EETS8306 Lecture5 NetworkArchitecture2perpage

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture
Southern Methodist University

SMU EETS 8306 and NTU TC 751-N, Fall 2001
Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications
http://www.engr.smu.edu/~triggs/
Lecture 5: Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Instructor: Alan Triggs, Ericsson Inc.
alan.triggs@ericsson.com
(972) 583-3107
2001 A. Triggs
SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2001
Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 1
Overview
Cellular/PCS network architecture
Brief description of each node, from the mobile
back to the core, including some vendor products
Mobile Station
Base Station and Base Station Controller
Mobile Switching Center
Home and Visitor Location Registers
Authentication Center and Equipment Identity Register
Operation and Maintenance & Network Operations Center
Messaging Center
Inter-Working Function/Unit
Various vendor architectures

Moving forward (data and next generation)
2001 A. Triggs
Cellular/PCS Voice Network Architecture

AuC
BS
HLR
VLR
BS
BSC
(G)
MSC
PSTN
BSC
BS
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

(G)MSC: (Gateway) Mobile Switching Center
OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center
NOC: Network Operations Center
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
HLR: Home Location Register
VLR: Visitor Location Register
AuC: Authentication Center
BSC: Base Station Controller
BS: Base Station
MXE: Messaging Center
IWF: Inter-Working Function
MXE
EIR
IWF
OMC/
NOC
Network Subsystem
2001 A. Triggs
Base Station
Subsystem (BSS)
Nokia
8800
Mobile Station (MS)

We often call them phones but theyre
becoming much more than that lately
Station or Terminal is more appropriate
GSM phones are uniquely

different from all others
GSM phones have a
Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM) card which can easily be
removed from the phone. The
SIM card contains the user
profile (phone number, barring,
PIN number, etc.). More
details in GSM lecture.
Motorola
iDEN
Phone
Ericsson
R380
i-mode Phone
Ericsson R520 GPRS Phone

2001 A. Triggs
Base Station (BS or BTS)

Also known as Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)
Particularly in GSM nomenclature
Purpose is to modulate, amplify,

filter, and transmit the downlink
signals (and perform the reverse
on the uplink)
Ericsson TDMA BTS
Some vendors perform speech and

channel coding in the base station, but
most do so further back in the core
Macro BTSs typically have a maximum
output power of 40-45 dBm (~10-32
Watts) and support about 100 channels
2001 A. Triggs
Samsung
CDMA
BTS
Micro and Pico BTSs Becoming Common

Micro base stations have lower power and
lower capacity
Typically 20-30 dBm supporting 8-20 channels

Purpose is to relieve capacity in hot spots
All features of the technology are typically available
Must look small and aesthetically pleasing
Pico base stations are necessary for good indoor

coverage
Even smaller and more discrete than micro base stations
Typically 10-20 dBm supporting 8-20 channels
Beginning to approach a cordless base station in terms of
size and power
2001 A. Triggs
Micro and Pico Base Stations
Nokia
CDMA
Micro
BTS
Samsung
CDMA
Pico BTS
2 Ericsson GSM Micro BTSs
with external antenna
Nokia CDMA Pico BTS

2001 A. Triggs
Base Station Controller (BSC)

BSC manages the base stations over
the A-bis interface
The A-bis link can be copper, fiber, or microwave
The BSC handles:
Handoffs
Cell rankings
Locating
Power control
Channel allocation
Frequency/code allocations
Coding (if not in the BTS)
Limited switching
Ericsson
CDMA BSC
Samsung
CDMA BSC
Some vendors have BSC functionality in the MSC

2001 A. Triggs
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

The MSC is the heart of the
system, controlling the
switching and billing
Some MSCs have BSC functionality
integrated in to them
A Gateway MSC (G-MSC)

interfaces to the HLR, PSTN,
other PLMNs, and other
networks such as packet data
networks
Lucent 5ESS-2000
CDMA MSC
2001 A. Triggs
Home Location Register (HLR) and

Visitor Location Register (VLR)
The HLR is a permanent database which contains
each users service profile, MIN, ESN, etc.
Also includes roaming status of the user
The VLR is a temporary database for all users

The VLR includes all users currently located in the system,
including roamers and non-roamers
The MSC updates the VLR with HLR information

Each MSC has a VLR, which usually resides with the
MSC and each G-MSC has a HLR, which usually
resides with the G-MSC
2001 A. Triggs
Authentication Center (AuC) and

