HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (Autonomous) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI - 620 002

II B.Sc. MATHEMATICS, SEMESTER IV, APRIL 2015

MAJOR ELECTIVE 1: NUMERICAL METHODS

Subject Code: U08MA4MET01

Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit 2.1

Type : MCQ

1.

2.

The forward difference operator is

(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

(a):
KEY
The averaging operator is also known as
(a) Shift operator
(b) Mean operator
(c ) Central difference operator

(d) Forward difference operator

KEY ( b ) : Mean operator

3.

y1- y0 =

y 0
(a)

y 1

2 y1
(b)

y 0

(c)

(d)

y 0
KEY : ( d )
4.

y1- y0 =

y 0
(a)

y 1
(b)

y 1

(c)

(d)

y 1
KEY ( b ) :

5.

The relation between and E is

(a)

(c)

1 1/2
(E E 1/2 )
2

(b)

(E1/2 - E 1/2 )
2

(d) E1/2 E-1/2

KEY ( a ) :

6.

E 1/2 E 1/2

1 1/2
(E E 1/2 )
2

is equivalent to

(a) E 1

(b) 1 + E-1

(c) 1 E-1

(d) 1 + E

KEY ( c ) : 1 E-1
7.

E is equivalent to
(a) 1 +

(b) 3

(c) 2

(d) 1-

KEY ( a ) : 1 +
8.

An equivalent to is
(a) E

(b) E

(c) E+1

(d) E-1

KEY ( d): E-1

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit 2.1

Type : MCQ

y1
1.

If (x i , yi ) , i=0,1,2 are (0,1),(1,5) and (2,8), then

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 3

=
(d) 4

KEY : ( c ) 3

y1
2.

If (x i , yi ) , i=0,1,2 are (0,3),(1,2) and (2,4), then

(a) 2

(b) - 1

(c) 1

(d)3

KEY: (a ) 2

y 2
3.

If (x i , yi ) , i=0,1,2 are (0,3),(1,2) and (2,4), then

a) 2

(b) - 1

(c) 1

(d)3

KEY : ( a) 2

2 y 2
4.

If (x i , yi ) , i=0,1,2 are (0,3),(1,2) and (2,4), then

(a) 2

(b) - 1

(c) 1

(d)3

KEY: (d) 3

y 0
5.

If (x i , yi ) , i=0,1,2 are (0,1),(1,5) and (2,8), then

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 3

(d) 4

KEY : ( d ) 4

2 y0
6.

If (x i , yi ) , i=0,1,2 are (0,1),(1,5) and (2,8), then

(a) 0

(b) - 1

(c) 3

(d) 4

KEY: ( b ) -1

y 2
7.

If (x i , yi ) , i=0,1,2 are (0,1),(1,5) and (2,8), then

(a) 0

(b) - 1

(c) 3

(d) 4

KEY : ( c ) 3

U nit 2

Level:K

Sub Unit: 2.1

Type:M&C

1. Match the following differences with a suitable difference operator and choose the correct
answer.
1. y1- y0

A..Ey0
y 0
B.
C.Not defined
y 1/2
D.
y 2
E.

2. y2- y1
3. y1
4. y1- y2

(a) 1B,2D,3A,4E

(b) 1E,2D,3A,4B

(c )1B,2E,3A,4C

(d) 1E,2D,3A,4C

KEY: (c )1B,2E,3A,4C
U nit 2

Level:U

Sub Unit: 2.1

Type:M&C

1. Match the following differences with a suitable difference operator and choose the correct
answer:

1.

2.

A..

B.

1 1/2
(E E 1/2 )
2

C. E1/2 E-1/2
1 E 1
D.
1 E 1
E.

3.
4.

