Contents “chapter Signals and Systems 1 | ‘Sigal Analyse 1 | Compen Frequency 4 | Network Anabsis ; ‘Rrtnok Syathesie. 4 [Chapter 2: Signals and Waveforms 2» 21. General Characters of Sgnale » 22. General Descriptio of Signals ey | 23 ThesStp Function and Aswocsed Waveforms 28 IA The Unt pals a Chapter: The Frequency Domain: Fourler Analysis 46 3 atroduction “ 32. Orthogoa! Functions v 33. Appeonation Using Orthogonal Functions “ 34 Fourier Sein, 40 535. Evaluation of Fourier Coefileats 2 416. Evaluation of Founer Coeticients Using Unit, Temple s 37. The Fourie Inept a 318 Properties of Fourier Teansfores or contents 9 sav Contents ( | 1 Chapter As Amplitude, Phas, and Delay mn 44 Invotetion 1 4b Hmoeneos tte Dien Epps % 1 Anptte so Pas Response 22 23 Nontonogeneus Fans a | 2 ode os u 4h Sepand Impulse Reponse 3 | 85 Singleton Grcuts B 45 atone gua a | 84 Dowie Toned Crete a 6: Silanes Dien unions a | 85 Onl and Zeon ond Toe Dey 28 Cchepter 5: Network Analsst 1 1 » 1 51 eon 52. Nework Benes me 8 Network Fneons os 53 alan final Condons tos 92 Rents Bewten Toot Pantset 33 Sepand impute Raponse my 3 Trander Fenton Ug Two-Pon Puoneters 256 55. solute of Rework Equations tte 84 Inuconaston of To Pors m 5 Analy o Trastormes Be 35 Instetl tion i 8a Rony of Lader Necks ce ‘Chopar s The Laplace Transform 4 leant of Realty Theo 461 TePilospy of Tanform Metals 14 " ay Tory 2 42 The Lapae Taso ns 63 Popes of Laplace Transore ir 101, Gaui and Sottty = G4 stor tapace ansorms ws 102 arte Paypomie Fo 5 Por Fraton Expansions 1 103. Potie Rea Fanctons ~ 6 tots aed Zs is 108 lemenary Stes Proce. on 6 e 15 | chapter: synenesisof Oncor Network with Two Kinds Chepter 7s Transform Methods in Network Aras 175 of Slranes us 1A The Tewsformed Cit ns 11 Properties of 6 linn Foon, as 12 Theis and Norton's Therens ito 112 Syptbers of LC Davina immitaness 319 co U3 Proper of Rc Diving or impedances 32 13. The Sytem Fuacton 114 The Step aod Impulse Responser 1 41S. The Convolution feral ” 116 The Duhamel Superposition Integral mI 14. Sythe of RC Impalances or RL Admiances 329 IS. Properies of BL Impelances and RC Admitanes 231 6. Sythe of Cerin RL-C Funeons aCChoper 12: Elements of Transfer Function Sythesis 124 Properties of Teaser Fuetions 122 Zeror of Transsssion 123. Synths of Yu and Zy wth 21-0 Termination 14 Synthesis of Constant Reasance Networ “Topls in Fleer Design chapter YA The Fier Design Problem 13.2 The Appenimation Prot in Nework Thcory 333. The Saialy Flat Low-Poe Fier Approximation 154 Other LowrPve Fier Approsations 153 Transient Resoose of Low-Pas Fars 136A Method to Reduce Overtoot in Filters 137A Manly Fat Delay and Contlble Mapa ‘Approximation sag. Syateris of Low-Pas Fites 139. Maite and Feequeny Nocmalization 1.10 Frequesey Transformations Chapter 14s The Scattering Matrix 16.1 Tnideot and Refeted Power Flow 142 The Seatering Prantes fr a One Port Network 143 The Sateing Maat for a Two-Port Network 14k Properes of the Seteing Maze 14 Inara Low 4g Daliogons Laverton Loss Fite Sythess CChopar 15:° Computer Techniques in Circuit Analysis 182 The Ue of gil Computers ia Cicit Analyst 152. Amplitude and Phas Subrouoe 153 A'Porean Program for the Analysis of Ladder Ness 154 Progems tha Ai in Datingon Fer Synthesis a ui us a2 2s Pa rs me x ” ws » a Py a 43 as ne a oo or wee a “0 3 ‘ Contenes xt Appendix A: Introduction to Matrix Algebra 4 A Fundanenil Operont “1 2 Blmenary Conepis fe 3. Operations on Mates es [A4.Soation of Lien Eguations o ‘AS Raterencs op Matix Aletha ” ‘Appendix Bs Generalizes Functions and the Unit impulse 470 BA Generated Funtons ~ 1B Properties of te Unt Impue 6 ‘Appondix C: Elements of Complex Variables a CA. Eleentary Dfnitons and Operations a C2 Anais a (C3 Singuaries ana Resides he C4 Comour legion Pr Appendix B: Proets of Some Theorems on Positive Rea! Functions “0 Appendix Et An Aid to the Improvement of Biter Approxie toe ” 1 tnzodeion E2 Conant Loan sin Costu oe E3- Comant Pine Conour os EA Contour Diving, om ES Gonelon Peas oe 4. Soneion Newer Design i BT Contain so ausogrophy a ane nde sm Sutjecinden a chapter | Signals and systems “Tit hook am introduction to elctse network theory. The that | ofthe book i devoted to getwork anal an he remade to network Syethese and design Wint are acon spas and synthesis? Ta ¢ fneclly seeped denon of network anal and sess hee are thre ey wards the estat the etork andthe pone depict Jnfig 1. Network anal isconcersed with determing he =5p0m6, {ren te excitation abd the network. In network sath, the prolen SS design the actwork gen the exation ead the derived esponse In this chapter we wil eae some of the pblems ta be encountered in thi ook without going Into the acts dea the problems. We ‘se gic sored deintins LI SIGNAL ANALYSIS Forelaic networks, the estation and response ae sven in term af Nolte ang areas Which are fanctous of tne, IN genera these Tunas of tne areca gn Te dering sal, we wee 0 uniersl anges of clerical engineering ime ad frequency. St) Speaking 2 sgl Is fonction of time. However, the signal ean be scribed equalywellin tern of spectra ot fequnsy information As beeneen any two languages, such ab French snd Geman. nds it seeded to ade formation given in oe lnguagecompencaible tbe GLA Tease our cna12 aework aay and eyes 1a. Sinaia the easton inetd by te ir, ater tinea eee, the ain st tet Fortran he te Pa ae ans hes tera ae ooh tcmsst ramon ore agent red Ahmar dine Conder he neta a) apm Aen +00 aw here Aa te anid, ys plane ia 8 ostr ogy B83 “ . sna Te signal elated aia ime ee Tie ts a smompite denon of te sigal bie ie orig 12 Anequaly ey te c.f opis vers angle gene gel a 10198 tt pe 8 ome angle ene 2 4 Network nat ad yates pie in lg 6 cas only be deseo in terms of continuous spect rough the Furie iotegtal transform. 12 COMPLEX FREQUENCY {this tion, we wil consider the eoncept of complex frurnsy. AS ‘we sal the compies Frequency vaible as ise gnu reguecy variable whose el pat o dei growth and ‘heap ofthe amplitudes of igals and whose imaginary pros ange snetjo ‘ he ul see Th dno comple eure ope by sxamhing he cual signal Si) = ae" oo J “ : Fie 1 Tags Sars and ysems 3 a. te, Blatt, ig. 4b. Di pepe Jet the angular equney te the independent variable. Inti ete the pais seen estou of Ayn ANd By Be shown a Fi 0, Where Eplde plese asia equeny, ana Fig 13, where phate san Is ploted. ‘Row aiprosethathe sais made-up 2+ | sinaidaleomponents in ot +9) an “rhespsraldescipton of he sgnl would ben contin 2n ines at Sata tne dtr oom EEO Sr een ot eine te cn can te il speck see a ay isnt too oy a eas net cee SATE ae wo-[Aonntrstonte 00 sr nv pine pened) 8 hp soa ae ere sip eh ss en 12 onal acs ua oe Ste eta pd ee ge Sra and tems 5 710,12, Rotaing pao. shen) is represented asa rotating phasor? as shown in Fig, 1.7 “The angular frequency w of he phasorcan then behought of ra socity ihe end ofthe phar. In pruar the veloc alvaye at ight fale to the phaser, as shown in Fig 1. Howeve, conse the geet tae when the velocity i Inline’ at uny ebay ale a8 gern Fige Is and 18 I ths ear, the velocity given bythe yal swewze hat i composed of component wat igh ange othe plasor 15 ell as componeat o, which i parlel to 8. In Fig, Las has omponent = towatd the origin. Ae the phar S spine in counter= [Sockwise fashion, the piso decrates in ampitede, ‘The elting wave fer the el and ginry pats of) ae damped stra given by ear an o ” a1 4) Roaing patch apn caren nlite. () Rotting ‘Mor wah yout wea cope “Sx pes compe une hid by gta pace aaple Nani.16 Network asian synthesis 9.49. Dane sisi Acme fb Neework arabs and ayhet asic DEFINITIONS Mr gai (owe prince of proper ome net getic mt weapons a lO ae Ghee pte at hc sow ate ye ame, ct as Sc eileen We eer et can oa Passive Nines networks sonnegaie foray a pen between 2930 al Tees i tbe ep weet or rpane oe neh ont en ents, et to ig, uh Lorem suit tener tothe eon it a ee ad eng oe te ear en extn FP ir we he pols of extain nd ed the relaonship bee vo, Rats pwsive nae Nets es of ie an ap te 28 e190, Spplsand syns 7 eh, Expo ig hich are shown ia Fig. 19, Note tht the dumped snaold as an {eponenial envelope dey, ae Ta Fig. 9, the phasor shown wih 2 poutine el component ovo 9" Therefore asthe parr spins, fe ampitade ofthe rel and imginacy parts Increase exponentially vith an envelope Ae™, as shown by im 8 Fig 1.10. rom ths Gesuson, is apparent tha he genera idl signal } St = Ae ay reribes the growth nd dey ofthe amples in ion to angular Frequency in the uel sence When 6 theaireoiundemped and ‘when = 0 the signa rae exponential sgos) Si) = ae 9 seshownin Fig 11. Finally io = fo ~ 0, thon thesia ica constant Thus we seth versal) of «comple queasy desription 3 NETWORK ANALYSIS