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Coupled Lines
(10.1.1)
I2
I2
I1
V2
V1
V2
= L2
Lm
,
= C2
+ Cm
z
t
t
z
t
t
When Lm = Cm = 0, they reduce to the uncoupled equations describing the isolated
individual lines. Eqs. (10.1.1) may be written in the 22 matrix forms:
L1 Lm I
V
=
Lm L2 t
z
(10.1.2)
C1 Cm V
I
=
C2
Cm
z
t
where V, I are the column vectors:
I1
V1
V2
= C1
+ Cm
z
t
t
V1
I1
I2
= L1
Lm
,
z
t
t
10
V=
V1
V2
I=
I1
I2
(10.1.3)
dV
= j
dz
dI
= j
dz
L1
Lm
Lm
L2
C1
Cm
Cm
C2
(10.1.4)
V
It proves convenient to recast these equations in terms of the forward and backward
waves that are normalized with respect to the uncoupled impedances Z1 , Z2 :
a1 =
a2 =
V1 + Z1 I1
,
2Z1
b1 =
V2 + Z2 I2
,
2Z2
b2 =
V1 Z1 I1
2Z1
V2 Z2 I2
2Z2
a=
a1
a2
,
b=
b1
b2
(10.1.5)
The a, b waves are similar to the power waves dened in Sec. 12.7. The total average
power on the line can be expressed conveniently in terms of these:
Fig. 10.1.1 Coupled Transmission Lines.
For simplicity, we assume that the lines are lossless. Let Li , Ci , i = 1, 2 be the
distributed inductances and capacitances per unit length when the lines are isolated from
each other. The corresponding propagation velocities and characteristic impedances
are: vi = 1/ Li Ci , Zi = Li /Ci , i = 1, 2. The coupling between the lines is modeled
by introducing a mutual inductance and capacitance per unit length, Lm , Cm . Then, the
coupled versions of telegraphers equations (9.15.1) become:
C is related to the capacitance to ground C
1
1g via C1 = C1g + Cm , so that the total charge per unit
length on line-1 is Q1 = C1 V1 Cm V2 = C1g (V1 Vg )+Cm (V1 V2 ), where Vg = 0.
P=
1
1
1
Re[V I]= Re[V1 I1 ]+ Re[V2 I2 ]= P1 + P2
2
2
2
= |a1 |2 |b1 |2 + |a2 |2 |b2 |2 = |a1 |2 + |a2 |2 |b1 |2 + |b2 |2
= a a b b
da
= jF a + jG b
dz
db
= jG a + jF b
dz
347
(10.1.6)
d
dz
a
b
= j
F
G
G
F
a
b
(10.1.7)
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349
F=
G=
(10.1.8)
where 1 , 2 are the uncoupled wavenumbers i = /vi = Li Ci , i = 1, 2 and the
coupling parameters , are:
1
1
Lm
Lm
Cm
=
Cm Z1 Z2 =
1 2
2
2
Z1 Z2
L1 L2
C1 C2
(10.1.9)
Lm
Cm
1
1
Lm
+ Cm Z1 Z2 =
1 2
+
=
2
2
Z1 Z2
L1 L2
C1 C2
A consequence of the structure of the matrices F, G is that the total power P dened
in (10.1.6) is conserved along z. This follows by writing the power in the following form,
where I is the 22 identity matrix:
P = a a b b = [a , b ]
a
b
350
where a0 , a1 are real such that |a0 | = |a1 |. Such matrices form a commutative subgroup
of the group of nonsingular 22 matrices. Their eigenvalues are = a0 a1 and they
can all be diagonalized by a common unitary matrix:
1
2
F
G
G
F
V Z0 I
b=
2Z0
F=
a=
V + Z0 I
,
2
G=
G
F
a
b
Lm
Cm
L0
C0
V Z0 I
2
=0
a0
a1
a1
a0
= a0 I + a1 J ,
I=
1
0
0
1
,
J=
=
A
A+
0
1
=
d2 a
= B2 a ,
dz2
1
e =
2
1
1
(10.1.12)
1
0
(10.1.14)
a0 + a1
a0 a1
(10.1.15)
(10.1.16)
(10.1.13)
d2 b
= B2 b
dz2
However, it is better to work with (10.1.7) directly. This system can be decoupled by
