
are
Design o b j e c t i v e s
In addition horlzontal
nozzles).
In
Also i t might be
Engineer-
At
fully utilized.
%hot''
b)
No c u r r e n t s , e i t h e r induced by t h e d i f f u s e r a c t i o n
The
q u e s t i o n s of d i f f u s e r c o n t r o l through h o r i z o n t a l nozzle
o r i e n t a t i o n , B(y), and t h e arrangement with r e s p e c t t o t h e
crossflow, y
c)
, are
important.
a s t r a t i f i e d flow f i e l d .
The degree of r e c i r c u l a t i o n i n t o t h e
8.2.3
Design procedure
The l o g i c a l
26 7
3) P l a n t characteristics, namely:
QO
To
For
s i m p l i c i t y , t h e ambient w a t e r temperature,
Ta,
To
ATo
is assumed homogeneous, so t h a t
- Ta
8.2.3.1
f t :I---
-30 f t
-40
-20 f t
reversing
tidal
currents
Y ' +
* 0.5
-10 f t
70F
//
ATo = 20F
Fig. 8-1:
268
fps
Scale
ft
line.
, in
Apo/pa = 0.03).
t h e o f f s h o r e area is estimated as
sS
= AT /AT
= 10
0
max
min
0.015
AT
maX
"
t i d a l c u r r e n t d i r e c t i o n is chosen, s i n c e t h i s r e s u l t s as a general r u l e
i n higher d i l u t i o n s as compared t o t h e corresponding p a r a l l e l d i f f u s e r
( t h i s is t r u e f o r both a l t e r n a t i n g nozzles, see Fig. 7-5b, and for unid i r e c t i o n a l nozzles, see Fig. 7 - l l a ) .
(Note:
A p o s s i b l e exception t o
269
B)
O ri e n
t i o n i n s u r e s a s t r a t i f i e d flow f i e l d i n the f a r - f i e l d
If the
Fig. 6-4a).
Application of t h e three-dimensional LOG d i s t r i b u t i o n , which
produces a predominantly two-dimensional flow f i e l d i n the d i f f u s e r
c e n t e r p o s i t i o n , allows usage of t h e near-field d i l u t i o n graphs f o r
design (e.g. Figs. 3-23, 3-24 or 6-6).
C)
I n i t i a l Design:
An i n i t i a l
(The design i s r e f i n e d
subsequently).
contour, hence
Have
The i n i t i a l
LD is t h e half-length of t h e d i f f u s e r .
270
($
= f o $/Have
I f i t is assumed t h a t
2LD z 2000 f t
the t o t a l d i f f u s e r l e n g t h is
t o b e a d j u s t e d i f t h e computed
from t h e o r i g i n a l assumption).
(if
2LD
, CP
= 0.5
( t h i s w i l l have
and
H/B
and t h a t the d i l u t i o n
regime.
parameters
Qo
Only
Uo
Fs
APo/Pa
and
, H/B
and
(2%)
Have
can be varied.
I n s e l e c t i n g a n i n i t i a l combination of
Fs
, H/B
on t h e graph,
i t is d e s i r a b l e t o b e as c l o s e as p o s s i b l e t o t h e s t a b l e near-field
(They do not r e q u i r e
An i n i t i a l combination
271
H
2LD
312 Qo
(8-3)
1'2
Fs(-g)
'a
as
-B
uO
2LD = 1,700 f t
and
H3/2
Uo = 3.7 f p s
(8-4)
Low j e t discharge v e l o c i t i e s r e q u i r e a l a r g e
of sedimentation i n t h e pipe.
I n p r a c t i c a l problems, j e t e x i t v e l o c i t i e s
Increasing
Uo
also i n c r e a s e s H/B
Thus i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e j e t e x i t
Ss = 10
line
It should be
Uo
2LD
reasonably h i g h ) .
Ss = 10, t h e r e q u i r e d d i f f u s e r
Ss
is dependent
only on t h e d i f f u s e r load
Thus,
FT
2LD = 1,700 f t , i s t h e r e q u i r e d d i f f u s e r l e n g t h , r e g a r d l e s s of
which combination of
Fs
, H/B
is chosen.
t h e design j e t v e l o c i t y and on t h e o b j e c t i v e t o be c l o s e as p o s s i b l e t o
t h e stable range.