As mentioned befor, the charetration ofthe eelton and response signs tne a regency motes up ony part of he aay prob “The othr part coasts of haracteraing the network tl fates of Lie sn frequsty, and Stermining ho the network besa gm proceset. Leu tim ou attention now to abril study ofthe properties | Sine actos sod the general characterises of sigalprossag by ‘ipa system, | Sgn and stems 9 aT cexcation and response remsios the same, Thus must be te fOr any ‘hoe of pol of exstaton and espns Causal | ‘eray a ysem cot response is nontipstory, i f a0 ter ‘ j ten nono ter oo note word, a sytem is eau befor an excitation s applied a Pr shermponse efor 05 <<. “Time invariant Acsysem tne twaron ifett)> implies that ae T) re), vwhece the symbol = mane "pierre to.” To ndetand the coactt ff ime invariance in linear system, lt ws suppose that ily the | exttion i lttogoad at =O whic gies ae to a response (0) TE the exciton were ntoduced nt 1 ~ 7, if the shape ofthe response. raver were the same asin the fe eat, but ety by a time T (ig, LID, hen we could sy tho ute ie inva Aoter Way ff looking a thi esocept trough the fac that telavacians syste: ‘ontin only elements that do nt vary nth Une It shouldbe mentioned dere tat near ste ned no be ne ea Derivative property From the ime davai property we ives te tool) tthe output CF. st (he pat hen i the input were €(,10. Neswork sass and ayethat fe} =r = et} Knee os, Sonepat ne tata ye san drive oe) th esgonta would BT poo! Nhe be rapa recone qui. BY the sin, Comer oc aster 0. Howser tt mataines gyn tiat 4 =e can hen cori tthe ery a nein prope POE ~s ney = bite + = 001 aay og eins ome van) co road comet itatoupa even ntti ssougrenes ied noel of nae systems. THE Sexe some ie seson Th si erties which sake the st ie felling a sys Bet ml poe a Necwerk ans and sybase { 1 itp 0) eee ot (8 ato ota gta 0 Am Bayar attest sate er mr es He nisiainyceceaenmens Theda The enor B ven nh we NG Sor, egress Tee ale teins pe wee srr aes 8) Oe ce pln Fg me have an caf eer The energy sures that caret of eae S000, ons a eal sae up the exstaton fant shown a igs 1-22 and "The polaris ‘Signals and systems 11 1015 pier wo w no, ben 11.18 Foner, 1. Amplifier: ample sales vp the mage of he apt, 10) ha are Kins constant (ig 13) 2 Dire: Th nel inal erent 4 poss eed por down (ip 110, "intr The out he tga of he np, a shown ia Pe lit ‘Te dlayr: ‘The tpt lay by an sous bat eta sae wav shape a the ip (Fg 11 Suppose we tke te transl pls in Fg 119 he inet i ‘Then he uu for each ofthe fur st J ee! ae Sen inFige Lane aod Sane snd stems 13 ol indicate forthe voltage sure and the dieton of flow forthe eurent souce are arbirrly sumed foe reference purposes only AD ial ‘og sours an ent source tt provides as pve port voltage Signal thes independent of te crrent at tbat port. we techn the srord uret™ and volage”in the last efniton, me then define 4 Heal euent source To network ants, the prncpal problem i 10 ind the slationship that eat betncen the cuvents and volar the port ofthe tat ‘Cerin spe yoltageeurent elaonships fo the etor leet fers at defini equations forthe element hemschs. For ample, ‘ben he currents andvollges eexpresed s funn fine, then the sand € cements shown in Fig 1.23, ae define by the equations ay t freee +10 ay want farae or ect OnE fires « mack Pannan Rinne nranenn FIG. () Reston (9) natn (9) Capes14 Newark assis and yh etning the Ry Ly and C elements, shown in Fig, 124 se Ggnotng fil sondage faethe moment) won © ky) Vy=s1I0) oF tonto ve Ly oe yas) Westen th tne domaine whee he independent asin NS SULA tfonpevegnenntersof Seta uo Sele ch tng inthe comple dma vol cra cate cman non cae, more easy ed tn ena stand ptr ae etna me ‘2G: Meneses secs wel eine SOM ‘when ac mn clement he eon dsb Se had te exation EU) ae elt’ byte eqation Ro) = KE) ta ncwork ays, we ae Bien Tomine monk Ouran to deere RO). La NETWORK SYNTHESIS sane to network ‘Wen away intodce sone ft bins gman ar sgn, Imetoe thes Bi ese an ‘Bin 2h and we ae required 0 sy 16 Network sa and sates ne takisto sates a gen eat othe wor in she GR ‘i From’ chur erty ofthe hse abmitane TO) we {Bata puss ston nig erat of stor of | pai wih apertura se F127 “The prt of diving pat sys, shown om te example jt in, cots of ecamposng pen imitans Fenton I Ss icobe part (chs 344) Before we proceed wih he ‘echens rocaton, ne mex at etme whee the tor {retebliny can be thse fees f pote resin, Ted cpucancr” cl be shown tha eile rg sina gto ec nov site Sinn pr: funcons Pom th popes of ps opin we cen 8 {ven diviag point function fr realeabiiy. (The Appendices present ¢ Shor inodicton to comply arabes wl as te root of soe Ceremsn poveafincins) Waa Rowe of pe. ets sreten po onto eaine spc rion funcons. Thee nde Tenn when bees wihawo ino omens onthe LC, Rand ens. "Het we prot ote eth of wane anions. Aceoning to sie IRE Sapdarde on paste Umar str» ron foton ot {Poutanen octon for ih he vas are ee (Stren por There toe any fr frms whe aa fnton tight take For eampl, conde tbe wo pot elwor in Fig 12 Tie cet) and th eoponse Mi) he aster fnaton 8 Inger ingot 249) = On TO) nt ier han it) weet entiation and 7) te sespos then ‘re mold have slope tae fson 1 M765 am re) aay) a iatreonnecton of nar eit yi ast or toe ation HS) 019 ad we ca obtain HC) iret ft Signals and systems 15 e135 sori nt syst fenton Hy = 2 ar) Since Re) an EO) re voltages or cures thn A) denoted geeraly Shan dvmione st fy en volage and BU) is a ecren, oe Ve eat 1 decing pos inmiance 5 defined to Be faction Yor Wich te “abe ae measured ae sme port. Thx dein pol! mpednce Zo aea given port he unstion 2)=¥0 OT) where th exitaton it a aren 9) and te eiponse isa yng 1 as ‘Shown in Fig, 1.25. When we rchaage the word “curet™ ad ‘Nolen east eniton, we then Dave dings admtance, ‘Am example of ving impedance he network In Fig 123, where a 29-78 [Now suppose the resistor n Fig. 28 were enone ina “lack box.” We nae no acre to thi ck Bon, ekept at tetera 1-130 Fg | 126-"Our task is to determine the networkin the Back box. Suppose we di pen the ifortion tht, for 4 given exction Te) the lage spams PG) is proportional 70) By te uation 9) = KI) 20) [An obvious solution, thovgh not unig, i tha he ntyork consi of (ay cg) a9) Fesior ef value R= Ke Suppose net tht the eration I og Vi thc eopose a cutee) and os ID a 4a _ vo TIRE Bandi on Csi “Linar Pie Notions” Pac IRE A No. 8 (sep ina, ori Hae 20 Signlsandsytams 17 1.120. Lt apa sion or wp he [As for ding-pointfanctions, thee ae eetin properties which = tera funtion must ay it order to Berea We shall ty these reaeaby conditions bd then poss! Toth stesso 01 simple rte fontons| “he most important aspect of antec Fnction sya fiter de. ‘ter defined sea ae0rk which pase eran portion oft te ‘uso sper and bloks the renin ofthe secre. hy the tern ‘Rocking we imply tat the mogatag response [ofthe fei approuitely zero for tt Sequenay range THs, a igeallsepast ier ea noivork wich passer al regents vp toa cof fequeny ‘cand bog al fequenier above wg, shown in Fig 72. “Ge aspet fit design to sate the network othe taser function HO) The other aspect cl withthe problem of obtaining 3 ‘sible transite H) ven the seston of, fr exare ‘magne charatriaticin Fg. 129. Thepartothe rye generally ered 0 asthe approcimalon problem. Why the Word “appre Inalon?”Besiuse eguteey responce characteris of tbe RL nd C Clement ar continous (with the etepion of olate€ pont called reonance poi) x network conning these ements anno be cade? fat ot aeuply tpn Fig 129. Tne, mec elie lop ters Sich have the pnt careers of Fig. 130. Incomnection with an a i 6,130, Rane le rae18 Neswork anya and spree fs magutae the rds probes, we wil Gc cern res ia magne a nor ts mSiing «er, we dea cee wel Oscunansc = Haesiteadotpractcl Serer ener exam R= 5000 ohms ad C = 2 pis GET ae wet ye mt oe se Pees ee a wtomed ito gph and pus tad and See thes “The mathenatal bas of th etd i let re range. Foe aes of alysis and sisi in which the ee bn rs ena of pone ater hh cee ne re Wel amin x power mates poperis of Tote nts wing sean parameters, sich desrib int {St veecedpover ofthe nte a oes ia Cate swe wl ean bone ofthe many fhe sp cone eu sg and design aon 1 8 ree ey ote tld vi ako my some specie computer Ropuinen cro al Problems 1 Draw thie pect or te la 5) esa -g) ose woesin(eod 112 Fin he rsponse fo the estaton so. sampler aloe eer kisctons whee EO in Draw he rapone 0 51 S26 1. Fd he ropons othe encanto inthe igure when he stork saleban ie ittonimor 0) a8 ts er “ 4 ihe sytem eton ofa neta gen at WO ITD, chapter 2 Signals and waveforms ‘our main concern inthis chapter isthe characteiation of sgl fuscons at tine, tw previous studies we have dealt wil d- signal Gaara Constant