Zsdzs

POLITECNICO
DI MILANO
www.polimi.it
Microcontrollers
INTRODUCTION and C Review
Outline
Course introduction
What is a Controller and how it works
Memory organization and Registers
Instructions and Programming Languages
Peripherals
Development Tools
Laboratory goals
C language review
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00
franco.zappa@polimi.it
2 / 231
Course Introduction
Main activities:
Learn the main microcontroller peripherals
Write code
Program and use a real device
Agenda:
From 16.30 to 16.45
From 16.45 to 18.00
19-22/10
Lesson 1
Introduction & C language
SW and board overview
26-29/10
Lesson 2
Ports & Interrupts
Hands-on
2-5/11
Lesson 3
Timers & 7-seg display
Hands-on
9-12/11
Lesson 4
ADC & LCD
Hands-on
16-19/11
Lesson 5
Capture Compare PWM
Hands-on
23-26/11
Lesson 6
Code optimization with

assembly
Hands-on
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Course Introduction
Organizational stuff:
Group A : Mondays, 16.30 18.00

Group B : Tuesdays, 16.30 - 18.00
Group C : Wednesdays, 16.30 18.00
Group D : Thursdays,16.30 18.00
At least one PC per working-group (2-4 people)

A USB stick may be useful
Contacts:
rudi.lussana@polimi.it
mauro.buttafava@polimi.it
mirko.sanzaro@polimi.it
davide.portaluppi@polimi.it
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What is a microcontroller
Single integrated device,

containing a processing
core, program and data
memories and many
peripheral modules
(also mixed-signal)
Wide range of devices:

FROM 8-bit architecture, 4 MHz, in SOT23-6
package TO 32-bit architecture, 200 MHz, with
ethernet and USB
Flexible and cost effective devices Mainly used for embedded
applications
5 / 231
How it works
Harvard-based architecture
35 instructions RISC processor core
Internal program and data memory
Multi-priority interrupt capability
Different kinds of peripheral modules and interfaces
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Memory Organization (1)
PIC18F45K22 (used during this course):
21-bit program counter, capable of addressing up to

2 MB max program memory space
Program Memory:
64 kB (EEPROM)
Data Memory:
3896 kB of STATIC RAM
Data Memory is divided into:

Special Function Registers, used by the CPU
and peripherals for controlling the desired
operation of the device
General Purpose Registers, used for
temporary data storage
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Memory Organization (2)

There are three types of Special Function Registers (SFR):
Core Registers:
Deal with CPU operation, interrupts control and input/output ports
(W, STATUS, INTCON, TRISA)
Peripheral Registers:
Control the operation of peripheral modules: enable, settings and data
input/output (ADCON, CCPR, SSPCON, TXSTA)
Configuration Registers:
Used for start-up configurations, oscillator settings, in-circuit program
settings and code protection purposes (CONFIG1, CONFIG2)
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Instructions and programming

ASSEMBLY:
Hardware-level language
High complexity
Highest code optimization
Predictable timing
High-level Languages:
C (industry standard), Pascal
Better code understanding
(natural language elements)
Code optimization managed by
the compiler (Low)
Higher portability of code
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RISC Instruction Set
RISC architecture:
only 35 instructions
Predictable Timing:
each instruction
completes in one
(or two) cycles
possibility to create
delay routines
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Peripherals
Why a Microcontroller instead of a Microprocessor?
PERIPHERALS ARE THE REAL BENEFIT OF USING A
MICROCONTROLLER
A C can directly interface with external world
PIC18F45K22 (used during this lessons):
GPIO with interrupt on change and internal pull-up
Multichannel 10-bit ADC with internal voltage reference
16-bit Timer/Counter module
Capture/Compare/PWM module
Enhanced USART module
Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP)
Analog Comparator module
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PIC18F45
HIGH PERFORMANCE RISC CPU
FEATURES
Only 35 single word instructions to learn
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input
1024 words of program memory
4k bytes of Data RAM
64k bytes of Data EEPROM
16-bit wide instruction words
8-bit wide data bytes
PERIPHERAL FEATURES
35 I/O pins with individual direction
control
High current sink/source for direct LED
drive
- 25 mA sink max. per pin
- 25 mA source max. per pin
TMR0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit
programmable prescaler
CMOS ENHANCED
FLASH/EEPROM TECHNOLOGY
Low power, high speed technology
Fully static design
Wide operating voltage range:
- Commercial: 2.0V to 5.5V
- Industrial: 2.0V to 5.5V
Low power consumption:
- < 2 mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz
- 15 mA typical @ 2V, 32 kHz
-< 0.5 mA typical standby current @
2V
SPECIAL MCU FEATURES