Fs = 150.
The value of
If
is c a l c u l a t e d a g a i n , (D = 0.43,
fo
iteration is necessary.
I f t h e d i l u t i o n requirement w e r e higher,
D)
Have
Design Refinement:
moving
= 30 f t , yielded a l e n g t h
p e r u n i t length is
, or
qo = 0.59 c f s / f t .
Obviously, t h e d i f f u s e r discharge p e r
By v i r t u e of Eq. (7-2)
t o t h e requirement of a c o n s t a n t d i f f u s e r load, FT
273
I f H i s a v a r i a b l e , then q
s h o u l d change as
2.8 compared t o t h e
d i s c h a r g e a t t h e near-shore end.
E)
Details of M u l t i p o r t D i f f u s e r
d i f f u s e r R , D and kl0 ( v e r t i c a l a n g l e ) .
The n o z z l e s p a c i n g , R , should
b e chosen s o t h a t t h e r e i s good l o c a l u n i f o r m i t y of t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
along t h e d i f f u s e r l i n e .
Based on j e t s p r e a d i n g l a w s , complete j e t
This
might b e somewhat r e s t r i c t i v e as a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e
l a t e r a l l y even a f t e r impingement.
Based on e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s
The n o z z l e d i a m e t e r D , i s t h e n D =
IT
, where
B = Qo/(Uo2LD>.
The v e r t i c a l a n g l e of t h e j e t s s h o u l d b e l a r g e enough t o p r e v e n t
bottom attachement and r e s u l t a n t bottom s c o u r .
20
Aminimum a n g l e of
i s suggested f o r b o t h a l t e r n a t i n g and u n i d i r e c t i o n a l d i s c h a r g e s .
>, 3 D .
t h e maximum v e r t i c a l n o z z l e a n g l e 0
274
No
v e r t i c a l d i s c h a r g e should b e used f o r u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s .
F)
E f f e c t of Cross C u r r e n t s
The i n i t i a l d e s i g n w a s c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e s l a c k ( w o r s t ) c o n d i t i o n .
For p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i f f u s e r s w i t h a l t e r n a t i n g n o z z l e s t h e e f f e c t of c r o s s
flow i s always b e n e f i c i a l on d i l u t i o n performance.
c u r r e n t varies between u
Assuming t h e t i d a l
(y
90
The e f f e c t of c r o s s f l o w i s i n t r o d u c e d by V* = Vsiny
, perpendicular
/qo).
d i f f u s e r and V = u H
o ave
The d i f f u s e r
sS
= 25.4.
Under t h i s c o n d i t i o n the d i f f u s e r i s o p e r a t i n g i n t h e
f u l l y mixed regime.
slack t i d e condition.
E f f e c t of Ambient S t r a t i f i c a t i o n
as f o l l o w s :
275
A s a conseq-uence,
t h e d i l u t i o n would d e c r e a s e by a f a c t o r o r 2 (Equation ( 8 - 3 ) )
t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e of t h e mixed w a t e r would b e doubled.
and t h e
Unless t h e
, the
d i f f u s e r discharge w i l l break
stratification.
average v e r t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e , T a
AT
To
and
ave
ave
8.2.3.2
EXamDle:
a
ave
H = 20 f t (uniform)
0.5 fps.
Scale
I
F i g . 8-2:
70F
276
10od f t
The o f f s h o r e topography i s u n i f o r m l y s h a l l o w , H = 20 f t , t h e
c u r r e n t magnitude i s 0.5 f p s and does n o t have s t r o n g u n s t e a d y
p l a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e same d i l u t i o n
The same
fluctuations.
A)
A n arrangement y
= 60
and a u n i d i r e c t i o n a l d i s c h a r g e i s chosen.
0')
w h i l e a l s o p r o v i d i n g some momentum i n t o t h e o f f s h o r e
B)
H o r i z o n t a l Nozzle O r i e n t a t i o n , B(y)
A l l u n i d i r e c t i o n a l d i f f u s e r s which p r o v i d e enough h o r i z o n t a l
The d e g r e e
I n g e n e r a l , t h e LOG d i s t r i b u t i o n w h i l e p r o v i d i n g somewhat
h i g h e r n e a r - f i e l d d i l u t i o n s i s somewhat more l i a b l e t o r e c i r c u l a t i o n .