wih time, oe as signal whieh ware shusids of ‘Bett aplde such ss) = An (+O Tenginering pci, ‘Seta of signls encountered substantial broader fn seqpe than Tigges ote sgealo: To atlemgt to character exch member of ‘eas Totardy In view af the almost ifinite variety of signals ‘Reseed tstend, we wil deal only with tow signals hat can be ‘Hetsctreed in simple mathemati es and which serve a ung Sino for lage muse of otersigels. We wlleoneetat on orm Te sna tolt du in dseribing signal athe than del with {Ge pesntaton of spe signals Braue of tne and sce Lint {ios we lever ony spate wbick do ot exhibit random Bebevioe, a igaats whch can be expletly characterized ax fonetions of tim ‘Thue puts ae often refered to a5 derrminte gna. Let ws fst ipo cetain quate aspects of signals pene 1LI GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS 1a this section we will examine certain Sebavir patterns of signa. ‘once tes pater ae estalined, ioscan be ctssed acorn ind some Snplieations rest, The adetves which give & genera ‘uattave desertion fag are era, rmmetrica, nd contin tus dca tho eosin the gen order ‘st signals restr pot or pero. 1a sgl pi hen itis describes bythe equation AQ RMERT) ROI en) < * Sgrale and aytems 19 find he egos A) he entation 2 i, eh inp en fdr pla etek a ® aynssned ® morn 3s © aonegty w-giat a 16. Forthenevork shown, yt te msheuaioain test ie ations) the Splen egny sales ay bk 1.7 Fortin ework show, witha oqton interme lea egtion aod) compote fon I SUP nat lth pene sca ag Signs and waveorms 21 “ 1621. Sqn ae where Ts the prod ofthe pal. The sine wane, sine pera with Jeiod T= er Another example of prodigal is Ne pure nave ren in Fig 2. On the eter hand, he sigs ven ie Pig 22 ae ‘pedi, cause the ple patter do no eps ars ein fle imermal 7, Alternative, thee signal ay be coniered “pvc” th afte perio. ‘Net conider the symmetry properties of signal. The key adjectives hers er nd oh tga con cn tte odo ater ‘As oven function obey the reation onan 22 = a9) ey For example, the function in 6 od, wheres co 1 even, The sa isin Fi. 220 seven, whereas the wage pu is od (Fig. 225) ‘Observe tt signal eed not beeen or odd. Two example of Spnas ct thirtype ae abown in ge 230 and 2a, Ie is sean 1 noe however hat any signa) canbe reed into en even compoacat 40) nd an o¢d component) such tat 2) = 54004549 0 For exp, the signals in Figs. 2.80 and 2.42 can be decomposed into ‘0d and even componets, as indiated in Figs 2.3, 2.3, 248, and 2 Foran ot ution = wo) ft. Jh. o o 110.22.) fv finn. () 08 ft,Vii 12 Necwork ans and aythet 0) o “ © Gat and ye npn, Sega nese 0 np oO pa (ovat oep finn) Pen pt of wat ep. 0) OST oaee From Bg. 24 we obevve that sepea-otsl-9 =H —640 © Cconseqety, the od and eves psf he igen e expres at 240 = 30) +401 co 340 = 106) = 4-9) Coos the sigs), sown ia ig.250, The fonction (sega swt) nace seul he Fo bata een nig 23k. Wess Shah nb and) as howa ln igs Bean espe 24 Necwork analysand spabee rat Spa ih acini 0+) 208 f0-) ae 04) = lin 0) ey 40-) in f-0 orensmpl the quae pulse in Fig. 2.7 ha ewe dsontnti, at 7 08 Tye Height ofthe acon 8 7, ar) -Mh = e109 Simul, the height ofthe continuity at 758 —K: 112 GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF SiGNALS hn tselon we connie vain ine domain cin of ems ren ape meringy othe fog tes He ve ae, raed nd retfat, The ee Ce ena nets the tng ‘Sin dist oy geo sero. Tree Sema eons portant to now Bow hy ees Gee mest ofthe dey of an exponenal the Wi eton Consider th expos waveform eseibed by Wo= Ke) ew From a plot of in Fig, 28, wee that when € = T aTp= O03) en ‘Aso 161) = 0020) ey Signals an waveforms 23 “ “s 4 y ° @ 110.28. Drsipocion in da cnc fom A 48 = Now let ut tn our ateaton £9 the contnty property of eg consider thesgnlshowninFip 24 A = Ty the ipa dicots ‘The hig of he discontiniy S74) ~f(~)m A en whee sre) One) JT) = hiner) ee od «i a reat pove guantiy. 25 panto, we ae conraed with iomtnetis the negaborhood of t= 0, From Hg. 26, the pots my Signlsand wavelorme 25 ‘were that he legs the tine constant, the Longer it euites forthe seaveform to reich 377 of is peak value. In dec analysis, common fie constants ae the factors RC a0 RI RMS Value “Therm 070! mua sare value of period waveform ai defined em = [20a] ew whee isthe pio, Ite waveform no erotic the try ems does otapply. Asan example, et us cleat the ms volag fr the perioie ro EL eft estat leg =viBbay ea Bec Value ‘The de rl of «waveform has meaning oly when the waveform rid. Tei th average value of the Waveform over one pei “ suo tfena en26 Network amass and ayes “0 eas Peta warm ‘The square wave in Fig. 21 Bas eo value, wheress he waveform in Fig 29 ea dovalr of wuen tft 47] --4 en Dun Fle sini othe rat ofthe tie duration ofthe pn aye arr to te pet, That =f 235) mp su win becomes iors in dealing wih WINE i fe Fig, 210, whee ox ofthe ery 6 ft The ane vlogs of he waveform “The day gel of rms a the type show ‘tated in neTow pole of nrg 21058 ee em= (fea) ew =A wp | HW { 7 2, ree wir hs ay 28 Neewrk ans and syntes Since cet factor CF = en 8 ae cra atta einer) 029) Vi Focenumple it D= 75: ore on c= Vino =T = 100 a2 ore abe ed ncn ems aes of ae era ier from sinisois i parc, gas wih Ser te oe ta he olen vale feet tr Geer fo the nan vale of D, tat, Daa = 0 (Chgy = VB a= 1 ‘Avolimatr with high ss ft ex) a THE STEP FUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED WAVEFORMS, The uit step feeton af shown in Fig. 2.12 defied 8 wao 6<0 =i 120 xiaton oresponds toa switch $, ‘Etutryof Iveta given ciel, fo whenever the en “The psi! analogy of wit ep trick coper tr = Dad connect inven in Fig 213, Note tat the wit slep is 20 0 Signe anéwavelorme 27 em i sr nal ye ‘We ce thatthe salle the duty eee the smaller the ems vote, The re raven Fig, 21 fas a 307 day yee crest factor (Cras factor i fed a the ratio ofthe pak voge ofa period srveorn oth tn vale (wth the dccomponentreoved). EX, {orany waveform wih roe suck a5 the one shown in Pip 2.11-—-crest factor, Chis eld a ea whichever greater, For the waveform i Fig. 21, the geaktorpes {olape defined a conte ean Since te wavefora a rove 1) em be, aa taP 2 a ea eal =D) e9 ra alate wari (t= pins eaters)" T 225 B=) SG faa, Spits ov Pca Jura 5 NaS ia ey Spas and warorre 29 “) Fa. Suse pale argument (1) wtia the parentheses negative, and is unity when the Sime 9 genes than mo Tha te Ft o~ 3h ee SPO Reet nano t T, that is, sane shape 5/0) $9) =f = 41) es, se desiaive (D4 the S=LWOE AMD oa) “the fotowingenample iste th pont mre cay. Fg, 2304 fhe fonction f= f= Ame) Akt ~ 8) as) edesvativeis P= AME) ABE 8) es pm cand angissown in Fig 2310, Site (Qhastwo dco sachsen Fe eiaetnpes tos pons. Tactic of feeapae cuts bin neatve Boae p= 70-)=-4 a9 i | Tt | + : gems mie Bui 40 Necwork aaa and synthesis so cone ext the case where) ‘wads ovr tention to the tg Froar-naensen om wih ool in i xe EF ne wi fom Bal prota ene. open of hs a oe uncton i) soning atc of aed mh Petits apie he fnlon ee tOrRAFEDS ay tn ne iis ode Geos Oe nt em ac emp by the fnton (0 iF 228 ‘Asa stcond example, comer the function (shown in Fig, 2.320 we obain (by pectin, and note thatthe continuity a = prodsces the impulse lag) of ren aye ow 2 gyfer pee [rom —naresen os This tgs eatly vaunted if we consider that 4 — 7) = 0 for at PAT. Texto the product ose n=0 sear om using t= (ot on ia ec nf’ ae ma=09 om Figure 239 shows f() at 3 ~ 7), where 0 continuous a = JU bas icnatnaty a! = 7, the integral [rom—ne [sot defined because the value off) i not uniguly gen. Consier the following examples, Euampte 21 fone [lee = ri =e am | pte 22 fo msinr [len ie-& am my eon | w | (1) he derive off) elute at 1 = T whee, again, we smethat/()scontasous, Equion 2.74eua be proved by ltezton types Ts, fiom na=ro4—n] [Lrom—na ay ean be shown in genera that [Lroee nao eoyen 276) wher 3 and denote mt derivatives, The igherorder dviratives of ‘Kojcan be evaluated ins fashion. Problems 2.1. Rese the wavfores inthe gre it a nd een componst | Te ee imp Tae AO ek re “ REIS are nout ooops te an oe ae amon fa ues ea 236 seer rohan leds nee 1, J Th [roe em | N ‘hae siicnt propyobedsb ; 5 . “1 7 98-942 FO am a " | | 5Signals and waveforms 43. 