In-Circuit Serial Programming
(ICSP)
Power-on Reset, Power-up Timer,
Oscillator Start-up Timer
Watchdog Timer with On-Chip RC
oscillator
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PIC18F45
RA5
RE0
RE1
RE2
VDD
VSS
RA7/CLKIN
RA6/CLKOUT
RC0
RC1
RC2
RC3
RD0
RD1
MSSP
TIMER0
STACK
POWER-UP TIMER
START-UP TIMER
POWER ON RESET
WDT
EEPROM
Program
Mem
REG. FILE
EEPROM
Data Mem
W
ALU
PORTD
PORTB
EUSART
PORTD
RA4
PC
PORTC
RA3
PORTA
RA2
PORTE
RA1
ADC
OSC
RA0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
PORTC
MCLR/Vpp
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
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RB7
RB6
RB5
RB4
RB3
RB2
RB1
RB0
VDD
VSS
RD7
RD6
RD5
RD4
RC7
RC6
RC5
RC4
RD3
RD2
Architecture
How can I write a number in a register?
Opcode is loaded from
Program Memory to
Instruction Register
A section of Opcode
represents the data to
transfer
The data to transfer is

stored into Working
register
The following instruction

will load the content of
Working register and
store it into the
destination register
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Architecture
Program Memory to
A section of Opcode
transfer

stored into Working
register

store it into the
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Architecture
Program Memory to
A section of Opcode
transfer

stored into Working
register

store it into the
16 / 231
Architecture
Program Memory to
A section of Opcode
transfer

stored into Working
register

store it into the
So I need two separate instructions to do that!

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Development Tools (1)

Programming IDE and compiler
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Development Tools (2)

In-Circuit programmer/debugger
Microchip PicKit 3
Development Board
Mikroelektronika EasyPIC v7
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Course Goals
Program a C
Handle Interrupts and manage timers
Interface with peripherals (ADC, CCP )
Connect to external circuits (displays, real-time clock, )
Put all this stuff together in a complex project
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Variables
They are used to reserve a determined memory area in order to store one or
more numerical values, characters, strings
They can be divided into several types: int (16 bit), long int (32 bit), short (8
bit), char (8 bit), float, double
Each variable has to be declared in the function using it (unless it is a global
variable) and they can be accessed only in the calling function.
They are identified by a mnemonic label chosen by the programmer.
EX:
void main()
{
int first;
Char second;
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Global Variables
They are declared outside functions.
Their access is limited to the .c they are declared in (unless we use external
variables).
EX:
int b;
void function1()
{
b = 10;
}
void function2()
{
int c;
c = b + 1;
Global variable declaration
Global variable used in a function
Local variable declaration