The NOR d i s t r i b u t i o n (B(y) = 9
0
'
)
r e s u l t s i n a contracted flow f i e l d
and i s less l i a b l e t o r e c i r c u l a t i o n .
C)
A NOR d i s t r i b u t i o n i s chosen.
I n i t i a l Design
F o r a u n i d i r e c t i o n a l d i f f u s e r w i t h NOR d i s t r i b u t i o n , f u l l
v e r t i c a l mixing and under t h e i n f l u e n c e of a c r o s s f l o w , F i g u r e 7-10
277
( A d a s ' model) i s a p p l i c a b l e .
F i g u r e 7-10 a l s o i n c l u d e s c r i t e r i a
of a p p l i c a b i l i t y f o r t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n .
regime the d i l u t i o n , S
1
V* = - Vsiny
2
S'
1
+2
In t h e f u l l y mixed
i s e q u a l t o V*
2
2
(V s i n y
+2
cos 8 )
1/2
(7-6)
This would
i n d i c a t e the d e s i r a b i l i t y of making FT as l a r g e as p o s s i b l e t o r e d u c e
By doing s o , however,
t h e d i f f u s e r l e n g t h , 2% ( s e e Equation (8-5)).
t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e momentum-induced c u r r e n t w i l l i n c r e a s e and t h e
potential f o r recirculation at the d i f f u s e r w i l l a l s o increase.
Usually, the c o n s t r a i n t on d i f f u s e r l e n g t h i s g i v e n by t h e r a n g e of
p o s s i b l e j e t e x i t v e l o c i t i e s ( s e e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e f i r s t example).
Uo = 10 f p s i s chosen.
With V* = Ss,
Equation
can be modified t o g i v e t h e r e q u i r e d d i f f u s e r l e n g t h
2
2% =
ss H [ S u s i n y
s a
1
1
1
Uocos 8
(8-8)
2 5 = 550 f t .
It remains
whether i t i s l i a b l e t o r e c i r c u l a t i o n e f f e c t s .
a)
= 0.06,
i n s i d e t h e f u l l y mixed range.
b)
N o upstream wedge w i l l o c c u r .
= 4.9.
The remaining c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e t o t a l d i l u t i o n ( S
i s 5 . 1 from momentum-induced c u r r e n t s .
278
= 10)
A s a r u l e of thumb
i t i s hypothesized t h a t t h e d e g r e e of r e c i r c u l a t i o n i s
n e g l i g i b l e only i f t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e c r o s s f l o w
mixing i s a t l e a s t
50% of t h e t o t a l d i l u t i o n .
In other
c a s e s , t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e ambient a d v e c t i v e mechanism w i l l
not be s u f f i c i e n t t o prevent c i r c u l a t i o n
Thus i n case of unsteady c u r r e n t s ( l o w e r v e l o c i t i e s ) t h e d i f f u s e r
performance may b e d r a s t i c a l l y d e c r e a s e d .
The o v e r a l l performance
Such e f f e c t s
E) Details of M u l t i p o r t D i f f u s e r
D i f f u s e r d e t a i l s are determined as i n t h e p r e v i o u s example.
8.3
Additional features
The l a t t e r i s p a r -
t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t i n t h e case of d i f f u s e r s w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t
h o r i z o n t a l momentum i n p u t .
T y p i c a l problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o p e r a t i o n of d i f f u s e r scale
models are t h o s e which were d i s c u s s e d f o r t h e p r e s e n t b a s i c e x p e r i m e n t a l
279
requirements.
testing f a c i l i t i e s .
I n t h i s s e c t i o n modeling requirements f o r d i f f u s e r scale models
8.3.1
Modeling Req,uirements
non-
k e p t e q u a l , and a c h o i c e r e l a t i n g t o t h e r e l a t i v e importance of c e r t a i n
p a r a m e t e r s h a s t o be made.
The o b j e c t i v e of scale models i s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e
three-dimensional t e m p e r a t u r e ( d i l u t i o n s ) and v e l o c i t y f i e l d .
a)
The
near-field
surface dilution,
sS
mixing zone i n c a s e of an u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d )
c r o s s f l o w s i t u a t i o n (Chapter
i n a general
7 ) i s a f u n c t i o n of t h e
dimensionless v a r i a b l e s .
