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Overview
Recap
Waves guided by physical boundaries of a medium
SH, Lamb, and Lam waves
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Guided Waves
Unbounded plates
Shells
Rods
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Be
up going wave
nc1
1, we get f n
2h cos
(note : e 2 i n 1)
cP
c1
sin
Cut-off frequencies
Dispersion
relation
c pn
c1
1
n
q2
; q
2h
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2u z
1 2u z
; u z u z 0 ( y)ei ( kxt )
cT2 t 2
kh
Dispersion curves for SH modes in an
isotropic plate with free boundaries
d uz 0
q 2u z 0 0, q 2 2 k 2
dy 2
cT
2
u z / y 0,
y h
2h2
n
cos qh sin qh 0 qh
(n 0,1,2...)
2
cT2
n
2 2
k h
2
2
SH Dispersion Curves
12.0
10.0
Vph (m/ms)
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
Symmetric SH
Anti-Symmetric SH
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Vgr (m/ms)
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
Frequency (MHz)
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Love waves
u y , cT ,
z = -d
z=0
Love Waves
u y , cT ,
u y A1e i ( kx qz t ) A2 e i ( kx qz t )
u y B1e qz e i ( kxt )
cT k
Boundary conditions
zy 0 z d
and zy zy
z0
/c
u y uy
Frequency equation
q q tan qd 0
c2
c2
where q 2 k 2 2 1; q2 k 2 1 2
cT
cT
n2 (n ) 2 c 2 ; c 2
cT2 cT2
cT2 cT2
cT k
k
Love wave dispersion curves
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(a) About the median plane, longitudinal components are equal, transverse
components are opposite
(b) About the median plane, transverse components are equal, longitudinal
components are opposite
Longitudinal
component of z
Transverse
component of z
even
odd
/2
odd
even
Rayleigh-Lamb Equation
tan(qh )
4k 2 pq
2
tan( ph )
(q k 2 ) 2
symmetric modes
p k 2
cL
2
tan(qh )
(q k )
tan( ph )
4k 2 pq
2
2 2
antisymmetric modes
q 2 k 2
cT
Alternate form
p tan( ph )
4k 2 q 2 1
; 0 or / 2
c
q tan(qh )
4
T
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Dispersion Relation
2
p k 2
cL
2
1 1
p 2 2 2
cL c
cL
q 2 k 2
cT
1 1
q 2
cT c
2
cT
p tan( ph )
4k 2 q 2 1
4
cT
q tan(qh )
c 2cT 1
1 1
4k 2 (q 2 p 2 ) 4k 2 2 2 2
c
cT cL
=0
4
T
cT2
cP ( plate velocity); Bounds : cT 2 cP cL
cL2
cP
(1 2 )
c2
c
c
q 2 k 2 P2 1 k 2 1 2 12 and p ik 12
c11
c11
cT
2k 2
qA1 12 uniform
u1 qA1 2
2
k q
c11
c
2 p2
x iqA1 12 kx2
u2 ikqA1 2
2 2
k q
c11
u2 (h)
u1
c12
kh kh 1
c11
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p tan( ph )
4k 2 q 2 1
c
q tan(qh ) = /2
4
T
1 q 2h2 / 3 4 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
4
k
q
1
q ( p q )k h
2 2
cT4
1 p h / 3 3
2cT
c
c
1 cT2 / cL2 kh P kh P k 2 h
3
3
3
parabolic as k 0
u1 q 2 A
k 2 q2
k 2 q2
x
kA
kx2
2
k 2 q2
k 2 q2
k 2 q2
u2 ikA 2
k q2
u1 h
u2
kh
In-plane
Out of plane
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sin qh cos ph 0
n or fd ncT
cT 2 cT 2
OR ph=n/2, n=0,1,2,
ph
d
cL 2
2 fd n
cL 2
2
or
fd
ncL
2
(2n 1)cT
; and
2
fd ncL
fd
d
dk
dcP
cg cP2 cP ( fd)
d ( fd)
as
dcP
0, c g cP
d ( fd )
as
dcP
, c g 0
d ( fd )
mode cutoff
10
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Non-propagating Modes
The dominant frequency measured by the
impact-echo method corresponds to the zero
group velocity point of the 1st order
symmetrical (S1) Lamb wave of a free plate.