1
2

(a) 1D,2C,3B,4A

(b) 1E,2D,3A,4B

(c )1B,2E,3A,4C

(d) 1E,2D,3A,4C

KEY: (a) 1D,2C,3B,4A

Unit II

Level: K

Sub Unit :2.1

Type: A&R

1. Of the following pair of statements one is an assertion and the other is a possible reason.
Read the statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the KEY given:
y 1 - y 0 = y 0
:
Assertion
Reason

:Any type of differences can be defined for yi yi-1 for

i=1,2,3,

(a) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is an adequate explanation for
the assertion.
(b) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason does not explain the
assertion.
(c ) The assertion is a true statement but the reason is a false statement.
(d) The assertion and the reason are false statements.
KEY : (d ) The assertion and the reason are false statements.
Unit II

Level: U

Sub Unit :2.1

Type: A&R

1. Of the following pair of statements one is an assertion and the other is a possible reason.
Read the statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the KEY given:
Assertion : Given (xi,yi) as (0,1.5), (2,2.0),(3,2.5) forward differences can be computed up
to second order.
Reason

: Forward differences are defined for any set of (xi,yi)

(a) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is an adequate explanation for
the assertion.
(b) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason does not explain the
assertion.
(c) The assertion is a true statement but the reason is a false statement.
(d) The assertion and the reason are false statement.
KEY : (c ) The assertion is a true statement but the reason is a false statement
Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.1

Type : VSA

1.

Define interpolation.

2.

What is an interpolating polynomial?

3.

What is polynomial interpolation?

4.

Find the value of 2y0 in terms of yis.

5.

Write down the relation between ,

6.

State the relation between and E.

7.

Write down the value of y3/2.

and .

2 y2

8.

Express

in terms of y0,y1 and y2 ..

Unit II

Level: U

Sub Unit :2.1

Type: VSA
2y0

1.

Given y (0) = 4, y (1) = -2, y( 2) = -6, find

2.

For y(0.5) = 0.7, y(1.0) = - 2.5, y(1.5) = 3.8, find the first order forward difference of y
(1.0).

3.

For y(0.5) = 0.7, y(1.0) = - 2.5, y(1.5) = 3.8, find the first order backward difference of y
(1.5).

4.

For y(0.5) = 0.7, y(1.0) = - 2.5, y(1.5) = 3.8, find the first order forward difference of y
(1.0).

Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.1

Type : PA

1.

Explain the entries of a forward difference table for a set of n+ 1 tabulate value.

2.

Explain the entries of a backward difference table ,given (xi,yi) ,i= 0,1,2,,n.

3 y0
3.

Derive an equivalent to

in terms of yi,, i = 0,1,2,3.

3 y3

4.

Derive an equivalent to

in terms of yi,, i = 0,1,2,3.

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.1

Type : PA

1.

Given
x

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

4.32

4.83

5.27

5.47

6.26

find forward differences of all possible yis of all orders.

2.

Given
x

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

4.32

4.83

5.27

5.47

6.26

find forward differences of all possible yis of all orders.

Unit II

Level :U

Sub Unit: 2.1

Type : E

1.

Given

x
y

2.

1
46

2
66

3
81

4
93

5
101

(a)

Find forward differences of all possible yis of all orders.

(8)

(b)

Name the entries through the backward difference operator.

(7)

Given
x
ex

1.7
5.4739

1.8
6.0496

1.9
6.6859

2.0
7.3889

2.1
8.1662

2.2
9.0250

(a)

Find forward differences of all possible yis of all orders.

(8)

(b)

Name the entries through the backward difference operator.

(7)

Unit II
Sub Unit: 2.2

Level : K
Type : MCQ

1.

Newtons forward difference interpolation formula is preferred for interpolation near

(a) beginning

(b) end

(c) middle

(d) anywhere

of a set of tabular values

KEY: (a) beginning
2.

Newtons backward difference interpolation formula is useful for interpolation near the
(a) beginning

(b) end

(c) middle

(d) anywhere

of a set of tabular values.

KEY: (b) end
3.

The process of finding the values of y for some value of x outside the given range is
called
(a) Interpolation

(b) Interpolating polynomial

(c) Extrapolation

(d) Extrapolating polynomial

KEY: ( c ) Extrapolation

4.

Newtons backward difference interpolation formula is:

y n (x) = y n + py n +

p(p +1) 2
y n +...
2!

y n (x) = y n + py n +

p(p -1) 2
y n + ...
2!

y n (x) = y 0 + py 0 +

p(p +1) 2
y 0 +...
2!

y n (x) = y1 + py1 +

p(p +1) 2
y1 + ...
2!

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

y n (x) = y n + py n +
KEY:(a)
5.

p(p +1) 2
y n +...
2!