forming the following linear combinations of the a, b waves:
A = a b
B = b a
(10.1.11)
Using the property FG = GF, and differentiating (10.1.7) one more time, we obtain
the decoupled second-order equations, with B as dened in (10.1.16):
(10.1.10)
The matrices F, G commute with each other. In fact, they are both examples of
matrices of the form:
A=
1
1
Lm
Cm
+
L0
C0
Z0 I)(Z
+ Z0 I)1 Q
= (Z Z0 I)(Z + Z0 I)1 = Q(Z
where, for simplicity, we removed the common scale factor 2Z0 from the denominator
of a, b. The parameters , are obtained by setting Z1 = Z2 = Z0 in (10.1.9):
1
e+ =
2
= [e+ , e ] ,
+ G)(
G)Q
B = (F + G)(F G) = Q (F
F
1 Q
+ G)(
G)
Z = Z0 (F + G)(F G)1 = Z0 Q (F
F
G
b=
1
1
,
A = Q AQ
the latter following from the conditions F = F and G = G. Eqs. (10.1.6) and (10.1.7)
form the basis of coupled-mode theory.
Next, we specialize to the case of two identical lines that have L1 = L2 L0 and
C1 = C2 C0 , so that 1 = 2 = L0 C0 and Z1 = Z2 = L0 /C0 Z0 , and speed
v0 = 1/ L0 C0 . Then, the a, b waves and the matrices F, G take the simpler forms:
V + Z0 I
a=
,
2Z0
1
1
dP
= j[a , b ]
dz
Q=
A
B
=
a
b
(10.1.17)
B = (2D)
(V ZI)
V = D(A + B)
ZI = D(A B)
D=
Z + Z0 I
2Z0
(10.1.18)
d
dz
A
B
= j
A
B
dA
= jBA ,
dz
dB
= jBB
dz
(10.1.19)
(10.1.20)
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351
V(z) = D ejBz A(0)+ejBz B(0)
ZI(z) = D ejBz A(0)ejBz B(0)
VG =
(10.1.22)
V(l)= ZL I(l)
(10.1.23)
B(l)= L A(l)
(10.1.24)
(10.1.25)
Inserting this into (10.1.24), we may solve for A(0) in terms of the generator voltage:
1
A(0)= D
2jBl 1
I G L e
Z(Z + ZG I)
VG
(10.1.26)
Using (10.1.26) into (10.1.21), we nally obtain the voltage and current at an arbitrary
position z along the lines:
V(z) = [ejBz + L e2jBl ejBz
I(z) = [ejBz L e2jBl ejBz
I G L e2jBl
I G L e2jBl
1
1
Z(Z + ZG I)1 VG
(Z + ZG I)1 VG
(10.1.27)
These are the coupled-line generalizations of Eqs. (9.9.7). Resolving VG and V(z)
into their even and odd modes, that is, expressing them as linear combinations of the
eigenvectors e , we have:
VG = VG+ e+ + VG e ,
where
VG =
VG1 VG2
V (z)=
V1 (z)V2 (z)
(10.1.28)
In this basis, the matrices in (10.1.27) are diagonal resulting in the equivalent solution:
V(z)= V+ (z)e+ + V (z)e =
Z
ej z + L e2j l ej z
VG e
1 G L e2j l
Z + ZG
The
L =
ZL Z
ZL + Z
(10.1.30)
V1 (z) =
ej z + L e2j l ej z
ej+ z + L+ e2j+ l ej+ z
V
V+ +
2
j
l
+
1 G+ L+ e
1 G L e2j l
V2 (z) =
ej z + L e2j l ej z
ej+ z + L+ e2j+ l ej+ z
V
V+
2
j
l
+
1 G+ L+ e
1 G L e2j l
V =
Z
Z + ZG
1
VG
= (1 G )(VG1 VG2 )
2
(10.1.31)
(10.1.32)
The parameters , Z are obtained using the rules of Eq. (10.1.15). From Eq. (10.1.12),
we nd the eigenvalues of the matrices F G:
ZG Z
,
ZG + Z
The voltages V1 (z), V2 (z) are obtained by extracting the top and bottom compo
nents of (10.1.29), that is, V1,2 (z)= V+ (z)V (z) / 2 :
where we dened:
G =
(10.1.21)
To complete the solution, we assume that both lines are terminated at common
generator and load impedances, that is, ZG1 = ZG2 ZG and ZL1 = ZL2 ZL . The