Consequently, the thickness resonance can be
interpreted as a standing S1 wave field
characterized by a high out-of-plane
excitability and an energy that does not
propagate away in lateral direction.
SS 316; h = 2 mm;
(VL) = 5700 m/s,
(VS) = 3046 m/s,
= 7980 kg/m3
80
A0
Ang (deg)
60
sin inc
sin 90
c probe shoe
cP
35.12
40
19.29
A1
S0
20
10.44
S1
0
2.0
A2
S2
4.0
A3
S3
6.0
A4
8.0
S4
10.0
Frequency-Thickness (MHz-mm)
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FFT
t (s)
Frequency domain
f (Hz)
Experimental Validation
Measured Transmission Spectra
Transmitted using 3.5 MHz
immersion transducer
PVDF
Received by a large
aperture broadband
PVDF sensor
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for symmetricmodes,
tan(qh)
4k 2 pq
2
tan( ph)
(q k 2 ) 2
2
p 2 k 2 k L2 k 2
cL
q 2
cT
k 2 kT2 k 2
As r 0,
r ip
s iq
sinh(sh ) 0 ( sh ) n in
Using that,
s 2 k L2 kT2
(k 2 s 2 ) cosh(rh ) sinh(sh )
4k 2 rs sinh(rh) cosh(sh) 0
n 0,1,2...
as r 0
we get
( fd) n
ncT
1 (cT / cL ) 2
lim wz ( z) 0
for n 1,2,...
for z d / 2
r 0
Amplitude of normal component for symmetric mode
vanishes on the free surface
Variation, with Poissons ratio in the range 0 - 0.49, of antisymmetric Lamb modes in an isotropic free plate of thickness d.
For each mode, the lower curve corresponds
to =0 and the upper one to =0.49.
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Lam Modes
The Rayleigh-Lamb equation
(k 2 q 2 ) B cos(ph ) 2ikAcos(qh ) 0
q2 k 2
2ikpBsin( ph ) (k 2 q 2 ) A sin(qh ) 0
p2
k2
p 2 k 2
cL
2
q 2 k 2
cT
p 2 k L2 k 2
q 2 kT2 k 2
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Lam Modes
These solutions exist for any positive value of and
the normalized co-ordinates of their representative
points are the equally spaced values:
K = m/2 and F = m/ 2,
where m is an odd or even integer for the symmetric
or antisymmetric modes. The Lam line corresponds
to F=K 2
The acoustic energy is carried at a velocity equal to
the projection of the shear wave velocity on the
plate axis.
The group velocity cg=d/dk of Lam modes is equal
to cT / 2, i.e., half the phase velocity.
Special behavior at =0 rigid solid.
(a) Symmetric Lamb modes: segments of the Lam line belong to successive
modes. The change from mode Sn to mode Sn+1 occurs at the coincidence point of
abscissa K=n+1/2 and gives rise to a discontinuity of the slope.
(b) This discontinuous behavior is not observed on anti-symmetric branches.
Rayleigh waves
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As k ,
tan(qh )
1 ( 0, )
tan( ph )
2
Rayleigh surface wave frequency equation
4k 2 pq (q2 k 2 ) 2
where
p ip and q iq
cR 0.87 1.12
cT
1
For such small wavelengths, the finite thickness plate
appears as a semi-infinite medium
Stonely/Sezawa/Scholte Waves
VS << Vs
<
VR < VS < Vs
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Additional References
Karl Graff, Wave Motion in Elastic Solids,
Dover (1991)
J.L.Rose, Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media,
Cambridge University Press (1999)
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