445. Foc the waveform (shows a the Sur, terns what vale K sez Newer anaes and seth st the Re sig sie ma Forte sertns Oo “jd =o [yee ‘ rotenone ey 1 | seesaom aninri=e a— 0 /00)7010 J foe oS ‘ | steiner an) ts a pros.23 @ Ye -1-0) o He) 28) sc otinewaefore no, 22 an siete equations © [isow-0 Lath ep endo tp neon Sf gen ine ig sk cal 28 the wasn ine figures net os jonhe-o 050s fox vabye of t > T- ~ 0, eaewbere ee ‘Show that as « +0, (9) becomes & unit impale, ‘0 m4 ‘ } ton3enot So The fagueney domain: Fourier arable 47 ofits harmon tems, eye by “Theve coef son State a feguney domain densi o th egal. Ow atk now Io Serie the equations forthe cota, in term ofthe pve signal Fanetion s) Let ws fst sus the mathemati bass of Four sees, the theory of orthogonal st chapter 3 32 ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS ‘Conse ny wo ft (and) a ae tently The frequency domain: nseir Fourier analysis [Paosoa wen ht 0 af) at report oe he intra Ta, For ‘Sample the fnadons ht and eat are orton vet ental Seer tat hin, Comte wat tt of al none Gi, Bion SA. He anctons obey the oaton oa ‘neat neon ce of penne ei nef WoMoenn is 09 a eee ae en if ae iy ett (frm toga tt tar 7 Ta seen ae G2) Bea eter densted by the tne prc bu). Poe camer ves tee nasa ctin eis diay. ore ge aa tl a ies rests hua Stag Tt fj roomed oe ea nde Gu$=0 ins [ov : is ao oe aaa eal ss en ene Loe iaek on gramatact tarda =((Paroa) an sir Tuscon np eo te “Th norm ofan clement in test) defined as ‘We can normale any erthogoust st (Pd) by dvdng eh Yate vr Incompac fo, te Fours ee term by enor A “vs ramp 34, Tie Lagu st? wich as en sows to be ey fl a HoH M+ Steerer + besinna 03) ENT ein ge Te a fem tht, when) expanded in ® | “VAL kaa “ri Sys he Te Doin” ou Ron Ct 1 is apparent fom Egg 32 and 3.3.4 Font sre, we cin dace (0) comple spinnin ofthe cotiients | Thay, ray 3 3 eg 8 9%48 Network analysis and synthesis tte Lapis ae Annet 44) <= 109) a =~ 267 os yt tr ata Toso ah org re eg [onus [emu ar szune on We 1 fee m4 t 2 Thy of oun =10-+@) 6] -« Mesa ot oan han tan = (flea) aun tal=([feen sen swena va 1 ot it ey that he noe of al be amet i the eae alo cualtoU/V 2s, Terr ede the Lage set eonomal, we ie ech ent 4 by IV 33 APPROXIMATION USING ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS. this section we explore some of he user of eethogooa ontions in the linear approximation of functions. The pica problem ra of ppeoninting fonction /() by a sequence ef seins) sinh hat tbe mom suaederor ox) % Since the st (6) is ontbonormay, [4 1 and by deliton, y= eg. Weebus have Network ane and eythane ost ow ‘Adaing and sbtecting $c gives ys =tt 2S 96,4 Sots Zot - 3: een ow mintedosat $e coefficients of f(t) with respect to the orthonormal set ($,(1)} Parseval’s equality (Comer /() pen in Ba. 3.18, Wesce that PusoranSe om since fare orthonormal fenctons. This res is known as Pascal's ‘quay, apis important in Seteining the energy of «psoas 34 FOURIER SERIES ‘Lett nur to the Fourie seis a eine ear inti chapter, (y= + Ze, con not + bein ma) @20 = B+ 300 sin mt ° From our cussion of approsination by ohononmal futons, we ean tes that he prod function with etod T ean be approximated by & Fourier series) sch tha (converges in the ea 04) tha, 9 — sor d+ where #8 agy ret mamber. We know, moreover, tht im sini, te Ineanagutederor [0 ~ a) minimised whe the constants 2, Ave the Fours coutcients of) with espet to the orionoemal se for kot sin kal ma aa 02 ‘The fequeney domain: Fourier anaes 49 1 When Eq 213i said, we ay tat (0) concerge the mean to 0. “To examine the concept of convergence in the meen more cosy, we mast fist conser the flowing deteons Definition 21 Given a function) and constant p> Ofor which [ora ce se sy that (0) erable LF br (3, Ty, and we write FOYE L? in i Baton 32, WADE LPi6 I, Fy a8 Osa sqvenceot a tons integrable 2 (eT wey ar Vesey tw [10 sae shen fi) converge ate mean xe pt), Spel, when eta ha 0) coomsge a hemeen Of “he principle of lat squares Nov ews cone thease wen consis of alin combination ot nboromslfncions fone, so~ 40 oy) | ox ton 0 dee te mtn 6b te ag squared error wt vant-fu0-nore as 4s minim. The prinple of lat sures ates that in ode 0 ato ‘minim squared eo, te constants tat have the values w= Pro wow Pref Westalshow hat ioe — 8 bein, we Must set a, = ¢, for every im 1,2,...,7. ie 616) UAL = CD 2G) + oS) muyir=ab ean p+ Seriar “The requene domain: Forer analyst Incxplc fom te Fourier coeicents,asording to the dfn given te, ae obi for the equations 3 [40H om an} [anenea ox na2 [osm oa Wie sould not tha because the Fourie seve) oly converge to 0) the mewn, soi 8p dt, fer ae steele) 625) AL any point hat 4) is diferentible (hot a 214i) converge to 0)" ‘Asan example us determine the Foutercoetieas of the fll rected se wave io Fig. 31. Ar we observe, he period is T= 9 39 {atthe fundamental Fogency iv 2. ‘The signals gen a8 (= Aline on and ealate tween O and Using he forma jst iy continuous) Lets ates eived we Bae a2 fownan oa oa) o30) SE IEE Da Poe Sn at rer! cn At nt52 Newyork naa and pres “Thus te Four series f he etd ine wa is nS i3 ao) oy 35 EVALUATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS a thissection we wl consider oer wef foes of Fourie: srs adam wel Grannies otis inte eet UE'Pouer moeients Fiat, et us examine how the evalunon of fix iosimpied by syne considerations. From Ege 325-323 ‘Sich pve the poral frre forthe Fouiercetisients ts tae TELET ana apeseat te ner as the som of to sepa PL that, aca 2[fPiosenars[t Orme] sen 2[[Posnnears [osname] ‘Sine the variable (i the above tera i arin varia wt sobltates = Fin theater wats (0; 72) and etx = Hints Sntegils with Kits (~778: 0). Then we bave ox aad [tay + (=a) cos nom de 2 [Mun-e4a os) 2 [Mao acntan nae Suppose now the futons hats) = =~ then we see tt Berries sad [esa monde 06 ‘hinges a ft ob Friesen il otal only sine ano ote bass spose the fnton ee, 3G) Siti tient ane gat [coments 39) wk [a Cconseqeetly, the Fourier series ofa even funtion wit contain only 54 Nework ara and yah 10-34 ve funtion one tems 2 04 nie ms ey. (2) Silas eyes nd oan em We can derive he form of the Fourite cosine series by setting = C088, eo») ane ea O80 can) We then obisn Cady interes ofa, and By a6 cater 80" oF? ean, ur( we combine the cosine and sine terms ofeach barmoicin the aii set, eral obtain fom Eq 338-1 the Fourie cosine sis $0) = Gy Cou (ot + 8) + C008 204 FB) 4 CyeosCGot +0) 4°77 + Cyeos ot #0) 2° GAD) ‘The frequency domain: Fourier analysis 53 Spps nes hanson A) oth ton (ia 2)=—19 00 2 gen by the example in Fig, 2. Then we on show tat) contlas ‘ony odd Ramon ens, that ad oan teat [Peovnnert, nat With this koowldg of sync conto eine how we canappronnato as array tine ftir by «Four see wis ssinlenal 7 Ove th inane Posner sn (0) 08 fequte to). Conder the ig ) ng 3.3. We ct appro sins yay oe pide ion ig St Cee ‘Now econ wo ether selfs of Fou sis Theis rte Freese tres wich sted upon te genome Hey, Cyeot aor + 89) 35 cos 050, — Cy sia Sin 1133 palo be apie ‘The frequency domain: Fourier aay S$ shouldbe noted tat he eetiiens Carsales ob posite, bomever tem suc at 3 cor at eri a egaive sgy then we ct the the oquialent oor “cos 2at = 3c08 ot +2) oa orem the Fore: ses fhe lyri se wae Fg 3 o-M(u3 gem) ow sess a a Foon ri, di soa fiZ 2 reowso] os Next we consider the complex farm of Fourie series, I we exe corn nd nt of compe expen he he Fue 046 oan the te comple oo te Fourie si i 5 = Bet 30.0 + 8 = (4s) ~ Ene Wecan ren expres the cect 9 af ft of se ee HA ffeoeonat—siomna 04 1 Faoema joan 249 sometines led te dete Fer raf of 40 ‘and Eq, 3.48 isthe inverse transform of flaw) =, " 0Sh Network amass and oyhas 110.28, Alte sre 1a. 34 Sac ae Network anal and sche ! to, 10.32. piers of orem Amp. (Fane Simpliyng on ep ferter, we obtain be im Ot on “The amplitude ad phase spectra af the gure wave ae given Fig 37, 1 EVALUATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS USING UNF IMPULSES: / Ia his section we make use ofa base propery f impulse fenton o simpy te enelation of complex Fourier cect. This metho is tetrad to ontions which we made up of strain components onl. ‘Thus the method applies forthe aguare wave nF, 3.6. The moethod is hued onthe relation [Lron—me=se9 Le ot we this equation to eat the comple Four cote for Westie ri 3a Using Bg 3808/0) = 25 weave 69) oso) Joma deme “The frequency domain: Fourier analysis $7 (Ober that fe wal complex and can be repre ae Inomfcssint ow ‘amipuethe afc iouamaten 4300 nie! furan 089 tmp, = =! (70 sin nod f= Zffiosom a9 Wis elear that Rep sam eve anton ia m wheres Im 2 am od fuacton iam. The ample peu ofthe Fou sie is deed a8 Vaal = Reta + tmp, asp the phase spectros ined as ssotn BBs as aaa oso) ‘kis esl seen that he amplitude specu fan evn funtion andthe ue spetam iano feetonn The amp pest pro ‘Dit alae iat ato nhs nae ees ed ‘alata a good approsinaon othe ong waveform, From pot of the ampltade spectrom, meen smo pc ot by specton te om trial rms inthe ee Forth ample ps nF 33 ee thats god aprotic canbe Oban ie rgd my hemo stove he wid me ‘Avan eae, let vt abtain the complex Four cet forth square vein Fig. 16. Let rae fi he ample nd pte pects (Tin ure wane. From Fg 26, went ht) ian 0 fen Moreover, soe At — 