Both types are used here
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Vectors
They are made by contiguous memory areas that can be accessed by a
common mnemonic label and an index
char b[6];
b[3] = 1;
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Pointers
It is a peculiar type of variable used to store a memory address pointing to
another memory area containing data
int *p;
int b;
p = &b;
char b[6];
char *p;
p = b; (p = &(b[0]);)
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Cast
It is used to transform a type of variable into another
int b;
char c;
b = 10;
c = (char) b;
This way of working is called explicit cast because the programmer
expresses his intention of changing the type of a variable.
Casts can also be implicit. This kind of cast operation is highly dangerous
when a variable with a certain memory usage is transformed into a
smaller variable.
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Mathematical Operations
+,-,*,/
% (mod)
=
Other mathematical operators are implemented using specific libraries
but they require a significant computational time:
log, exp, sin, cos, sqrt
Sometimes we can use tricks to make the computational time shorter:
For instance, multiplying a variable by 2 is equivalent to shift all its bits one position to the
left, which is tremendously faster
a * 2 a << 2
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Logical Operations
BITWISE OPERATIONS
&
--
bitwise and
--
bitwise or
--
bitwise xor
--
bitwise not
COMPARISON OPERATIONS
==
--
equal
!=
--
different
<
--
smaller than
>
--
greater than
<=
--
smaller or equal
>=
--
greater or equal
&&
--
and
||
--
or
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If
if (condition)
{
//true branch
}
else
{
//else branch
}
EX: if ((a == 1) || ((b < 5) && (b > 1)))
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Switch
switch (a)
{
case 1:
//code executed when a==1
break;
case 2:
//code executed when a==2
break;
default:
//code executed in all other cases
break;
}
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Loops (1/2)
Loops are used to execute portions of code until a condition is met
While loop
While (condition)
{
//code
}
Do While loop
do
{
//code
}
while(condition)
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Loops (2/2)
For loop
for (initial assignments; condition; operation)
{
//code
}
for (int i = 10; i > 0; i --)

{
//this code is executed ten times
}
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Functions
Prototype definition
Type
function_name
(type, type, );
Function definition
Type
{
function_name
(type input1, type input2, )
//code
}
Function call
Output
function_name
(input1, input2, );
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Functions (example)
Prototype definition
int
square
(int);
Function definition
int
{
square
(int input)
int output = input * input;

return output;
}
Function call
int x
5;
int y
square
(x);
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C for microcontrolles
To write in C language for C is very similar to writing code for PCs.
DIFFERENCE: There are no standard I/O but physical I/O lines.
Printf( numero = %d, 8);
PORTB=0b00001000;
Various C compilers have many common characteristics:
ANSI C instruction set
Supported data types (bit, char, int, long, double)
Differences are usually found in the syntax used to access hardware

resources of the microcontroller.
HI-TECH PICC
TRISB = 0x00;
PORTB = 0x01;
Register settings
CCS PICC
set_tris_b(0x00);
output_b(0x01);
Function call
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DESIGN FLOW C LANGUAGE
Programming
HEX file
C code
Assembly
code
Assembler
COF file
Simulation
and debug
If bad firmware
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POLITECNICO

From 16.45 to 18.00

Introduction & C language

SW and board overview

Ports & Interrupts

Timers & 7-seg display

ADC & LCD

Capture Compare PWM

Code optimization with

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

Group A : Mondays, 16.30 18.00

At least one PC per working-group (2-4 people)

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

Single integrated device,

Wide range of devices:

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

Memory Organization (1)

PIC18F45K22 (used during this course):

21-bit program counter, capable of addressing up to

3896 kB of STATIC RAM

Data Memory is divided into:

Memory Organization (2)

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

Instructions and programming

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

RISC Instruction Set

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

SPECIAL MCU FEATURES

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

The data to transfer is

The following instruction

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

The data to transfer is

The following instruction

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

The data to transfer is

The following instruction

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

The data to transfer is

The following instruction

So I need two separate instructions to do that!

Development Tools (1)

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

Development Tools (2)

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

Global variable declaration

Global variable used in a function

Local variable declaration

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

log, exp, sin, cos, sqrt

Sometimes we can use tricks to make the computational time shorter:

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

for (int i = 10; i > 0; i --)

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS lab - MICROCONTROLLERS 00

(type input1, type input2, )