generator voltages VG1 , VG2 are assumed to be different. We dene the generator voltage
vector and source and load matrix reection coefcients:
VG1
VG2
352
Lm
1
(F + G) = ( + )= 1
= (L0 Lm )
L0
Z0
Cm
= Z0 (C0 Cm )
(F G) = ( )= 1
C0
+ = (F + G)+ (F G)+ = (L0 + Lm )(C0 Cm )
= (F + G) (F G) = (L0 Lm )(C0 + Cm )
(F + G)+
L0 + Lm
Z+ = Z0
=
(F G)+
C0 Cm
(F + G)
L0 Lm
Z = Z0
=
(F G)
C0 + Cm
(10.1.34)
(L0 + Lm )(C0 Cm )=
(L0 Lm )(C0 + Cm )=
(10.1.29)
(10.1.33)
L0 =
C0
C20 C2m
Lm =
Cm
C20 C2m
(10.1.35)
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353
1
2
)
)
1 (1 G+ )(1 + L+ +
1 (1 G )(1 + L
V
V
V2 (0) =
2
2
2
1 G L 2
1 G+ L+ +
(10.2.1)
1
1
(1 G+ )(1 + L+ )
(1 G )(1 + L )
1 +
1
V
V
V2 (l) =
2
2
2
2
1 G+ L+ +
1 G L
1
1
(1 G )V(t)+ 1 +
G
2
m=1
(10.2.2)
1
(1 G+ )(1 + L+ )
(G+ L+ )m V(t 2mT+ T+ )
2
m=0
1
(1 G )(1 + L )
(G L )m V(t 2mT T )
2
m=0
where V(t)= VG1 (t)/2. Because Z = Z0 , there will be multiple reections even when
the lines are matched to Z0 at both ends. Setting ZG = ZL = Z0 , gives for the reection
coefcients (10.1.30):
V2 (0, t) =
(10.2.3)
V2 (l, t) =
(10.2.5)
1
2+m V(t 2mT+ T+ )
V1 (l, t) = (1 2+ )
2
m=0
1
(1 2 )
2m V(t 2mT T )
2
m=0
= 0 =
,
2
Z = Z0 Z = Z0 Z0
T = T T = T T
v = v0 v0
(10.2.6)
V2 (0, t) =
1
1
(+ )V(t) + V(t 2T+ ) V(t 2T )
2
2
V2 (l, t) =
1
V(t T+ )V(t T )]
2
dV
dt
T)
V(t T )= V(t T T) V(t T)(T)V(t
V(t 2T), where we
Therefore, V(t 2T )= V(t 2T)(T)V
. It follows that:
ignored the second-order terms (T)V
1
(1 + + )V(t)(1 + )
2+m1 V(t 2mT+ )
2
m=1
2T) ,
V(t 2T )= V(t 2T T) V(t 2T)(T)V(t
1
2m1 V(t 2mT )
(1 + )V(t)(1 )
2
m=1
where T = l/v0 . Because the s are already rst-order, the multiple reection terms
in the above summations are a second-order effect, and only the lowest terms will contribute, that is, the term m = 1 for the near-end, and m = 0 for the far end. Then,
Z0 Z
=
Z0 + Z
1
2m1 V(t 2mT )
+ (1 + )V(t)(1 )
2
m=1
= = ,
(G L ) V(t 2mT )
m
m=1
1
V1 (0, t) = (1 + + )V(t)(1 + )
2+m1 V(t 2mT+ )
2
m=1
These expressions simplify drastically if we assume weak coupling. It is straightforward to verify that to first-order in the parameters Lm /L0 , Cm /C0 , or equivalently, to
rst-order in , , we have the approximations:
V2 (l, t) =
G = L =
Similarly, the near-end and far-end signals on the driven line are found by adding,
instead of subtracting, the even- and odd-mode terms:
When only line-1 is energized, that is, VG1 = 0, VG2 = 0, the coupling between the lines
induces a propagating wave in line-2, referred to as crosstalk, which also has some minor
inuence back on line-1. The near-end and far-end crosstalk are the values of V2 (z) at
z = 0 and z = l, respectively. Setting VG2 = 0 in (10.1.32), we have from (10.1.31):
1
1
V2 (0, t) = (1 G+ )V(t)+ 1 +
2
G+
354
(10.2.4)
1
(1 2+ )
2+m V(t 2mT+ T+ )
2
m=0
1
2m V(t 2mT T )
(1 2 )
2
m=0
V(t) is the signal that would exist on a matched line-1 in the absence of line-2, V = Z V /(Z +Z )=
0 G1
0
G
VG1 /2, provided ZG = Z0 .