Newtons forward difference interpolation formula is:

y n (x) = y 0 + py 0 +

p(p +1) 2
y 0 + ...
2!

y n (x) = y n + py n +

p(p +1) 2
y n + ...
2!

y n (x) = y 0 + py0 +

p(p -1) 2
y0 + ...
2!

y n (x) = y 0 + py n +

p(p +1) 2
y n +...
2!

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

y n (x) = y 0 + py 0 +
KEY: (c)
6.

p(p -1) 2
y0 + ...
2!

If the table of values (xi,yi) has a set of (n+1) values of a function y = f (x)
and x i be equidistant, then xi =
(a) x0 + ih

(b)xn + ih

( c) x0 + h

KEY : (a) x0 + ih

7.

The value of p in Newtons forward difference formula is

(d) x0 +ph

(a)

x xn
h

(b)

x x0
h

(c ) x x 0

KEY: (b)
8.

(d ) x xn

x x0
h

The value of p in Newtons backward difference formula is

(a)

x xn
h

(b)

x x0
h

(c ) x x 0
(a)
KEY:

(d ) x xn
x xn
h

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.2

Type : MCQ

1. Given the following table of values

x

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

ex

2.7183

2.8577

3.0042

3.1582

3.3201

3.4903

3.6693

to find e1.02 which of the following formulae can be used?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Newtons forward difference formula

Newtons backward difference formula
Either (a) or (b)
Any formula for interpolation
KEY:( a ) Newtons forward difference formula

2.

Given the following table of values

x

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

ex

2.7183

2.8577

3.0042

3.1582

3.3201

3.4903

3.6693

to find e1.32 which of the following formulae is preferable?

(a)Newtons forward difference formula

(b)Newtons backward difference formula
( c )Either (a) or (b)
(d)Any formula for interpolation
KEY:( b ) Newtons backward difference formula
Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.2

Type :A & R

2. Of the following pair of statements one is an assertion and the other is a possible reason.
Read the statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the KEY given:
Assertion

: Given a set of values (xi,y i) at evenly spaced points xi, to find y at xi not
in the table but near the beginning of the table Newtons forward
difference interpolation formula can be used.

Reason

:Newtons interpolating polynomial is an approximate process of

predicting y at xi near the beginning of the table.
(a) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is an adequate explanation for
the assertion.
(b) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason does not explain the
assertion.
(c) The assertion is a true statement but the reason is a false statement.
(d) The assertion and the reason are false statement.
KEY : ( a) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is an
adequate explanation for the assertion.
3. Of the following pair of statements one is an assertion and the other is a possible reason.
Read the statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the key given:
: Given a set of values (xi,y i) at evenly spaced points xi, to find y at some
Assertion
xi not in the table but near the end of the table Newtons forward
difference interpolation formula can be used.
Reason

:Newtons interpolating polynomial helps in obtaining an

exact relation between y and x, given (xi,y i) at evenly
spaced points xi

(a) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is an adequate explanation for
the assertion.
(b) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason does not explain the
assertion.

(c) The assertion is a true statement but the reason is a false statement.
(d) The assertion and the reason are false statement.
KEY:( d) The assertion and the reason are false statements.
Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.2

Type : VSA

1.

Write down the Newtons forward difference interpolation formula.

2.

Write down the Newtons backward difference interpolation formula.

3.

Define extrapolation.

4.

Mention any two methods to interpolate with evenly spaced points.

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.2

Type : VSA

1.

Find out the value of p if n = 10, x 0 = 1891 and x = 1895, for Newtons forward
difference formula.

2.

State an example where Newtons forward difference interpolation formula can be used.

3.

Mention a practical problem for application of Newtons backward

difference formula for interpolation.

4.

Given y(0) = 1 and y(1)= 3, find y(0.5).

Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.2

Type : PA

1.

Derive Newtons forward difference formula for interpolation.

2.

Derive Newtons backward difference formula for interpolation.

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.2

Type : PA

1.

Find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values y(0) = 1;
y(1) = 0; y(2) = 1 and

y(3) = 10.Hence obtain y (4).

2.

Estimate the population for the year 1895 from the following table.

3.

Year : x

1891

1901

1911

1921

1931

Population : y (in thousands)

46

66

81

93

101

Find the eighth term from the following data.

X

2.7

6.4

12.5

21.6

34.3

57.2

72.9

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.2

1.