712) = ~s) the series hat eno harmon. From By 340 we ota he cuca of he comp Furs st : jot" + » Bu Ang = 20 4m) G36) Fae ‘The equeney domala: Fourier saya 99 tay We se that the complex Fourier coef for imple function ae sind by simply subaiting the tine at which the mpais occur ito the exprention the evaluation of Fourier coeficents, we must remember that the tits forthe By intpral ce taken ver one period nly, we consi nya single pei ofthe sigan heats Comsder, an eagle, the square wave In Fig, 36. To evaluate fy we consider only a singe Prviod ofthe guaran, fom # = Ot PETasshownintig 392 Sincethesquare M0 twne ie not made up of imply, It ws Cierentite the siege period ofthe square eave to pve #(), shown in ig. 198. We © Snow erate the complex Fousiereaet- f° [FF ‘Sets foe derivative 7), whi leary taade up of inpales alone Analytical ois gene © winS pom mn then the deviate oF 8 tg stom Znoner 069 Mer we dese vacwxapecatier YP rahmh 08) 7 he om | Xe de #10) con ie i consis of impale corsponents aloe, tea Wwe sinply evaluat yy Ast and thes obtain Blom Bq 36. For example, the decvtve tf the oguie wave yee the imple tin 10.29.) Sune wae er pie TT De reninin Fig, 994. Inthe terval (0,7), the sina (38 ven Neco aralas nd sytheis Ap 2481-2) + Ade (3.64) nomaKy-2i—Z)+ase—n ee np ite nad [eee Hh 3.65) ‘ee ei of eg ea a wo a dysentery ‘which checks with the slain obtained nthe standard way in Eq, 255 ifthe fast devrative, (0, doc aot conminimpulies, then we must cafereniate aga Yield co= 30 om where A, jr (no Ba oe For the tiangula pl in Fig. 210 the second derivative over the pei (0,715 “eae fen adi—Z}sm-n] 0m | “The coefficients A, are now obtained as | eho os 7 tote em 2 Necwork ama nd eyes secon therefore oleate doublet reve higher derivatives of impais Jn sais Condes the signal oC given in Fig. 3.1, Is eatin Sly shown io ig AID a be expres 3s woe dfoo—vfe~2)] #00240 dae on ei cn ef ngs okt or) 0-300] eoo-2-J) 07 ao k [emer on ‘The raquaney domain: Fourer arses 6 rom 4 we obila on A sgh iteuy arises if the expression for 4) contains an inpulse in addon to other staighine teams. cau of thse sige fesms we must ifeentiate once more. However, fom thi sont) sieratition, we obtain the deivatve of the impulse as well This esenis no dz, however, because we hnow that {levae—=-« ory oan flsueneme om Tete domi fori 8 ‘icmp i nto eda . ‘ a ’ a 1 G78) sagt eomen a taro ‘ voit : om In conetson itt be pointed out thatthe meted of sng implies to alae Four cofisents dacs not pve he de cee, 20 Be ‘We obtsia this coesient trough standard methods agen by Ha. 3.23 27 THE FOURIER INTEGRAL In this seton we extend our soli of signal tothe apevade cate. ‘Wersow though split argument tat geal spenoae gals ‘avecontavour amplitude and phase spectra, Inooriusson of Founer {tts the compler coef fy for poe signals wa la ald he ‘dure Fourier rom isan om sn in tr = 5 pea a Gan From the disrcte Fourie transform we obtin ample and phase festa which consi of Sse lines. The spacing batwees cet ies inte spectrum is afm oo th om ‘Ar the period T becomes age, he pasa betwen the harmonies in the spectram become salle” For speioic signa, we et Pappa laity so that inthe Hint the date spetrum becomes ntinca,Gh Nework ara and sates ene dfn the Fowler mera ot trasorm Panera ox) “The inves trasform is so= [sunray ex 13m) and 384 ar somes ale he Fre ofr Par uations 35 2 pein For susan and 9-4 sin=o-40 aso s)= FP) outro 5) cps a ca’ ene 8 ner te Fo : " sip= Resp 4/195) a8 -rne sen prof SU) bane rough ie Frm si)= Hs + 9D Res) = USD _ icon2aft andthe nape pat hou 1 os msi = E18) -D insipe 3 ) won = [aon oe anpitde pcr of Ss eed at en nes IMS os svsvmpiest sn «oo HD) = me a the Fou aso, te ‘ing temple nd phe dfn of abe ttarm cna be cores 8 x0~ [Anes ah = HOE ean), et ws examine one xm ce Neon at nd yt feu tere ton ay : r a } 0 ond Ste eae . tte “a wanin Tenge | Mena cree ro, 2 mate fe poy ftp fee ie dion ‘The frequency domain: Fourier ansips 65. 1.41%, Anis at pe pm of At =. AK 10 sip = [Adenoma denen oo sangha pee is ee ee, aOn4 ax a = 99) shown Fig 42. ample 33, Nest comer tbe ranger fneon plot ia Fig. 313 Formal, we see tention eth et fneon wt we = a9 a wt ‘ete nai et te ae pea Si one - [re nap 099) —n eas as teense eee ea a ene ee ere Sees etitrenasinie, amie SaEeee “The frequency domains Fourer anes 67 From the plot of snc in Fig, 2.4 we te that si ls des" with ares at = mF, m2, 3,."+ We ao note that ost of Ye oegy ofthe sige ie coacutrted Between he ole 1) <0 Lats ete the ne duro of 8 gl at thst poi Deon wh ‘the amplitude never greater tha 2 seced vale, for era We ‘hs ellectveyregad th tine duration ofthe sine funtion 4 = 21), ‘The value WF, a we se from Fig. 313, 5 the spec Bando of the fest fonotion | We sce tat sf faces, decrees, The Pesding ‘Soop illostates the releealrationip Between te ne Corton ha signal and te sexta Candldih of ts Fowre rast TRS onept i quite fundamental It iustats yin pole tranemislon, ‘row polos, i, thove wit smal time duration, can ot be rane. ited through irs wit eae bands, wherens pulses ith longer tie dueatins do not rege such wide Bandwidth, 36 Istted Ia Pip 35, Tn this wetion we conde some important properties of Fourier seandore, ™ Linearity “The linearity property of Fourier transforms sates thatthe Fosse transfor fs of te signal the su of tar nda Fourier transforms, that is es(0 + 6440 Diflereniatio “This property states thatthe Four tanform ofthe deivaive of signal tte tes the Fourie teasform ofthe sgl sl FO =f 699 F 5) = (PHN 99) “The proofs obtained by taking the derivative ofboth sds of he averse teastonn deliton, aSD+asiN — 9) or mote general, £[ scnemnay wt oft prsnena 01098 Newwork anal and ethos ows that the trastorm of he tga of 0) i s[f_woe]=ggan- om Si, 8 easly ‘Consider the following ea = eH) or) ts Fourie tensor i sne[Leruoeta <1 -—— at Heo at pinf e+ iS G.105) FEET ay props of Fou transforms sites that “ ov “This pope fellows Sel fom the symetical mature of 8 Foie ‘cantor pir ia Eas. 389 and 388 ample 34, om he essing selon, we how hat sinc = 1h 0109 14s ten singe show hat Forte nef) ae a0) sec conforms the saeco te ayy ropa Cons et Wie em ofthe unt nb, 7-88) = 1 rom th smey prsessress ore ap eno sxsw in £6, 36, Th foraging earl ea a exten Fe eS oa nad beth spots sdatlombp, Tay tl 20 of te tin sr oft banat In the egarcy Gos vi a etg0/coespnds one ie drain. 70. Neer sma and yates “The proot flows dell from the dition ofthe Four astm. ‘Anccample aew-n=-a aun teu age ¢ Per he ely ae dlayed by an amount inthe tie dai, the ome anesthe tguecy domain to mali etantor be Ratayedsgnl by "7% ati Fue = 101 = MS) or) For exam ‘en neti 619) Moanin TeMnhaion or fraiecy shift property of Four wansfoons sot ita Four aso shied i ngeney by an 00 fe ae tea nd eect tine i deseobed by multiplying We orginal SSaaney em tha mis fol= es e129) Exampt 25. Given Si) jn Fig 31a Ht ld the iene van of Siting 3b eso) = FEU We know tat Sip = sf +51 + 10 om wt ia o 10.317 Deis of ptt mda, 10216 Four tao ff0)= 10 Seale change ‘The wtoennege property deeibes the Simedurtion and. Randwidth fenjeoiy wtonbip Te states that 5 [{2)] -iisen ean pla Me ove hp sa egh e re a Pesen= nif sonra 0x asia oi hen Fal sir91 = laf” sipyeree 0 ox ‘Asan example, consider “ uy = . MeO Bee au shen stetwo) = itl (MO) el F eas a ou hase iar Feng ope state ot Ft oun “The frequency domain: Fouret amas 71 Then FAS mela) HERMAN erKDexeDel CLE) ‘esr ingly nt veto Sorat stn fe feon svt af suas SERS tp pena oe cy oye Parsevas theorem ‘impr thar wich ets coy the sean ees dtomine Pare theorem, which sae hat esieay [o woaar [scsi ‘anny ‘he prot hl ey gy foes [lxosinara [nal sinetar Sr ee [Lsosene In partis, when (9 — 540, we have cola of Parieva Known as Placer core. [Leen [sure ons 1F 0 sequal to the cute tug or the voltage Aeros a reso, the total ear ohm [ava We sce from Eg 5125 thatthe tal energy alo equal tothe area under the euve of ({/) Thus [SI is sometines called an energy deny or enry spec, Problems BL Show thatthe st (i7 Nerwork ans and sythei 38 Prve ta f(g vn, Four aan FJ) ho anes un) ty Sk fs Four norm a pure agin) 4 Pron n10 2340 Fig th iver ator of Fie) = Pe 4) +8040) sso ith ge, Wn ty sa ec ey 76 Neowork aii and athe ondary. An csinaty feel epationocin wich therein cok anlar ino en). Ab esa tere 0 ed FF ia deste P Contant onictts, Te coils 2 Be stat inept of he variable. 