V2 (0, t) =
1
(+ ) V(t)V(t 2T) = () V(t)V(t 2T)
2
V2 (l, t) =
1
dV(t T)
V(t T)(T)V
= (T)
V(t T)(T)V
2
dt
V2 (0, t)= Kb V(t)V(t 2T)
V2 (l, t)= Kf
dV(t T)
dt
(10.2.7)
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356
The interaction between the two lines is seen better in the MATLAB movie xtalkmovie.m,
which plots the waves V1 (z, t) and V2 (z, t) as they propagate to and get reected from
their respective loads, and compares them to the uncoupled case V0 (z, t)= V(t z/v0 ).
The waves V1,2 (z, t) are computed by the same method as for the movie pulsemovie.m
v0
=
2
4
Kb =
Lm
+ Cm Z0
Z0
Kf = T
v0 T
Lm
Cm Z0
Z0
(10.2.8)
where we may replace l = v0 T. The same approximations give for line-1, V1 (0, t)= V(t)
and V1 (l, t)= V(t T). Thus, to rst-order, line-2 does not act back to disturb line-1.
Example 10.2.1: Fig. 10.2.1 shows the signals V1 (0, t), V1 (l, t), V2 (0, t), V2 (l, t) for a pair of
coupled lines matched at both ends. The uncoupled line impedance was Z0 = 50 .
Lm/L0 = 0.8, Cm/C0 = 0.7
1.2
0.8
0.8
line 1 near end
line 1 far end
line 2 near end
line 2 far end
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0.6
Li =
a1
a
2
,
c=
b1
b2
dc
= jMc ,
dz
i = 1, 2
(10.3.1)
M=
0
Kf = 0.05
Kf = 0.05
The weak-coupling approximations are more closely satised for the left case. Eqs. (10.2.7)
predict for V2 (0, t) a trapezoidal pulse of duration 2T and height Kb , and for V2 (l, t), a
rectangular pulse of width tr and height Kf /tr = 0.2 starting at t = T:
Kf
dV(t T)
u(t T)u(t T tr )]
=
tr
dt
These predictions are approximately correct as can be seen in the gure. The approximation predicts also that V1 (0, t)= V(t) and V1 (l, t)= V(t T), which are not quite true
the effect of line-2 on line-1 cannot be ignored completely.