Type : E

The table below gives the values of tan x for 0.10 x 0.30.
X

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

y = tan x

0.1003

0.1511

0.2027

0.2553

0.3093

Find (i) tan (0.26)

(ii) tan (0.40)

(iii) tan (0.50)

2. (a) Find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values. y(0) = 1; y(1) = 0; y(2) = 1
and y(3) = 10 .Obtain y(4).
(8)
(b) Estimate the population for the year 1925 from the following data.
year : x

1891

1901

1911

1921

1931

Population : y

46

66

81

93

101

(in thousands)
(7 )
3. (a) Find the first term from the following data.
X

2.7

6.4

12.5

21.6

34.3

51.2

72.9

(8)
(b) The table below gives the values of tan x for 0.10 x 0.30
X

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

y = tan x

0.1003

0.1511

0.2027

0.2553

0.3093

find tan (0.12)

4.(a)

(7)

From the following values of cubes find (6.36)3 and (6.61)3.

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

222.981

238.328

250.047

262.144

274.625

287.496

300.763
(8)

4.(b)

Find the missing term in the following table:

X

81

( 7)
Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.3

1.

Type : MCQ

Gausss forward formula is:

y p = y0 + p y0 +

p(p -1) 2
p(p2 -1) 3
y-1 +
y-1 + ...
2!
3!

y p = y0 + p y0 +

p(p +1) 2
p(p2 -1) 3
y-1 +
y-1 + ...
2!
3!

y p = y0 + p y0 +

p(p -1) 2
p(p2 -1) 3
y0 +
y0 + ...
2!
3!

(a)

(b)

(c)

p(p -1) 2
p(p2 +1) 3
y0 +
y-1 + ...
2!
3!

y p = y0 + p y0 +

(d)

KEY: (a)
2.

p(p -1) 2
p(p 2 -1) 3
y p = y 0 + p y0 +
y -1 +
y -1 + ...
2!
3!

Gausss backward formula is:

y p = y0 + p y0 +

(a)

(b)

p(p +1) 2
p(p2 -1) 3
y-1 +
y-2 + ...
2!
3!

p(p +1) 2
p(p2 -1) 3
y p = y0 + p y0 +
y-1 +
y-2 + ...
2!
3!

y p = y0 + p y-1 +

(c)
y p = y 0 + p y 0 +
(d)

: (b)

p(p +1) 2
p(p2 -1) 3
y-1 +
y-1 + ...
2!
3!

p(p -1) 2
p(p 2 -1) 3
y -1 +
y -1 + ...
2!
3!

p(p +1) 2
p(p2 -1) 3
y p = y0 + p y-1 +
y-1 +
y-2 + ...
2!
3!

KEY

Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.3

1.
2.

Type : VSA

Write the formula for Gausss forward method.

Write the formula for Gausss backward method.

Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.3

Type : PA

1.

Derive the Gausss forward formula for interpolation.

2.

Derive the Gausss backward formula for interpolation.

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.3

Type : PA

From the following table, find the value of e1.17 using Gausss forward formula.

1.

2.

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

ex

2.7183

2.8577

3.0042

3.1582

3.3201

3.4903

3.6693

From the following table, find y when x = 1.45 using Gausss backward formula.
x

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.0

-0.112

-0.016

0.336

0.992

2.0

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.3

Type : E

1. (a) Derive Gausss forward formula for interpolation.

(6)
(b) From the following table, find the value of e1.17 using Gausss forward formula.
x

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

ex

2.7183

2.8577

3.0042

3.1582

3.3201

3.4903

3.6693
(9)

2.

Given u20 = 14.035; u25 = 13.674; u30 = 13.257; u35 = 12.734; u40 = 12.089 and u45 =
11.309, .find
(i) u 31 and u32 using Gausss forward formula
(ii) u 36 and u 37 using Gausss backward formula ,

3.

From the following table, find y when x = 1.42,1.45,1.47 and 1.48 using Gausss

forward formula.
x
1.0
y

0.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

-0.112

-0.016

0.336

0.992

2.0

.
4. From the following table, find y when x = 1.45, 1.47,1.48 and 1.49using Gausss
backward formula.
x

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.0

-0.112

-0.016

0.336

0.992

2.0

5. From the following table, evaluate

(i)
sin (0.195) ,sin(0.196) using Gausss forward formula
(ii)
sin(0.197) and sin(0.198) using Gausss backward formula.
x

0.15

0.17

0.19

0.21

0.23

sin x

0.14944

0.16918

0.18886

0.20846

0.22798

Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.4

1.