7 cae ru ction ear coins ny erst he sikegren a) ans ihe devvatives Bien by. 4 seme tecenion 3e(0) + 2e{0) = sin a) Isa na ditt equation, On te aber hans Set + 249 20 + 400 = 5 a ss nonin, bees te ee (and) 0) are mosey he Seton at en fon mp pan ofthe i spc to seen ‘ans fs gen lena eqution or sey es ite rang Toston wee) Ue FOTOS FO) = afl + BFA. ao Aon ex( boa) a wince and bate un cant shoul spied Oa he AeSptdon popeny i exreely important a8@ shoul be Rep in ‘SEs ‘ty ancon of nese eeental equation. easy propery i the sperpostion ‘prope f(a 240) are inghinsons fan), the solution would te 42. HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS “his aon de it sone mets forthe wo of mage 1s sus wih tt toes Feet Bo seen “ 2-2 = 48) on hate pesispaon, wes esoon ob ote oe a= Ce 9 ‘where Cisany arbitrary contat. Lets chek ote whuter (0) = Cet TAR) totoion of Bg 48, Substttng teased soluon Eg 48, weowee Ace — 2Ce" = 0 (4.10) chapter 4 Differential equations Thi cap devoted ht uty fray edit equon, We ileus oman seo Scan nd nen pyc pcan Capes he UM Sgbion condoned en ee hepa rs £0040) =0 an ws ite ined vi 7 Sa) tion pete aR ie te eens oe ream 9-820 an Thea 0 F = 0 in 1 an us Be baie tapes ncon ef When west ne cer oaioen no, ‘Sesuton mucus IP ky 4 nonce ti outon tigen by gsc noe C04 AO bast aMDMSO (2) Te a tte " ‘ exiion he ooh hig ate tr, Tam on Sign st a ean eo ea er test's apni 0 6) Wie fone oe Seton i fhe, he ae Segre Tat pr we wl it on lye, ae ern con ohn fhe Lt onc enn ot Dien equations 77 canbe shown, in general, tat the sation of homogeneous, nese siren equations cori of exponeatia er ofthe form Ca. To tobtis the selton of any ferential equation, we brite Ce fra) {nthe equation and determine those values ofp for whch the equation ‘vos In other wads given the general eaten aut) EO aA =O ay let) = Coe hat Eg 4.1 esos Coma bag yo tap a a Since e cannot be aro exept tp = =< the oly nontrivial soletions for ig 12 occur when the polynomiat HY) mag tego ap tend — 1) uation 413 is often refered to 8 the characte equation nd ) #204) 20) 2904) 20-) #204) a many phys! problems the ntl conions are given t# =O However le ealat the knows constants the ttl soliton, we mst ave th atl conditions a= O-p.OUT task, then, sto deter the ondtons att = OF, ea then editions a =O. The method ‘Tread here toetowed fom ehetromagnetic theory abd is often {eter tou "integrating thro 2 Green's function”? ‘Conse the dileential equation wit an pase fring fenetion asta aU + ayaK= AK — OT “To ior tha the righthand side of Ea, 4.77 wil equal the Ief-hand sige one of the ems 4) a0), --- (0) mast contain an impube. "The question's “Which erm conalas ihe implbe?™ A cose exaication ‘oad that te highs erosive frm =") mt contain the inp, ‘rca ="9(?) eotanel the inpulse, 2°) would contain «doe Cap, This argument hed, salary, forall lower derivative term of 56) Tree terms) conta the imp, then 2-040) would contain 3 Bos and st(, a amp. We conchde therefor ta, for an inpuie Jorn fection the ove Migs drainer are scotia ott 0 ihe Gas fants antes mine or pee rp: fr eval, Moor SEE al af Tema Pa, Meow Bok Copy, New er 8 Chae 8 Network ane and yess ces show in Fg 485 and 486, Abn tc decane erm we ee Femi apestoe slnglriy Nove tat ne ee onl goa ow she sep thal i aa aD Hone MOE Hoa =H 8H) Te should be noted hat ia devvative em contin eran singlrty— for cumple doublet alu conaine all lower dervative terms, For t J + vo + wD + mH = HH GD sve aso the following Forms forthe derivative ems at 2) =A + BaD + CHO FO = 480+ BHD es x= AW) Subsitting Eg 488 nto. 87, we obtain ABU) + BAD + Cok + 34H) 3B + 24K) — AE (89) (in mare convenient form, we kave AMY + E+ IAM) + (C+ IBA HKD =H 40) quatng ike coeficints on both ie of the Eq. 390 gies Bema aon cH sp 424 Differential squations 87 Forastepfosing funtion only te highest derivative tr i dioninious wreo. ‘Since intl conditions are usually gen at 1 = 0, our task 10 determine the values 2404) and <0) for a imple toring fein Rearing 4.7, ws eg te eunon bet fom and 04, nantly, effroa oes spat tafsoanafsom Af iting, we obtain oe 404) — INO] ale MOF) — AMOR Hod am We know that al drinive terms below (F ~ 1) ar sontineous a = Consent, Bq 479 sli 6 adehO4) 2-40] = 4 aan so that soma 420) a) ‘Wermust next determine 204). ALP = 0+, the diferent equation in By. 47 208) a MOH) 4) +as(04) =O Since all derivative terms Blow (2 ~ 1) are continoes, and since we vealed solve for =O), we Bnd hae P04) so baye(O4) + ee(04)) as) For a ep forcing fonction 4a al einai terns exept 24), ae continoous at 12-0) To determine (04), we deve fn 8 MANNE ‘imine 0 E3485, he expresion 08) = 1 204) Etat torte tamon) (89 “The proces ofdtermiaing inal condos whea th forcing function isan inputs or eof bigherdrvatives canbe simpli by the vial Diterntlegitons 9 $2 9nd C= 28, Therefore at = 0 itis fom which we obtain 8 FQ =a) — 289 + 2840) (= 44) ~ 24) (a ay = 440 “The xterm in Bg, 492 BES tte tothe somtimes in the init onions a = 0. Weare piven th ial condone at 1 =O. Oe Swe evalate the A 8, Ccofiients in Eg, 488, we can obisn the inital Condtons att by rerngtothecefiens of thestep terme. For came it “Then om Bg, 492 we btn Os)= 24402 ¥@)=-1- 12-13 499 OH) =7428=35 “The total slton of Eg 487 obtained as thought were a homogeneous gunn, since 1) = Ofori 0. The only iatuene th double deve fs isto produce incontnatiern the inl condone st =. Having Cvaluted the ial conditions a #04, we can obtain the total Solon with ease, Ths, eGet4 Get 490) rom Be, 493 we ced obtain = (94 eID) 99 “Thetotal soon dierent eqttion witha tp or impute frig function obtained i an cqualy Sgtfowerd manoer, For sep forcing fncon, nly the highest deine tam hn dncontniy Since we do tne th ital onion fe ight Srwatine {erm for or soltion, we posted a8 we wee 1Mag standard oe omogeeous quton wi onvtant ong fun For nimple river once me Strmie the tal ondon a f= 0. the ution solved i he sume manner es a homogsteos equation90 Newwork say and synthe Example 7 Fn the stp and input espns forthe euton 2) HH 41ND =O sere) = Ai and 0) = a expen, Theil enon ay = 0 20) =20-)-205=0 Solin. Le fia ed be pale espone, We note ht te ex cent ta tpsse anda, the em cain ase tea sen cons Sa nda cant sa tao) see) 28 Same Sore, ta wtaynk exe) =feoe! 96 Note ht we stl seed only 0+) and(04) tere he constant forthe seond-orer renal equation New, we proceed the expe ‘etary fenton) The across ip) =p 439 45) 209 +1 4X41 = ID Sic Hp hat a pai caps cojeste 10, We sandr fot or 200 24 = Meten(s +9) ase) Sobeting he tl condone at ¢ = 0, 8 bain HO) <0 = Maing 2104) aj = 20086 Ming fiom which we find $= O and A’ = 3 Th he impo spose, which we tome bee a 8 2h = fete 200) (se Det we marta othe step gene) For content ws tthe mpl orto 24) ean + 45082) 20 “To pata nts eralnted by coniering the flag fusion & tn) = 10 that a9) we (100) WO “ a0 “Tell saton ie the A = Si + Ae2De Be 109) ‘Since (an) mat Be ominous fora sep eg fain, 20-9096 0 00) FON =o =0 J Neswork aye and synthesis [Note that fom Ba, 4110 we obtain (9) cre. Prom Eq, 4.111, we Seine te mst te ifn fob). Ab mpavtant att Rep in ind tat we MB hae fo deve Some aditon [nat coneitons in oder fo havea sufligt number to ealat the ‘iknow constants, ‘ample 4 Save he teat ation “The inal codon (0-) = reas Sac te cratic guton of Eq 4.112 of second ere, tonal ial eon 7). We oan #4) fom te sce soni = [ooe-o ais) ws wos) aun eng cosmos 3H an wisrertond ano Merson 2, Lating ¥) 210 the erga diferent eqution to comes v0 +3010 +20 = 50 i» We ow tat 708) =204) =1 wasp von =*0) =? rots Bg 412,48 = 0, we obialo 40#) =H OH) ~ 59] =O am ‘Without ging ito det, he ttl ston can be determine as aoe teem ed any Diforntilegutons 91 Subtutig inl como ito a) te fngetnnetintiat aos an =f a ogy ‘There ep epee poe 240 = Onl = e0.5si021+ f 20} (4105 [Not that th impue repoose aad the step respon ar rtd bythe equation 40 E5560 24) n= seo 4109 Weean demonstrate 4.106y thefollowing procedure. Let ur subtate 2 no the original equation Lnlorsdeioeieonud (ren Dilereaating Both sides, we have [4000] +48[4 <0] +1 a0] a0 cron from whieh Eq 4106 flows ‘Generaing we se hat ie have the ep exponse for a dierent uation, we cam obtsin te impale reponse by ferent te sep esponseWe ean aio oblin the repeat o's ramp function f() = AHO (hee she co he ep) by iterating the step esos, ‘Tae eluonships cuted here are sumac ia ig AS INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS In this section, we wil comider an integrodiretal equstion ofthe fom et ac aOH et aKO + eanden 0 (40) here he coef (oq des -+ 04) AF constants. In salvng an quition ofthe form of Eq. 109 we ue two ve snarmetboes The ‘rst method ito diferente both sides of Eq. 4109 to give AL) FeO A ha OAK = FO (LID) “The second method consist ofa change of variables, We let (0) = x05 1. 