Sunteți pe pagina 1din 7

HINDUISM

Believed to be originated by the Aryans (White


Race)
Vedas are the collection of hymns, rituals and
regulations
o Rig Veda
- Oldest and it contains of a vast
variety of hymns, some of which
date back to almost 2000 B.C
o Yajur Veda
- a step-by-step guide about the
right way of performing religious
ceremonies and sacred rituals
- of two words, "Yajus" meaning
sacrifice and "Veda"
o Sama Veda
- collection of hymns and sacred
texts that are supposed to be
sung
o Atharva Veda
- Fourth and last Veda.
- Related to religious and sociocultural aspects of the society. It
dwells on an entirely different
level of knowledge.
Trimurti three major gods
o Brahma the creator
o Vishnu preserver of life
o Shiva destroyer

has their own unique dharma and


failure to follow it leaves to bad
karma
o Moksha Liberation from Samsara
o Karma the accumulation of good
and bad things; result of ones
previous deed or performance of
ones dharma. Good or Bad Karma
o Samsara:
Darhma (Duty)

Karma (Judgment)

Reincarnation (Result)

Samsara refers to the never ending cycle of


birth and rebirth
Caste System social classification of
Hindus; composed of four major caste levels
plus an outcast; an outcast is someone who
is spiritually unclean, thats why they are the
lowest in the caste system
Brahmins
Priests
and
Academic
s
Kshatriyas
Kings and
Warriors
Vaishyas
Common people

Supreme
Being

Kshudras
Servants

Traditions

Religion

The Dalits
Doctrines

Untouchables

Followers

Hinduism is strict on non-violence


Teachings
o Dharma selfless execution of ones
duties or responsibilities, everyone

Practices - Many Hindus are focused on


devotion to god or several gods. While
philosophically-minded Hindus ignore the
gods altogether and seek realization of self
through intense meditation.
o Three paths (margas) to liberation:
Bhaktimarga
(path
of
devotion)

Jnnamarga
(path
of
knowledge or philosophy)
Karmamarga (path of works
and action)
Four religious stages (Ashramas)
o Brahmacharga- school years,
focused on acquiring
knowledge and developing
character.
o Grastha- middle years, focused on
worldly pursuits and
pleasures.
o Vanaprastha- when ones children
reach adulthood, a
time of
increased focus on spiritual things.
o Sanngasu- last years of life, one may
abandon the world entirely for a life
of
contemplation.
Religious Practices
o AYURVEDA
An ancient Hindu system of
healing and medicine
o HATHA YOGA

Is only one part of Hindu


traditions of Yoga and Tantra

One of the paths leading to


Raja Yoga (contemplation of
one reality)

o HATHA YOGA

- Is only one part of Hindu


traditions of Yoga and Tantra

- One of the paths leading to


Raja Yoga (contemplation of
one reality)

o NAMASTE GREETING

A humble greeting straight


from
the
heart
and
reciprocated accordingly.

o PUJA

a way of relating humans to


the domain and actions of the
divine and can be performed
by anything considered
divine.

o SADHU (HOLY MAN)

Hindus choose to leave their


homes and dedicate their live
to spiritual disciplines.

Hindu Literature
o Smriti
that which is learned
Shastras, Itihaasas, Puranas
o Shruti
- that which is revealed
- composed in Sanskrit
- Vedas
Upanishads
o Form a part on the Vedas and are
essentially
o A set of ancient mystic teachings and
imparting of knowledge.
o "Upa" (near), Ni (down) and shad (to
sit), i.e., sitting down near.

BUDDHISM
Siddhartha Gautama founder of Buddhism
o After meditating for 49 days under the
bodhi tree, he was called Buddha
or the Enlightened One
o Overcome the threats of Mara, an evil
demon, who challenged his right to
become Buddha
Buddha taught that life is full of sufferings
In order to achieve eternal happiness, they must
free themselves from desires and pleasure
Buddhism:
o Is the response to the Hindu Caste
o Buddha did not consider a persons caste
important
o It is an escape from reincarnation
o Ahimsa non violence is one of the
teachings that Buddhism monks practice
Mahayana Buddhism
o Buddha was elevated as god and savior
o Lesser gods were called Bodhisattvas
which help others to reach nirvana
o Mahayana Buddhism is practiced in
Korea, China, Japan and Vietnam
Theravada Buddhism
o Buddha is known as a teacher

o There are no bodhisattvas and the


attainment of ones nirvana is through
their own perseverance
o Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos and
Cambodia are the practicing countries
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS -> ENLIGHTENED PATH ->
MIDDLE WAY -> NIRVANA
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
o Comprise the essence of Buddhas
Teachings
o Dukka/Truth of Suffering - Life is Full of