(8-9)
b)
I n a d d i t i o n , d i l u t i o n s w i t h i n t h e buoyant j e t r e g i o n are
dependent on t h e d i s t a n c e
s/B
(3-81)
280
I-R
j
u04Rh
=-
2 3,000
(5-3)
t o i n s u r e f u l l y turbulent j e t behaviour.
c)
The three-dimensional t e m p e r a t u r e f i e l d o u t s i d e of t h e
immediate n e a r - f i e l d
d i f f u s e r h a l f l e n g t h t o depth
LD
(8-10)
H
d)
d i s t r i b u t i o n is a f f e c t e d by s u r f a c e heat l o s s .
t h e temperature
The governing
taking
LD
as t h e characteristic h o r i z o n t a l l e n g t h and U
as t h e
v e l o c i t y scale.
It i s p o i n t e d o u t a g a i n t h a t l o c a l d i f f u s e r d e t a i l s , R / H , hs/H,
do n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e d i f f u s e r performance as l o n g as r e a s o n a b l e j e t
i n t e r f e r e n c e i s o b t a i n e d (R/H < 1). The n o z z l e o r i e n t a t i o n , p ( y ) ,
however, i s i m p o r t a n t .
The r a t i o of t h e governing parameters f o r model and p r o t o t y p e
is i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r b o t h u n d i s t o r t e d and d i s t o r t e d models.
p u r p o s e t h e f o l l o w i n g r a t i o s are d e f i n e d :
L
z
r
r
r
= horizontal length r a t i o
= vertical length r a t i o
= velocity r a t i o
281
For t h i s
*PO
(-
g),
reduced g r a v i t y r a t i o
Pa
z
The d i s t o r t i o n i s g i v e n bv
-.r
For an u n d i s t o r t e d model z r = Lr
Lr
A l l models have t o b e d e n s i m e t r i c Froude models as a minimum r e q u i r e ment.
Thus
(8-12)
Fsr = 1
APO
g I r :1, i . e . ,
Heated d i s c h a r g e models are u s u a l l y o p e r a t e d w i t h (Pa
same temperature d i f f e r e n t i a l s as i n t h e p r o t o t y p e , due t o measurement
and c o n t r o l problems, s o t h a t u
I n
:zr 'IL
t y p i c a l l y as i n a f r e e
s u r f a c e Froude model.
The bottom f r i c t i o n f a c t o r s , f o , i n t h e f a r - f i e l d parameter,
@ = f o L,,/H
The p a r a m e t e r f
ks/\.
i s d i f f e r e n t f o r model and p r o t o t y p e .
i n E q u a t i o n (8-9),
0
P r o t o t y p e v a l u e s are f
'L
0.01 t o 0.02
independent of t h e
0.03 t o 0.08.
'L
m
assumes f i = Afo where A
Further-
0.4 t o 0.5 ( s e e
T y p i c a l v a l u e s f o r t h e s u r f a c e h e a t exchange c o e f f i c i e n t ,
are f o r t h e p r o t o t y p e
model
K~ =
= 150 t o 200 B T U / f t
100 t o 150 B T U / f t
, day,
f l u x phenomena i n v o l v e d .
282
, day,
K,
F and f o r t h e
8.3.2
F o r u n d i s t o r t e d d i f f u s e r models, t h e r a t i o of a l l governing
p a r a m e t e r s ( a ) t o d) above) is u n i t y except f o r
f
(8-13)
and
as
however, i s g i v e n by t h e d i s c h a r g e t u r b u l e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t , Equation
f o r u s u a l c o n d i t i o n s Lr e q u a l s 1/100 t o 1/120. The s m a l l
(5-3),
Kr1,2
(8-15)
2 to 5
(8-16)
4 t o 15
Lr
with
ss
can b e e s t i m a t e d f o r an a l t e r n a t i n g d i f f u s e r
Assume @
=: 0.83
= 0.5 and
am =
2.0 ( i . e . , Qr = 4 )
(using F i g u r e 3-23).
e r r o r i n p r e d i c t i o n is decreased.