4109 then becomes eH) + V+ FaeHl tas = M0 (43) Diferentlegucions 92 Dieting, we on A) =v) ate 30 29 4s SIMULTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Up to this pint, we have considered nly dient equtons wih 8 single dependent varable =) Tn this ection, we wl deus uations Sith moe than ooe dependent variable We shal imi out dyson quition with oo unknowns (0) abd y()- The methods described bee, however, are appizlet any numberof unknowns Consider tthe system of homogeneous equations FO + XO + BOE BVO nO + real + 84+ AO: 29 hee Py 8 ate artery costnts. The complementary fasion it ‘bind By asaming that HO= Ge Om Get so tha he characte etion given by the determinant low +20 Gir + 6) leap +70 Gr + 80 The ot of 9) fond hy tig the taint eg 1 0, 40) 29 Gao + ap + 2) — ip + BOtnp + = 0 CIR) 1s seen that a noptriviaslation of HU) Cap + 2hn + AA ip + Be YD 1829 ‘Assuming thatthe preceding condition olds, wesee that H(ps secon degree polars np and canbe expressed in fszoced formas Mp) = cere) ane vce Cis const mpi. Te complemen fone re exits only HO) = em Ren (1%) HO= Kev Ket “4 Newham ae yc veh comnts fy Kr tern om int condos SCUNGSSR gti psi retorts es apt nee a) = (Ki + Kae «3p 2K = (+ Rape 1 pa pai conjugate 00s, Paws o thea HO) = Mersin ot + 4) am WO = Mersin or #9 ame 49, Conse yt egos Det Han +10 -H0=9 ao 2 +2) +O +O =O won=2 v0H)= asso oH-0 OH=t Solution, The crac atone ans Eating he teint, end hat Hy oP +8 +89 +209 36) sone woe met tke “aon sp Ket eke ‘wih tei condos. (04) Pan thecortans 9104) = 3, ns) ~ To we ob Ky =O Ky ‘Thom the ial ae na) = ec y= 28> 2 ete ae “ wn won 96 Necwor nas and antes “Tne we bein om By 4188 constants dete BH ‘he incomplte soon are A) Rem eRe Bat aun HO = Re Kee = tet 9 = Yate 30) caw waite Fem) nang A, Soe these of ution aethety sty 4) caw wpe y by = 3ND pent onl onions 0-) -xf0-) =10-) =¥0-) ~0 Seon. et fh charter pston gasp -fPte ee «i, onal pol wih singles ge Hip) 4229-41 4AKe HI ISD, ‘Thecompleneincy ein (and arte sf) = eto Agent vd) Be eoe 20+ eine “re pauls solitons OB for he st of equtot wth > 0 ae fais woes (easy Fate tyne Ung te metodo dele ore we astume tt 88 Haare eee wet sine he feng anton 3c be ede Seo te ih ro expr, ta 5 = 5, we nse OF GaP gatos ote canes ution) sp = 0. To, a 1m = 36) (186 Dierentil equations 95 New, let us determine the solaions fora set of aoshomopenous iferenis! equation We Use the method of undetermined coins here Consider fst an exponential forcing fscton gen by the st of ssuntione et boas + Bl + Baym Net (19 val +74 bof +8 = 0 ae Wetict assume that a= de A) oo “The Ba, 4.139 besomes (a0 + 20d + (90+ 9B = O10 + 90d + 00 + 8a oy The determinant forthe set of equations 4.141 + ag BO Bu =a | i m3 aoe] where 113) the characte eqution with» = 4. We now determine ‘eundeterined coosents 4 and Brom O() and its efor, ame, vaio ae) pe) ae) wb yi the ih ofr of (0). romple 410, Soe thes of gutons ene conion (0 = a(t) = 0, ¥4) = 0,404) = = “Sco,” Toe copeenay futon) any wal te ara ‘wie equation th ware deta fm Example 43, Now we te od ‘Aad Bin he egos (ue) aus af =aet « l= He ey “Teche qution wip = 4s no ff Oo ons Mw sr woot Dierentiaoquations 97 nd oe cis “Th general ston then 1) = Atco 8 Ag tinds 4 “ _ G56 HO) = e052 Byes 2 | In ede 10 ft A Ay Bi By, ered te aes 20-9, 104, 04, ws). The valos fr 04) an yO) are et ee by neg oe ‘ga citerenal equations bem = 0 ande =O They [lorsueremaa["wna easy Lerrer ema -Psne on at ee itt ni on inpater es # 0" Moen bth) ane 90) conta tea sp i ‘ohinutiea a7 = 0 Therrien “e [owveme on Plesma-e “ sowing ws . HOH +004) 5 Sohing wen 208 04) =10 «ie To iad (0+) and y(0-), we mai the vale for 206) an 0) Iie oegoal equator st? 01, Tho 204) —20 +74) 47005 HOH -5+¥04) 430-0 ais otha ron vow) Sitting ths vale ino Eg 4.156 een bain tel leon iy tee — est 4 1)48 9 = Wleteor2e + etlo2s — Da aie 41698 Network analysand ymess Probleme " 0 = Meteo 2! and 240-= Mge'sin2 see salon the eatin 9 42 +50 20 stom thats +5 # aan MOF "Duin ony be form ofthe solution othe equation ° 20) +4eq) +90 =0 o Pip 4 8e() +300 =0 © rt) (0 =0 ey io +5) =8 © wig. +6449 +2809 =0 o Py eet) +940 8 "13 ie te il aeons (04) = 1, (04) = 1, mith schir > Q 19 +6019 4280 = o Fy) FG) + 19 =O © 19 4 asle(9 + 57619 = 0 “44 Fd oly hepatica negra 5 i egpatons ® 09 +1219 + 2) © Mo) + 3e(p 2) = 20 © Fig 2c) 4 0 etn o Hip tee) 4S = 02 20) 450019 + 62540 ~6 0 2 2 4 0) = De 45, ie tt rn 02 = 1 9) = emi © 19 4400 43) = Seine © 2) + 6) 428A) = Boost © Fi) + aly +16) =? {46 Nope is ete by iret gation 70 439 42D = HOY “The nl condons are yO) = 12 =) =2. Find WOH) 404 VAD "i Giese real epation 2) + eM + BMD = HD chapter 5 Network analysis: | 1 inTRODUCTION this chapter we wih appy our knowledge of ait equations nya Elis pase imesvaiant nebo, We wi ase aa aac aerdy friar with Kirehols crrent ana vn tha mene for miting eth and node uation for ac or vera We wi therefore, come only bry the problem of wong se Mae unions whan fhe iependent vale tise TE epics eth pls have te following format: Cin an excalon eR tfom an energy snes andthe ner, a seid cepone hat Fre enor voltage nthe network sto bs determined. When ela ie ncitgicns tothe matenatics in Chaplet 4 we sal tha ies Syste acing anton coresondstorbeecation; the stor Peas yhy the aerentiloguauon; and de unknowa variable =) Fs the espns roles encountered wil be oofolt, First we must wit he Cee eo pe toe ens fr psd ra sa ec th prone are ey smporaat T ce oT ne ret aon meh st UP ee alco nar™t) ee oa rated hy cape mht realy Me erties endow hom ees sat ee sou tom stonk ig Bi, Te slog on gv oe opt ie) a) ere te “fora voepenve net Hl i! Egan Cre ond Sis Su Wy sb as eo Yok, 30 ——— Differensal equations Se a enn 20.3 5 £0 = 6 ed 9 = 147" Gia the ial ontaes #10) fotite equim « 10) 0, Sod he soatont o a4 29 4240 09) 8 Foss ths “he ea X= tt geo ote Cy e+ 0 + afore = 2st eoyyra af iends ae © v6) 69nd n3sn 1 hn ent a ein Tosa) exe) stroma Fae cP 09-70 tec) 90H et Soe th ot of egaine 2M +9 10+ 19 20420 +90 +640 ‘411 Solve test of equations 20+ 2) +90 — 0) 29 20) 420 4909 +240) = IED xO)=1 9-0 vo=-1 y-0 Necwork anaes | 101 sch i lo, the caren and ope in fe network ave Kowa ‘io. Th sat ae th loons We mot hen termine the var ofthe suet a vlog jst ae he sw oust Oa) soeth ua atone tatn at mip Fnson Or hy of He debe, tie curated lg ‘rls are contour =O. Foran pa Ger te vr 5. ye 0b can be damine’ from methods gen in Chapter & Having anesthe int constion, we tn on tose the network ite ents Uses ethers ae lie slain are va only fort > 8 St dig ol wi in ety a twee fn mind the slnmpora! pnp of ngepetionAsceing tothe ‘yrpostion pc heen thug seme ine ine Cs Setl volge and m creat soues sequal tthe algebra sum of Coren tcotgh the same eet scat frm he sous taken one [tne the te sous: having been supped, Conse tea eon depited in Big Se wih n volgen eon sureson Newer assis and aye ‘suppose we ar ieretd inthe cutet (trough given cement 2; SRROETSIN us opens lle cbent sources and shore Fe ehage sour, aving only (0) shown in Fig. 828. By 60. “LE denae the curtetteough Z duet he voltage our (aloe. 18 TRIM ESon by TO we deste the extant Wouph Z due to the TNR SENS) ale ns depised so Fig 2c. By te saperpostion 1052. Soperpstion i arc ot Neowork nays and yates fe. 88. ahnduoe dtr hn wren ce Cis gen i ds Ths ini var) se vag oe Tie ciyuchar ox before he sishng acon. Tecan be repaded as 28 \paspendent Catage source, a show a Fig, 54h We sould point ot holt sche sO) or all excauons except mpabes and ‘erates of impulcs. Inductor ‘The nsutr in Fig 5.5 describes «dul rationsip between vlage and arent when compared toa capac. ‘The of reationships ae 4“ cont a 4 so=t fare ue ere is ven in ergs. The ei cuen (0) ca be repute a Tm independent cent sou a shown ia Fig. 886A re forthe ‘Chagos the capaci he erent hough tendo iil Toatinso fra ect nth ee of imps xaos. ‘hhc he nsw nen re enn he eving sions a egoiictal eqns reiting the excaton (kage oF rent soure tothe spo he volgen erent ofthe lest ‘Tr at busy to woe 1 wit there ers ean. The Sst try stone me equator ane cond, node utonk ‘ech gordon ay brat upon Kc vlaglav. Once mesh ash we ub «fous sr of loop cents With a ieee Seon ah ws tegen esa of eval end Toope Au the rede pt real fo his provost the namber (PBesces in te etn Bd ihe unter of nodes Nhe Stuer ofindepednt loop squaton for he nework i B~ Nob 1 Tae tag Necwork analysis: 1103 tr, theta erent de 0 fe owes is gual he ‘algebraic sum “ me “ “ eee res +e oD nts secon, we wildcat volags crn e) relationships that exit forthe tase atvork omens Before we emi he "sons simp to sige nt arity erence poe ar the vols scrote an semen, anu tlaene Gston of Pow fo the rent tough the semen” For the purposes of our daeion, We ‘sume tht he pestine ply for wolage ete al ofthe cet ronan thownby te etor Fig. Now, ts re help Gare retinas Tor the reson, the indus the cape, woh we fst dacaned ia Cooper = The eo shown fn Fig. 5.3 defines nae