M=
0
dc
c,
= jM
dz
jMz
The generator input to line-1 was a rising step with rise-time tr = T/4, that is,
1
t
VG1 (t)=
u(t)u(t tr ) + u(t tr )
2
tr
The right graph corresponds to Lm /L0 = 0.8, Cm /C0 = 0.7, with parameters:
V2 (l, t)= Kf
ZGi Zi
,
ZGi + Zi
Gi =
t/T
t/T
V(t)=
ZLi Zi
,
ZLi + Zi
Working with the forward and backward waves, we write Eq. (10.1.7) as the 44
matrix equation:
0.2
1
jMz
ej1 z
j1 z
ej2 z )
(e
=
z
j
1
(e
ej2 z )
jMl
0
0
0
0
0
(10.3.2)
ej2 z
j1 z ej2 z )
(e
ej1 z
j1 z
(e
j2 z
j2 z
1 2
1 + 2
=
11
0
0
0
a1 (0)
a1 (l)
a (l)
1
1
1
1
1 2 ) 0 a2 (0)
(
(1 2 ) 2
2
(10.3.3)
b1 (l)
0
0
1
0 b1 (0)
1
b2 (0)
b2 (l)
(1 2 )
(1 2 ) 2
0
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358
V2 (0) =
jKf (1 + L1 G2 2 ) 1 + Kb (1 2 )(L1 + G2 ) 1
V2l
V2 (l) =
(1 G1 L1 2 )(1 G2 L2 2 )
a1 (0)G1 b1 (0)= U1 ,
a2 (0)G2 b2 (0)= 0 ,
b1 (l)= L1 a1 (l)
,
b2 (l)= L2 a2 (l)
U1 =
Z1
(1 G1 )
VG1
2
(10.3.4)
Eqs. (10.3.3) and (10.3.4) provide a set of eight equations in eight unknowns. Once
these are solved, the near- and far-end voltages may be determined. For line-1, we nd:
V1 (0)=
V1 (l)=
a1 (0)+b1 (0) =
Z1
2
1 + L1 12
1 G1 L1 12
1 (1 + L1 )
V
a1 (l)+b1 (l) = 1
2
1 G1 L1 12
Z1
(10.3.5)
V20
V2 (0) =
(1 G1 L1 12 )(1 G2 L2 22 )
V2 (l) =
1 11 21 )(L1 11 + G2 21 )
(11 21 )(1 + L1 G2 11 21 )+(
V2l
(1 G1 L1 12 )(1 G2 L2 22 )
(10.3.6)
where V20 = (1 + G2 )V = (1 + G2 )(1 G1 )VG1 /2 and V2l = (1 + L2 )V, and we
,
by:
dened
Z2
=
Z1
Z2
=
Z1
Z2
=
Z1 1 2
1 2 2
Z2
1
=
Z1 1 + 2
1 + 2 2
Lm
Cm Z2
Z1
Lm
+ Cm Z2
Z1
(10.3.7)
2 1
ej1 l ej2 l
d j1 l
e
= jlej1 l
=
1 2
d1
(10.3.9)
The corresponding time-domain signals will involve the double multiple reections
arising from the denominators. However, if we assume the each line is matched in at
least one of its ends, so that G1 L1 = G2 L2 = 0, then the denominators can be
eliminated. Replacing j by the time-derivative d/dt and each factor 1 by a delay by
T, we obtain:
2T)
V2 (0, t)= Kf (L1 + L2 + L1 G2 )V(t
+ Kb (1 + G2 ) V(t)V(t 2T) + Kb L1 L2 V(t 2T)V(t 4T)
(10.3.10)
3T)
T)+L1 G2 V(t
V2 (l, t)= Kf (1 + L2 )V(t
+ Kb (L1 + G2 + L1 L2 ) V(t T)V(t 3T)
where V(t)= (1 G1 )VG1 (t)/2, and we used the property G2 L2 = 0 to simplify the
expressions. Eqs. (10.3.10) reduce to (10.2.7) when the lines are matched at both ends.