For l a r g e r @
the
I n g e n e r a l , an u n d i s t o r t e d model
g i v e s a somewhat c o n s e r v a t i v e p r e d i c t i o n of t h e n e a r f i e l d d i l u t i o n
283
3.4.4.2).
d i l u t i o n s ( s e e paragraph
A s u n d i s t o r t e d d i f f u s e r models r e p l i c a t e a l i m i t e d f a r - f i e l d
The conservative-
T h e i r major d i s a d v a n t a g e i s t h e
8.3.3
D i s t o r t e d Models ( z
r > Lr)
It i s r e q u i r e d t o r e p r o d u c e t h e same n e a r - f i e l d
characteristics
r e l a t i n g t o t h e s t a b i l i t y c r i t e r i o n a n d t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l momentum i n p u t ,
s o t h a t i n Equation (8-9)
(8-17)
T h i s i s tantamount t o s a y i n g t h a t t h e d e t a i l e d d i f f u s e r geometry
should b e l o c a l l y u n d i s t o r t e d (not
e0
= zr/Lr!),
r
s h o u l d b e modelled w i t h t h e v e r t i c a l scale
r
-
ratio, z
Br.
Then
(8-18 )
, Qr =
1, t h e same f a r - f i e l d effects.
r
284
dynamics, (3-81), i s e x a g g e r a t e d s i n c e
zone, governed by j e t
The
i n s t e a d of Lr/zr.
heat loss r a t i o is
(8- 20)
As i n t h e u n d i s t o r t e d model, t h e vertical s c a l e r a t i o z r h a s a
m i n i m u m of 1/100 t o 1/120 f o r j e t t u r b u l e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s .
The d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r may b e chosen p r i m a r i l y i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n
of Equation (8-13),
t h u s z,/Lr
= fo
T h i s w i l l a l s o i n s u r e a more
and
($1;
= 1, may
D i s t o r t e d models do n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e
c o r r e c t three-dimensional t e m p e r a t u r e f i e l d induced by a d i f f u s e r .
The e x t e n t of t h e n e a r - f i e l d
as shown
In addition, t h e relative
shortening'' of t h e d i f f u s e r h a l f l e n g t h , b / H , h a s two e f f e c t s :
d i f f u s e r , o r d i f f u s e r w i t h a l t e r n a t i n g n o z z l e s and no c o n t r o l ) t h e
285
d e g r e e of r e p e a t e d e n t r a i n m e n t i s s t r o n g l y dependent on L /H.
(ii)
For u n i d i r e c t i o n a l d i s c h a r g e w i t h a v e r t i c a l l y f u l l y mixed
flow-away,
zone ( l a t e r a l wedge i n t r u s i o n ) .
T h i s e f f e c t i s e x a g g e r a t e d due t o
t h e r e l a t i v e s h o r t e n i n g of t h e d i f f u s e r and r e s u l t s i n e a s i e r
s t r a t i f i c a t i o n and less tendency t o r e c i r c u l a t e .
I n these cases
a more r e l i a b l e manner.
It i s concluded, t h a t d i s t o r t e d models w h i l e b e i n g less con-
servative i n t h e p r e d i c t i o n of t h e n e a r - f i e l d d i l u t i o n , do n o t
r e p r e s e n t t h e t r u e three-dimensional flow f i e l d :
The e x t e n t of t h e
(non-conservative).
Y e t i n a variety of s i t u a t i o n s , s u c h as a n a l t e r -
R, hs, i s unimportant i n t h e
8.3.4
Boundary Control
of model boundary e f f e c t s .
d i f f i c u l t i n studying d i f f u s e r induced c i r c u l a t i o n s .
It i s e s s e n t i a l l y
d e s i r e d t o s i m u l a t e a c o n d i t i o n as i f t h e boundary would n o t b e p r e s e n t ,
t h a t i s mixed o r ambient w a t e r i s withdrawn o r s u p p l i e d a t t h e
boundary without a c c e l e r a t i n g o r d e c e l e r a t i n g t h e c u r r e n t s .
However,
t h e s e c o n t r o l methods r e q u i r e t h e a p r i o r i knowledge of t h e c o r r e c t
w i t h d r a w a l and supply rate, and are t h u s r a t h e r s u b j e c t i v e .