Type : MCQ

When the values of y at unevenly spaced points x i are given, a formula suitable for
interpolation is
(a) Everetts formula

(b)Stirlings formula

( c )Bessels formula

(d) Lagranges formula

KEY:(d) Lagranges formula

li(x)y
2.

i 0

If L1(x) =
is the Lagrange polynomial of degree one then it passes through
which of the two points?
(a) (x1, y1) (x2, y2)

(b) (x0, y0) (x2, y2)

(c) (x0, y0) (x, y)

(d) (x0, y0) (x1, y1)

KEY: (d) (x0, y0) (x1, y1)

3.

The Vandermondes determinant is:

1 x 0 x 02 x 30 ...x 0n

y 0 x 0 x 02 .......x 0n

1 x1 x12 ..........x1n

y1 x 1 x 12 ........x 1n

.............................

.............................

2
n

1 x n x .........x

n
n

y n x n x 2n .........x nn

(a)

(b)

1 x 0 x 02 .........x 0n 1

y 0 x 0 x 02 .......x 0n 1

1 x 1 x 12 ..........x 1n 1

y1 x 1 x 12 ........x 1n 1

.............................

.............................

2
n

1 x n x .........x

n 1
n

y n x n x 2n .........x nn 1

(c)

(d)

1 x 0 x 02 x 30 ...x 0n
1 x1 x12 ..........x1n
.............................
1 x n x 2n .........x nn
KEY: : (a)
4.

The degree of a Lagrangian polynomial with 3 sets of unevenly spaced points is

(a) 1

(b) 2

( c) 3

(d) 4

KEY: (b) 2
Unit II

Level : K

Sub unit: 2.4

Type :A & R

1. Of the following pair of statements one is an assertion and the other is a possible reason.
Read the statements carefully and choose the correctanswer from the key given:
Assertion

: Given a set of values (xi,y i) where xi+h xi +h, for Interpolation,

Lagranges method will be useful.

Reason

:Lagranges polynomial helps in interpolation when yi given at unevenly

spaced points xi.

(a) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is an adequate explanation for
the assertion.

(b) The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason does not explain the
assertion.
(c) The assertion is a true statement but the reason is a false statement.
(d) The assertion and the reason are false statement.
KEY: The assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is an adequate
explanation for the assertion
Unit II
Level : K
Sub Unit: 2.4

Type : VSA

1.

Write down the Lagrange polynomial of degree two passing through three points (x0, y0),
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2).

2.

Write down the Lagranges interpolation formula.

3.

Write down the Lagrange interpolation co-efficients a0,a1,a2 when 3 sets of (x,y) are
given.

Unit II

Level : K

Sub Unit: 2.4

Type : PA

1.

Derive the Lagranges interpolation formula.

Unit II

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.4

Type : PA

1.

Certain corresponding values of x and log

2.4843) and (307, 2.4871). Find log 10 301.

2.

Given the values of x and f(x)

10

x are (300, 2.4471), (304, 2.4829), (305,

14

17

31

35

f(x)

68

64

44

39

Find the value of f(x) corresponding to x = 27.

3.

Unit II

Find the value of y when x = 6 from the following data.

X

10

168

120

72

63

Level : U

Sub Unit: 2.4

Type : E

1. (a) Derive the Lagranges interpolation formula.

(6)

(b) Given the table of values.

X
x

y=

150

152

154

156

12.247

12.329

12.410

12.490

155
Evaluate

using Lagranges interpolation formula.

(9)

2. (a) Certain corresponding values of x and log 10 x are (300, 2.4771), (304, 2.4829), (305,
2.4843) and (307, 2.4871). Find log 10 301. (8)
(b) If y( 1 ) = -3, y (3) = 9, y (4) =30 and y(6) =132, find the four point Lagrange
interpolation polynomial that takes the same values as the function of y at the given
points .Hence find y(5).
(7)
3x 2 x 1
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)

3. (a) Using Lagranges interpolation formula express the function

sum of partial fractions.
(8)

as the

(b) Find the value of y when x = 6 from the following data.

x

10

168

120

72

63

(7)