Then, we obtain:
(11 21 ) jKf ejl = j
Kb =
v0
4
Lm
+ Cm Z0
Z0
l
2
Lm
Cm Z0 ejl
Z0
(10.3.8)
Eqs. (10.1.7) form the basis of coupled-mode theory. In the co-directional case, if
we assume that there are only forward waves at z = 0, that is, a(0)= 0 and b(0)= 0,
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359
then it may shown that the effect of the backward waves on the forward ones becomes
a second-order effect in the coupling constants, and therefore, it may be ignored. To
see this, we solve the second of Eqs. (10.1.7) for b in terms of a, assuming zero initial
conditions, and substitute it in the rst:
z
b(z)= j
ejF(zz ) G a(z ) dz
da
= jF a +
dz
z
GejF(zz ) G a(z ) dz
d
dz
a1
a2
= j
Codirectional coupler, / = 0
a1
a2
(10.4.1)
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
P1 (z)
P2 (z)
da
= jF a
dz
360
P1 (z)
P2 (z)
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
z /
0
0
0.5
1.5
z /
For the contra-directional case, a similar argument that assumes the initial conditions
a2 (0)= b1 (0)= 0 gives the following approximation that couples the a1 and b2 waves:
a1
1
a1
d
(10.4.2)
= j
b2
2
dz b2
The conserved powers are in the two cases:
2
P = |a1 | + |a2 | ,
P = |a1 | |b2 |
(10.4.3)
The solution of Eq. (10.4.1) is obtained with the help of the transition matrix ejFz :
ejFz
cos z j sin z
jz
=e
j sin z
where
1 + 2
2
Thus, the solution of (10.4.1) is:
a1 (z)
a2 (z)
sin z
cos z + j
sin z
1 2
cos z j sin z
= ejz
j sin z
= 2 + 2
j sin z
a1 (0)
a2 (0)
cos z j
sin z
(10.4.4)
(10.4.5)
(10.4.6)
Starting with initial conditions a1 (0)= 1 and a2 (0)= 0, the total initial power will
be P = |a1 (0)|2 + |a2 (0)|2 = 1. As the waves propagate along the z-direction, power is
exchanged between lines 1 and 2 according to:
2
P1 (z)= |a1 (z)|2 = cos2 z + 2 sin2 z
2
P2 (z)= |a2 (z)|2 = 2 sin z = 1 P1 (z)
(10.4.7)
Fig. 10.4.2 shows the two cases for which / = 0 and / = 0.5. In both cases,
maximum exchange of power occurs periodically at distances that are odd multiples of
z = /2 . Complete power exchange occurs only in the case = 0, or equivalently,
when 1 = 2 . In this case, we have = and P1 (z)= cos2 z, P2 (z)= sin2 z.
d
dz
a(z)
b(z)
= j
jKz
ejKz
a(z)
b(z)
(10.5.1)
where K = 2/ is the Bloch wavenumber, is the period, and a(z), b(z) represent the
forward and backward waves. The following transformation removes the phase factor
ejKz from the coupling constant:
A(z)
B(z)
=
ejKz/2
0
d
dz
jKz/2
e
A(z)
B(z)
= j
a(z)
b(z)
=
ejKz/2 a(z)
ejKz/2 b(z)
A(z)
B(z)
(10.5.2)
(10.5.3)
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362
= ejFl
A(l)
B(l)
,
with
F=
(10.5.4)
cos l + j
sin l
j sin l
U11 U12
ejFl =
(10.5.5)
U12 U11
sin l
cos l j
sin l
j
where = 2 ||2 . If || < ||, then becomes imaginary. In thiscase, it is more
convenient to express the transfer matrix in terms of the quantity = ||2 2 :
jFl
cosh l + j sinh l
sinh l
j
sinh l
cosh l j sinh l
(10.5.6)
The transfer matrix has unit determinant, which implies that |U11 | |U12 | = 1.
Using this property, we may rearrange (10.5.4) into its scattering matrix form that relates
the outgoing elds to the incoming ones:
B(0)
A(l)
=
A(0)
B(l)
,
sin l
,
=
sin l
cos l + j
U12
,
U11
U12
,
U11
T=
U11
(10.5.7)
T=
1
cos l + j
sin l
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
4
0
4
at the center of the band, = 0, is given by ||2max = tanh2 |l|. The reectance at the
asymptotic band edges is given by:
||2 =
||2 sinh2 l
||2 sin2 l
= 2
2
2
2
cos l + sin l
cosh2 l + 2 sinh2 l
|l|2
,
1 + |l|2
at = ||
The
zeros of the reectance correspond to sin l = 0, or, = m/l, which gives
= ||2 + (m/l)2 , where m is a non-zero integer.
The Bragg wavelength B is the wavelength at the center of the reecting band, that
is, corresponding to = 0, or, = K/2, or B = 2/ = 4/K = 2.
By concatenating two identical FBGs separated by a spacer of length d = B /4 =
/2, we obtain a quarter-wave phase-shifted FBG, which has a narrow transmission
window centered at = 0. Fig. 10.5.3 depicts such a compound grating. Within the
spacer, the A, B waves propagate with wavenumber as though they are uncoupled.