An
I n g e n e r a l , emphasis
should be p u t on d i f f u s e r d e s i g n s which do n o t i n p u t c o n s i d e r a b l e
h o r i z o n t a l momentum and t h u s do n o t r e q u i r e e x t e n s i v e boundary c o n t r o l .
287
IX
9.1
Background
A submerged m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r i s an e f f e c t i v e d e v i c e f o r d i s -
p o s a l of w a t e r c o n t a i n i n g h e a t o r o t h e r d e g r a d a b l e wastes i n t o a
n a t u r a l body of w a t e r .
A h i g h d e g r e e of d i l u t i o n can b e o b t a i n e d
on t h e bottom of t h e r e c e i v i n g w a t e r .
The w a s t e w a t e r i s d i s c h a r g e d
The r e s u l t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n of concentra-
The f o l l o w i n g p h y s i c a l s i t u a t i o n i s considered:
A multi-
p o r t d i f f u s e r w i t h g i v e n l e n g t h , n o z z l e s p a c i n g and v e r t i c a l a n g l e of
n o z z l e s i s l o c a t e d on t h e bottom of a l a r g e body of water of uniform
depth.
However, emphasis i s p u t on t h e
288
--
--
--
-- Design
9.2
9.3
summary
An analytical and experimental investigation of the diffuser
problem is conducted.
concept was used throughout as the salient representation of a multiport diffuser with laterally interfering or merging jets.
9.3.1
a)
flow field.
289
(LOG distribution)
(4-36)
79'
(Equation ( 4 - 4 4 ) ) .
No
that L 5
It is hypothesized
case.
c)
Experiments
p a r a m e t e r s i s c o n s i d e r a b l y reduced i n t h e s e r e g i m e s .
To i s o l a t e the
regimes, t h e treatment i s r e s t r i c t e d t o d i f f u s e r s w i t h a n u n s t a b l e
n e a r - f i e l d zone.
D i f f u s e r s w i t h a s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d zone are i n
g e n e r a l l i t t l e a f f e c t e d by t h e c r o s s f l o w e x c e p t f o r t h e d e f l e c t i o n of
t h e buoyant j e t s .
f a c e l a y e r w i t h o u t c a u s i n g re-entrainment.
F o r d i f f u s e r s w i t h an u n s t a b l e n e a r - f i e l d zone i n a crossflow
three regimes are i m p o r t a n t :
The d i f f u s e r performance
r e s p e c t t o the c r o s s f l o w d i r e c t i o n .
A p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i f f u s e r gen-
e r a l l y y i e l d s b e t t e r performance t h a n a p a r a l l e l d i f f u s e r .
9.4
Conclusions
The agreement between t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s of n e a r - f i e l d
d i l u t i o n s and e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s i s s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r d i f f u s e r s
w i t h no h o r i z o n t a l momentum.
D i f f u s e r s w i t h h o r i z o n t a l momentum
T h e agreement between
p r e d i c t e d and observed d i l u t i o n s i s f a i r .
The f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s are made:
1)
Any m u l t i p o r t d i f f u s e r can, f o r a n a l y t i c a l p u r p o s e s , b e
r e p r e s e n t e d by an e q u i v a l e n t s l o t d i f f u s e r .
d i f f u s e r s w i t h a l t e r n a t i n g nozzles.
This i n c l u d e s
Thus d e t a i l s of t h e
29 5
The e q u i v a l e n t s l o t c o n c e p t i n t r o d u c e s
type applications .
2)
sers, Table 5 . 1 ) .
Sewage d i f f u s e r s e x h i b i t a s t a b l e near-
f i e l d which i s a) n o t
re-entrainment,
circulations.
p r o n e t o v e r t i c a l i n s t a b i l i t i e s and
and b ) n o t l i a b l e t o
generate horizontal
On t h e c o n t r a r y , t y p i c a l t h e r m a l d i f f u s e r s
3)
A s u c c e s s f u l d i f f u s e r d e s i g n should m e e t t h e f o l l o w i n g
obj ect ives :
i)
i . e . , providing a constant d i f f u s e r
29 6
ii)
The d i f f u s e r s h o u l d b e a r r a n g e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r l y t o t h e
prevailing cross-current
( i f p o s s i b l e ) and the d i f f u s e r i n -
t h u s minimizing t h e d e g r e e of
D i f f u s e r s w i t h alter-
n a t i n g n o z z l e s a c h i e v e such a s t r a t i f i e d f l o w f i e l d .