o 3. Samma-Vaca/right speech Clear,


truthful, uplifting and non-harmful
communication.
o 4. Samma-Kammanta/right action
foundation for life based on the principle
of non-exploitation of oneself and
others. The five precepts.
o 5. Samma-Ajiva/right livelihoodThe
basis of an Ideal society.
o 6. Samma-Vayama/right effort or
diligence Consciously directing our life
energy to the transformative path of
creative and healing action that fosters
wholeness. Conscious evolution.
o 7.
Samma-Sati/right
mindfulness
Levels of Awareness and mindfulness
- of things, oneself, feelings, thought,
people and Reality.
o 8. Samma-Samadhi/right concentration
Holistic Samadhi. Samadhi literally
means to be fixed, absorbed in or
established at one point, thus the first
level of meaning is concentration when
the mind is fixed on a single object. The
second level of meaning goes further and
represents the establishment, not just of
the mind, but also of the whole being in
various levels or modes of consciousness
and awareness. This is the sense of
enlightenment or Buddhahood.

Suffering and Happiness is real but


impermanent

3 Kinds of Dukka: Anguish,


conditioned phenomena, and
pleasant bodyily and mental feelings

o Samudya/Truth of Origin of sufferingCraving and desire is the source of all


suffering

3
poisons

Ignorance,
Attachment and Aversion
o Nirodha/Truth of Cessation of sufferingLiberation will be achieved and
achievement of Nirvana

2 things will be achieved:


Supreme
Happiness
and
Enlightenment

o Magga/Truth of Path to the cessation of


suffering- Also known as Noble Eightfold
Path

The Eightfold Path maintains that one need to


manifest righteous living to make life
prosperous.
Samma proper/whole/complete/perfect
o 1.
Samma-Ditthi/right
view
or
understanding Vision of the nature of
reality and the path of transformation.
o 2. Samma-Sankappa /right thought or
attitude
liberating
emotional
intelligence in your life and acting from
love and compassion. An informed heart
and feeling mind that are free to practice
letting go.

NIRVANA /liberation
o The second fruit of the end of suffering
o A total, absolute and permanent end of
all suffering and ultimate and final goal
of Buddhism
o The most important qualities are:
Perfect wisdom - He understands
the real nature of all things

o Great compassion - He is able to help


countless beings overcome their
suffering

ISLAM
The meaning of the word Islam is peace,
submission or surrender, it is the peace felt
within when a person surrenders himself to
Allah
The Quran or Koran is the sacred book of their
faith
God/Allah - Al-Rahmn, meaning "The
Compassionate" and Al-Rahm, meaning "The
Merciful

Angels

o The Arabic word for angel malak


means "messenger. According to
the Qur'an, angels do not possess free
will, and therefore worship and
obey God in total obedience.
Revelations
o The Qur'an is divided into 114 chapters,
which combined, contain 6,236 verses.
The chronologically earlier chapters,
revealed at Mecca, are primarily
concerned with ethical and spiritual
topics.
Prophets
o Muslims identify the prophets of
Islam anbiy as those humans chosen
by God to be his messengers. According
to the Quran, the prophets were
instructed by God to bring the "will of
God" to the peoples of the nations.
o The Quran mentions the names of
numerous figures considered prophets
in
Islam,
as
well
as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Je
sus, and others.
o Muhammad is one of the prophets of
Islam
Sunnah or Hadith prophetic traditions
Muhammad went to Medina Hegira (the flight)
The doctrine of Islam is based on the Five Pillars:

o Shahada/Profession of Faith there is


only but one God, Allah, and Muhammad
is the messenger or God
o Salat/Prayer Praying five times a day
(morning, noon, afternoon, sunset and
evening)
o Zakat/Alms-giving Being charitable.
People should help those in need
o Sawn/Fasting The Ramadan or
remembrance of the holy month. One
month of prayer and fasting from sunrise
to sundown
o Hajj/Pilgrimage to Mecca The
pilgrimage to Mecca, once in a life of a
Moslem. People who are able to join the
pilgrimage are given the title of Hajji for
men and Hajja for women
Moslems believed that Jesus Christ is not a God
but only a prophet. However, they recognized
the Blessed Virgin Mary as the mother of Jesus
JUDAISM
The Religion of the Jews or Israelites
Mother-faith of Christianity
The chief leader of the Jews was Moses
15 16 million in worldwide population
It is a monotheistic religion which believes in one
God and creator called Yahweh
His teachings are contained in the Torah which
means law and teaching and their Written
law
Talmud (Oral Law) commentary of ancient
rabbis that elaborates on how to apply Gods
Law in everyday life through:
o Dietary rules (Kashrut/Kosher)
o Dress and other symbols
o Prayer and devotion to the one God
o The Temple and Temple rites
o Observance of Holy days
o Proper social relations between male
and female, in business, judicial rulings,
etc.
Thus sanctifying life, blessing it in every way
United by a common heritage (an ethnic
religion), divided in contemporary practice:
o Orthodox:
Modern
Chasidic (Ultra Orthodox)
o Reformed (18th century Germany)