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
The AuC (or AC) stores encryption algorithms & keys
The AuC is linked to the HLR
If the MIN or IMSI from the MS doesnt match the AuC, the AuC
will inform the HLR to block the call (thus preventing fraud)
The EIR is a database which contains equipment

information for all mobiles (often housed with AuC)
Electronic Serial Number (ESN) or International Mobile
Equipment Identity number (IMEI)
EIR prevents theft, unauthorized use, and faulty

mobiles from being used in the system
Stolen or faulty mobiles are black-listed in the EIR
2001 A. Triggs
Operation and Maintenance / Network

Operations Center (OMC/NOC)
A wireless network is usually
operated and maintained via a
Network Operations Center (NOC) or
Network Management Center (NMC)
Typically looks like a war room with many
large screens, CNN, the weather channel,
clocks for all major cities, etc.
Lucent O&M Center
The NOC manages/reports:
24 hour O&M
Switch and BTS outages
Switch and BTS errors
Traffic statistics
WFI Network Operations Center
2001 A. Triggs
Message Center (MXE)

The MXE handles all messaging in a wireless
system
Short Message Service (SMS)

Cell Broadcast (rarely used)
E-Mail
Voice Mail
Fax Mail
MXE functionality can be integrated into the MSC

Sometimes known by individual service names,
such as Voice Mail System (VMS)
2001 A. Triggs
Inter-Working Function (IWF)

Also known in GSM as GSM InterWorking Unit (GIWU)
IWF is a piece of transmission and protocol
adaptation equipment
To enable an MSC to connect with other networks
(particularly data networks).
IWF typically buffers, filters, and converts data to a suitable
format
Sometimes integrated within the MSC
2001 A. Triggs
Network Maps from Vendors
Nortels GSM
Network Architecture
2001 A. Triggs
Nortels
CDMA
Network
Architecture
2001 A. Triggs
Impact of Data Services on Existing Architectures

GPRS network for GSM operators (being deployed today):
A
Abis
BTS
BSC
(MAP)
MSC/VLR
Gb
Gs
HLR
Gr
Gc
IP
IP
Network
Network
Gi (IP)
MS MS
SGSN
GGSN
Gn
New hardware for GPRS
Gn
Other
Other
PLMN
PLMN
Backbone
Backbone
Network
Network
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
2001 A. Triggs
HDR/1xRTT Network Architecture (from Qualcomm)

2001 A. Triggs
Mobile Internet Network Reference Model

Content
Servers
Applications/
Content
Network Management
Communication GPRS
Servers
& Control
Encryption
Mobility
Radio Access
(GSM, W-CDMA, etc.)
Radio Network
2001 A. Triggs
Other
Networks
Backbone Network
(IP, ATM, etc.)
Connectivity
End-User Devices
& Technologies
Telephony
Services
Authentication
Messaging
Locating
PDA
Mobile
Bluetooth
Locating
Techniques
Reading Assignment
GSM Switching, Services, & Protocols

3. System Architecture and Addressing (P. 29-45)
2001 A. Triggs

EETS8306 Lecture5 NetworkArchitecture2perpage

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Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Southern Methodist University

Lecture 5: Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 1

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Various vendor architectures

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 2

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Cellular/PCS Voice Network Architecture

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 3

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Mobile Station (MS)

GSM phones are uniquely

Ericsson R520 GPRS Phone

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 4

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Base Station (BS or BTS)

Purpose is to modulate, amplify,

Ericsson TDMA BTS

Some vendors perform speech and

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 5

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Micro and Pico BTSs Becoming Common

Typically 20-30 dBm supporting 8-20 channels

Pico base stations are necessary for good indoor

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 6

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Micro and Pico Base Stations

Nokia CDMA Pico BTS

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 7

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Base Station Controller (BSC)

The BSC handles:

Some vendors have BSC functionality in the MSC

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 8

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

A Gateway MSC (G-MSC)

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 9

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Home Location Register (HLR) and

The VLR is a temporary database for all users

The MSC updates the VLR with HLR information

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 10

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Authentication Center (AuC) and

The EIR is a database which contains equipment

EIR prevents theft, unauthorized use, and faulty

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 11

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Operation and Maintenance / Network

Lucent O&M Center

The NOC manages/reports:

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 12

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Message Center (MXE)

Short Message Service (SMS)

MXE functionality can be integrated into the MSC

Lecture 5, Rev. B, Slide 13

Cellular/PCS Network Architecture

Inter-Working Function (IWF)

Sometimes integrated within the MSC