U n d i s t o r t e d d i f f u s e r scale models b o r r e c t l y r e p r o d u c e t h e
areal
e x t e n t of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e f i e l d and t h e c u r r e n t i n t e r -
The d e g r e e of c o n s e r v a t i v e n e s s can b e
D i s t o r t e d scale models, w i t h p r o p e r d i s t o r t i o n ,
g i v e a l e s s c o n s e r v a t i v e p r e d i c t i o n of n e a r - f i e l d d i l u t i o n
and can also s i m u l a t e t h e h e a t l o s s i n t h e f a r - f i e l d .
297
However, t h e e x t e n t of t h e n e a r - f i e l d zone ( i m p o r t a n t f o r
conforming t o l e g a l t e m p e r a t u r e s t a n d a r d s ) i s e x a g g e r a t e d
and t h e d i s t o r t i o n of t h e r a t i o of d i f f u s e r l e n g t h t o w a t e r
d e p t h can have non-conservative e f f e c t s on t h e performance
prediction.
9.5
Recommendations f o r F u t u r e Research
The t h e o r e t i c a l approach s h o u l d b e adapted t o i n c l u d e t h e i n t e r -
a c t i o n w i t h an ambient c r o s s f l o w .
stress on t h e f r e e
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e f f e c t of wind
s u r f a c e could b e i n c o r p o r a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e f i e l d .
For d i f f u s e r s w i t h n e t h o r i z o n t a l momentum t h e need i s f o r
t h e development of a s i m p l e c i r c u l a t i o n model which p r o v i d e s a) t h e
l i n k a g e t o t h e two-dimensional c h a n n e l model and b ) i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e
d e g r e e of p o t e n t i a l c i r c u l a t i o n .
298
j e t r e g i o n t o v a l i d a t e e n t r a i n m e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s and t o s t u d y t h e e f f e c t
of j e t i n t e r a c t i o n .
299
L I S T OF REFERENCES
P r e s s , M.I.T.
"Diffusion
11
L i s e t h , P.,
11
Receiving Water of Uniform Density", H y d r a u l i c Engineering Laborat o r y , . U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, Rep. No. HEL 23-1,
November (1970).
301
Morton, B. R.
S.
11
302
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure
1-1
2-1
22
2-2
27
2-3
30
2-4
33
2-5
34
2-6
36
2- 7
41
2-8
Schematics for One-Dimensional Analysis of a Multiport Diffuser with Horizontal Discharge in Shallow
Water
43
3-1
51
3- 2
Problem Definition:
54
3-3
58
3-4
60
3-5
73
3-6
79
3- 7
80
3-8
82
303
Page
Figure
3-9
85
3-10
Schematic of V e r t i c a l Flow D i s t r i b u t i o n P r i o r
t o I n t e r n a l H y d r a u l i c Jump
92
3-11
D e f i n i t i o n Diagram:
3-12
3-13
102
3-14
S t r a t i f i e d Flow D e f i n i t i o n s
103
315
Depth R e l a t i o n s h i p s i n S t r a t i f i e d Flow
113
3-16
3-17
C r i t i c a l Depth H
3-18
I n t e r n a l Hydraulic Jump
95
98
(3-188)
116
as a Function of F2 , IQI
118
H
128
Thickness hi/H and D e n s i m e t r i c Froude Number F
1
of t h e S u r f a c e Impingement Layer, Vertical D i s c h a r g e
2
3-19
130
3-20
132
3-21
V a r i a t i o n of I n t e r f a c i a l S t r e s s C o e f f i c i e n t f i
w i t h Reynolds numbers (Abraham and Eysink (1971))
135
3-22
137
(3-207) w i t h
3-23
S u r f a c e D i l u t i o n S as a Function of F ,H/B.
S
Vertical D i f f u s e r , Weak Far-Field E f f e z t s
138
3-24
H/b.