o Conservative moderates, response to


reform
Reconstructionalism
(20th
century America)
Life cycle celebrations:
o Bris ritual circumcision, sign of the
covenant
o Bar/Bat Mitzvah full adult status and
responsibility within the religion
o Marriage - "Be fruitful and multiply"
(Gen. 1:22)
o Death funerals, mourning (sitting
Shiva), and memorials (Yartzeits)
The Jewish Holidays:
o High Holidays:
Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New
Year)
Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)
o Sukkot, the Festival of Booths (fall
harvest festival)
o Simchat Torah celebrating Torah
o Chanukah, the Festival of Lights
o Purim
(Lots)

a
carnival
(commemorates events told in book of
Esther)
o Pesach (Passover) commemorates
the exodus from Egypt (events told in
Exodus)
o Shavuot (weeks, Pentecost)
commemorates receipt of Torah at Sinai
o Other, minor festivals
o Shabbat (Sabbath, 7th day, on Saturday)
the Day of Rest
Tikkun Olam - repairing this world through
justice and righteousness; through deed, not
creed
The heart of Judaism is in the home and family,
social responsibility and doing Mitzvot (good
deeds based on Gods commandments)
The Jews does not believe that Jesus Christ is
their lord and savior
They are still waiting for the coming of the
messiah, the chosen one, a spiritual and political
leader who they believe would deliver them all
from their enemies
CHRISTIANITY
world's biggest religion, with about 2.1 billion
followers worldwide.

Some Christian denominations are Roman


Catholism, Easternn Orthodoxy, Protestant,
Anglicanism
Christianity was founded by Jesus Christ in the
first century C.E.
Stemmed from Judaism because Jesus and his
followers were Jews
Their sacred book is the Holy Bible
Beliefs
o Christians share a certain set of beliefs
that they hold as essential to their faith,
though there are many important
differences of interpretation and opinion
of the Bible on which Christianity is
based.
Prayer
o Prayer is an invocation or act that seeks to
activate a rapport with an object of worship
through deliberate communication.
o Jesus' teaching on prayer in the Sermon on
the Mount displays a distinct lack of interest
in the external aspects of prayer. A concern
with the techniques of prayer is condemned
as 'pagan', and instead a simple trust in
God's fatherly goodness is encouraged
The Holy Trinity
o There is only one God existing in
Christianity but it defines God as three
consubstantial persons: God the Father,
God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit.
o God the Father - the first person of the
Trinity; God as creator and supreme
authority.
o God the Son the second person of the
Trinity; was anointed by God as savior of
humanity, and hold that Jesus' coming
was the fulfillment of messianic
prophecies of the Old Testament.
o God the Holy Spirit the third person of
the Trinity; the Lord and Giver of Life
The Ten Commandments
o You shall have no other gods before Me.
o You shall not make idols.
o You shall not take the name of the LORD
your God in vain.
o Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it
holy.

o
o
o
o
o

Honor your father and your mother.


You shall not murder.
You shall not commit adultery.
You shall not steal.
You shall not bear false witness against
your neighbor.
o You shall not covet.
Scriptures
o Christianity regards the biblical canon,
the Old Testament and the New
Testament, as the inspired word of God.
Sacraments
o The Seven Sacraments are Baptism,
Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Holy
Orders, Anointing of the Sick and
Matrimony.
o In Christian belief and practice, a
sacrament is a rite, instituted by Christ,
that mediates grace, constituting a
sacred mystery.
o The term is derived from the Latin word
sacramentum, which was used to
translate the Greek word for mystery.
Baptism
o Baptism is the ritual act, with the use of
water, by which a person is admitted to
membership of the Church.
o Some churches hold to the doctrine of
Baptismal Regeneration, which affirms
that baptism creates or strengthens a
person's faith, and is intimately linked to
salvation
o Others simply acknowledge it as a purely
symbolic act, an external public
declaration of the inward change which
has taken place in the person.
Death and Afterlife
o Most Christians believe that human
beings experience divine judgment and
are rewarded either with eternal life or
eternal damnation.
o Heaven is believed to be a gift from God
to those who have lived a righteous life.
o Hell, also called purgatory, is an
intermediate state after physical death
in which those destined for heaven
"undergo purification, so as to achieve

the holiness necessary to enter the joy of


heaven".

S-ar putea să vă placă și