(10.5.8)
If there is only an incident wave from the left, that is, A(0)= 0 and B(l)= 0, then
(10.5.7) implies that B(0)= A(0) and A(l)= TA(0).
A consequence of power conservation, |A(0)|2 |B(0)|2 = |A(l)|2 |B(l)|2 , is
the unitarity of the scattering matrix, which implies the property ||2 + |T|2 = 1. The
reectance ||2 may be expressed in the following two forms, the rst being appropriate
when || ||, and the second when || ||:
||2 = 1 |T|2 =
0.8
where ,
are the reflection coefcients from the left and right, respectively, and T is
the transmission coefcient. We have explicitly,
||2
||2
A(0)
B(0)
(10.5.9)
V11
V12
V12
V11
U11
U12
U12
U11
ejd
ejd
U11
U12
U12
U11
(10.5.10)
where the Uij are given in Eq. (10.5.5). It follows that the matrix elements of V are:
2 jd
+ |U12 |2 ejd ,
e
V11 = U11
jd
V12 = U12 U11 ejd + U11
e
(10.5.11)
comp =
jd
V12
U12 U11 ejd + U11
e
T ejd + Tejd
=
=
2 jd
V11
T ejd + ||2 Tejd
U11
e
+ |U12 |2 ejd
(10.5.12)
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364
Compound Grating, l = 2
1
0.8
0.8
Transmittance
Reflectance
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
dI+ = (k + s)I+ dz + sI dz
0.4
dI = (k + s)I dz + sI+ dz
0.2
0
4
d
dz
I+ (z)
I (z)
=
k+s
s
s
k s
I+ (z)
I (z)
(10.6.1)
This is similar in structure to Eq. (10.5.3), except the matrix coefcients are real. The
solution at distance z = l is obtained in terms of the initial values I (0) by:
I+ (l)
I (l)
= eFl
I+ (0)
I (0)
,
with
F=
k+s
s
s
k s
(10.6.2)
U = eFl
cosh l sinh l
=
s
sinh l
s
sinh l
= U11
U21
cosh l +
sinh l
U12
U22
(10.6.3)
R=
T=
These
U21 + U11 Rg
s sinh l + ( cosh l sinh l)Rg
=
U22 U12 Rg
cosh l + ( sRg )sinh l
1
U22 U12 Rg
(10.6.4)
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365
The reectance and transmittance corresponding to a black, non-reecting, background are obtained by setting Rg = 0 in Eq. (10.6.4):
R0 =
T0 =
U21
s sinh l
=
U22
cosh l + sinh l
1
U22
(10.6.5)
cosh l + sinh l
R =
s
s
=
+
k + s + k(k + 2s)
k
(R 1)2
=
s
2R
(10.6.6)
U = eFl =
ekl
ekl
R = e2kl Rg ,
T = ekl
(10.6.7)
These are in accordance with our expectations for exponential attenuation with distance. The intensities are related by I+ (l)= ekl I+ (0) and I (l)= ekl I (0). Thus, the
reectance corresponds to traversing a forward and a reverse path of length l, and the
transmittance only a forward path.
Perhaps, the most surprising prediction of this model (rst pointed out by Schuster)
is that, in the case of a non-absorbing but scattering medium (k = 0, s = 0), the transmittance is not attenuating exponentially, but rather, inversely with distance. Indeed,
setting = s and taking the limit 1 sinh l l as 0, we nd:
U = eFl =
1 sl
sl
sl
1 + sl
R=
sl + (1 sl)Rg
,
1 + sl slRg
T=
1
1 + sl slRg
(10.6.8)
R0 =
sl
1 + sl
T0 =
1
1 + sl
(10.6.9)
10.7 Problems
10.1 Consider the practical case in which two lines are coupled only over a middle portion of
length l, with their beginning and ending segments being uncoupled, as shown below:
Assuming weakly coupled lines, how should Eqs. (10.3.6) and (10.3.9) be modied in this
case? [Hint: Replace the segments to the left of the reference plane A and to the right of
evenin equivalents.]
plane B by their Th