S u r f a c e D i l u t i o n S as a F u n c t i o n of I?,
S
V e r t i c a l D i f f u s e r , S t r o n g Far-Field E f f e c t s
139
3-25
Local Behavior of D i f f u s e r D i s c h a r g e w i t h
A l t e r n a t i n g Nozzles, U n s t a b l e Near-Field
140
304
Figure
Page
3-26
142
3-27
143
3-28
149
3-29
150
3-30
151
3-31
152
4-1
Comparison of Flow Fields for a) Three-Dimensional Diffuser with Control and b) TwoDimensional Channel Model Conceptualization
159
4-2
165
4-3
166
4-4
168
4-5
172
4-6
174
4-7
178
5-1
186
5-2
Flume Set-Up
187
5-3
193
5-4
Basin Set-Up
194
5-5
197
305
Page
Figure
6-1
204
6-2
Nozzle O r i e n t a t i o n , B ( y ) ,
209
6-3
2 10
6-4
211
6-5
213
6-6
P r e d i c t e d V s . Observed D i l u t i o n s ,
2 14
6- 7
P r e d i c t e d V s . Observed D i l u t i o n s ,
6-8
221
6-9
222
6-10
P r e d i c t e d Vs. Observed D i l u t i o n s , S
224
6-11
P r e d i c t e d V s . Observed D i l u t i o n s , S
225
6-12
P r e d i c t e d V s . Observed D i l u t i o n s ,
226
6-13
P r e d i c t e d V s . Observed D i l u t i o n s , S
7-1
M u l t i p o r t D i f f u s e r i n Ambient Crossflow
232
7- 2
T y p i c a l Flow Regimes f o r D i f f u s e r s w i t h
Forced Ambient Crossflow
240
7-3
Flume Experiments
242
7-4
245
7-5
Three-Dimensional D i f f u s e r s i n Crossflow, ( S e r i e s
BC) No N e t H o r i z o n t a l Momentum, LOG D i s t r i b u t i o n
247
7- 6
25d
7-7
251
7- 8
252
Along th.e D i f f u s e r L i n e
sS
sS
S
S
306
sS
S
215
227
Figure
Page
7-9
D i f f u s e r s i n Crosszlov, N e t H o r i z o n t a l M a m e n t u m ,
w i t h C o n t r o l CLOG D i s t r i b t i Q n )
254
7-10
D i f f u s e r s i n Crossflow, N e t H o r i z o n t a l Momentum,
No C o n t r o l (NOR D i s t r i h u t i o n )
255
7-11
257
8- 1
268
8-2
276
307
L I S T OF TABLES
Page
Table
5.1
182
6.1
203
6.2
206
6.3
217
6.4
219
7.1
2 38
7.2a
244
7.2b
2 49
308
GLOSSARY OF SYVBOLS
Subscripts
192
a,b
discharge variables
s,i,b
Superscripts
dimensionless variables
bi
concentration
C
C
centerline concentration
contraction coefficient
specific heat
c2
nozzle diameter
FH
FHc
Fn
309
*S
FT
F*
fi
fO
f*
gravitational acceleration
water depth
H1 s H 2
hf
hi
hL
h
I
KZ
kL
kS
L
L
LD
Lm
LS
nozzle sDacinp
3 10
transverse coordinate
pressure
P'
pressure fluctuation
Pn
hydrostatic pressure
Pr
reduced pressure
QO
heat flux
discharge per unit diffuser length
Reynolds number
jet Reynolds number
Rh
hydraulic radius
radial coordinate
dilurion
sC
-S
sS
axial coordinate
temperature
T'
temperature fluctuation
Ta
ambient temperature
TC
Te
equilibrium temperature
discharge temperature
surface temperature
311
uC
Ud 'Vd
,..
V*
complex potential
normalized horizontal distance
Cartesian coordinates
buoyant jet entrainment coefficient
constant plume entrainment coefficient
non-buoyant jet entrainment coefficient
coefficient of thermal expansion
horizontal nozzle orientation with diffuser axis
AH
AT
ATC
312
density deficiency
centerline density deficiency
density deficiency at impingement section
discharge density deficiency
vertical eddy diffusion coefficient for momentum
complex Dosition variable
r)
i
'
x
x
kinematic viscosity
density
a'
pC
ambient density
jet centerline density
discharge density
shear stress
far-field parameters
velocity potential
11
stream function
313