popotonaiyeation- ship Between) nd, taal, fomeeneey = RHO) W=GKD GC om ep inch ad mt capac Foti cctr boven Se tn ae i = cA “ 63) wom2 ude a4o~) a fe asa pam MBA a: ope Sais: Nework rays | 105 We mut, ination, choose the mes ements ach haat et ont meth curzent pais tough every element Inthe network, ExampleS._ ln Fig 5.6 antares branche an fin det Wetheior ned }~ 3's = Sundependon meh enon The econ tect cet gp te cose ndeated Wea tote at he OED, ‘apse inthe soit have societal aap The nl vlget ‘Superson plain, shown i the gue. Now we prossed ‘rie the mas gots wo -ngo=naioed [lade Bfluoas lsu %e09 =e," so + “aoerge = Bfuow sk [vow smu 69 ‘Ate we fin the tre unknown, dm a8 trie ie ranch carensand te volage sere th cee, Forex we mee ree fond toe tanh cuanto and ig though he capac, mew ete etoile fenhmle ee Alene, the vlage of) ag 5.6 ou bee we hat f= 10% 6 Network equations can so be write in terms of node egatins, wich are sed pon Kitch cunt aw. It the numberof nods in10% Network amend yachts the actwoek 8, the numberof independent noe uations rege ee metal soluon ofthe mtn ie N= 12 We can theo ose den sods inthe neon” Al the noe wages wil ive mh peti dtu noe Peginides ne atork nig 31, bet vs wt et of node egutons or dhe nctwork nh te data ae shown Sine he amber ef 09 ‘Redtacmors = ye onedN ~~ 2indpeadent note eeaton ‘hear win for cra ab ge blow mn Yoo raano+? fret aoe sot wooe-t foes Faster examples ae given i the following setons flame vets ano 69 52 INITIAL AND FINAL CONDITIONS a tisseon, we consider some methods fo obatng nil cosas forcieutsifecaistequntons, Weatocrmine ways cbs parla Incl for ators ih constant () or iol fo) feats. {nvr sliion of ator diferent egos, e complonestry aon eal he mci fe eee Te lt [nepal taownasthefiredrapoue Inte ofconstant or peviadic dion the fad sspnse at =o he sede fal ‘Shion ase 108 Network anss and synthesis “Te epat cut a ¢=04 i gen a Fi. $88, om which we oto wok om och 04 mat lot el eatin yap = ae cin pernorwenme ore) !2 co werenctaia 04 = 802 ow “rae ant contto, or senate sla, fr the caret in Fi. $8 Muka our nowtecpestecsteute: Weksow tt fora detain, ShapmStor ian ope ti for cnet Tos he enya arent 6 140) =) =0 Initial conditions for an For a indoor, he valtgecartentratioshp t = 04 10s} [Pan ees i0- 1 doesnot contain imple, then) = (0). 1 eee is no TAS cureat, ig) = @, whith corresponds tan orn ica pero T nalgy can ato be obtained from the fax that the erent fevough an ductor cannot change instantaneous) ue the conser tion of ix Hokage ample $3. In Fig 59, he sie loses at = 0, Let w nd he nial onion (4) od (04) fr the teresa eatin (19) vat = 228 + Rae, an Ss 1.59. @) newer (Bit cata = 0 yo A Newwork aaj: 1107 “Therese two wayeto obtain inital eodiionr at = 0+ for nstwork: (o)theouph the deena equation deserting th network, (trough oowedge ofthe pial behavior of the KL, and € elements in te Fora capacity, the vlagecarent lationship a= 0+ & wonafineinwer on 1 A does not contain impulses oF derivates of impulses, o(04) 240). gis the share on the expsitor at = Othe al volage is nd) = =} (10) ‘When thse no intial charge on te epson (04) =O. We con: hide that when there ino sed energy 3 apa, i equivalent Stroutaly = 0+ iashorteieut. Thsasalogyscoaenel by eaminieg the physical behavior of te capacitor. AS 2 est of te comereatin of ‘age prince, an stantanenss change in voltage Stor 4 capackor imps instance change fo charge, which im torn means ‘nite tren throu he capac. Since we never encounter inbite caret, ‘phys’ suatoas, the Yolage actos « capaor eamoot change Insantiecgly. Therefore at = Oe con replete expacton by = voluge sure fan itl charge exit, or by a short ee there i ‘ial ere. ample 52. Cove the RC newark a Pig $44, The eich cloned at ei we ane thr no ial cage in he capa Let nd {tein conatons os) an6i10 4) forthe dierent enon ote eat vay 0) 03 foe an £ toe : = 6.58, () RCetwork, Bae a4 =O Necwork maya: 1109 From he equal cel ats = 0, shown nig. 538, wee hat enn amy onesie etl ogi 8) reson) +m) om 7 rent feos oxy sett in et ed gh scmiaptrsmortae et De set =k om Sica coe Ser ars & ‘own ie Fig 3 izand 9, spell. The lal eur ace fone om 0s “Te sendy state soos ae eg om Final conditions for sinusoidal exciationt Whea the sation i a pare sno, the seadyatate currents and voltages inthe cout are ao snuroude of the sare fequeay a5 the ition. TF the nwa 8 vallage, fr example, (testcase foltionwosld take te form lt) = 17 sn fou! ~ Ho) 29 ere ey iste Fequency of the exsiation, and ud and gl) Fepresent the magnitude ad phase of) smiles expresion would old if the unknowe were a vrret “To obian the magsitude and phase, we follow standard procedures in 4c ciel analy. For example, conier the R-C iui in Fig. $12 ‘The carteat precio is LO = Casino) (525)WO Necwork ana and synthesis i) “w) 4 eae TF] a aEATES OLS. (9 Basle cst as 04, 0) Egat ca a = ww sol . : 2 Newwork amass and yahens Incegrating both ides between O— and 04 gies son et ea Theta en 1 y= Red om aod iia ete sondern oo» om woetfao—eewrewe] 630 wich ie shown in Fig. $40. We thas ave atthe carent imple ‘sponse (au te est of an ple voageeetation. Inte process trehave asp obtained thestep responce =()ia ie. Absinx, by efor, lhe desnatne ofthe step respons the imple response, The reader shoul eer sper xing ap xction of yolage the second example consider the parll K.C cei ia Fig. 3.12 riven by @ ep cent souree Mf) = Zyl), Where fy 4 constant 40 rn a « peo o Necwork rays: 11 te seady ate voltage nts the orm shown in 524, Gy Fes foxy a7 (oy = wt “ Hoyy= ant om soma 640 = carn (oe ~ 29) We afer to this problem ia Seton 5 ‘As an introduction to the topic of slstin of network detent jarians, let us conser he important poblem of ebaning the sep aod Impulse respomer for any vllage or vent intemetnork_ Ase salen * Grape thesepandinplerspones_ -—MWW—— epestinedomsinchracerznons Sncwork The robeafebining Ho © the ep and impute response states fottowe Gen network with 20 at ergy, we ate teed 1 save foe ‘pes response eure! orvallage due Fes 1 Ben entation fete ot) OF 3), ‘hich eter cam be cutent of a Yoage source Ifthe exitation is 2 sep of wally the pays! analogy ms tat of @ evsh-cloung at {nme 1 Ohich connects aT tatry to a eee The psi stalogy of an impulse excitation that of ey short (ompared tothe Time constants ofthe creat) pulse with Inge amplitude “The problems involved can best be ilgeated by means of examples [Conse th eis AC cut in Fig 5.13, ‘The difereatl equation of worto=mortfion om Weassume (0) = 0. Sine Bg, 5.29 contains an integra, we substitute (ford se he equation, png sonneo+tay oa ecworkaaiyaie 111 0 es, (Seppe of al ACO Emp rponf pre Assuming 20 ntl conditions, the dierent amon ic aman ono ota 99 fom hw cia he hati uation Ho= op 6 9 Thesdpaee of40« om a= ot son Om FG 6 ° Ko114 Network analysts and eyachess “Thos he complet sotton forthe vote sep response it ven = Kee IR) AC om he nil onion 0+) = 0, we cain K = et) = oR — 2) 0 Ditresosing Eq 539 ves ws the voltage impulse response 6 “The step and impute responses are lll oo Figs. 5.1284. Suppose the excation ia Fig 512 were pale Ki) hil — a ~ 7 oan, show in Fig. 515 Then, according to the superposition an time: Sevarane postulites of lina ystems th response woul Be 0) = 1A ~ 0) (9 — = I) hicks shown in Fi 5.17 TM an 55 SOLUTION OF NETWORK EQUATIONS Jn tis eton we will aply ove knowledge of difienial equations to the atl of near gctworks There ae two important Poa necwockanaei the wring of network equations andthe schon of {has same equations. Nework equations ca be wien ome mes, and, ‘or mined bats. The cig Bemeen mesh and node equations depends Argety upon the unknown quaniies for Which we Must sli. For 6 Newer asia nd eyathets sone and isndepndent festa, One ae ans ed Fproe depends on both te network andthe extn THis sipntcan that for neworts wich fave only postive eens, thee espn made up of onl damped eronetl ad soe srt coastt peak amples fx er wordy the roots of te era {ruc equation HG) al hve pegatve or tr rel pars. For emp, ip e wot of HQ) wrt e pre 2 Jo, then REQ) = 00, “Titus rnvonabe bets, a boone excatonpodices 2 respon tat export nes hen omieration of er tot evra. Ths on of te mont importa proper of «pie trivork, Wa characters equation conti ony 0s whose rel Parts ‘renee or nets ifthe jo ah coos ip ten he melon tric decreed be ble, ober the network mses Stab ianimportan property of pasive networks and willbe iced in greater detain. uample 6 For the K- oor in Pig 519 wth tection sven by Eq, 225, tte vole) scam he Scr’ gen that") = rosy 0. "Sebi. We have ae ote te parca naga in Ey 58 ow ltt td the snp fon, The dere equation 02 & cfs oramneran asp tom to sul rion manare os soot nonenee os ae heme wo ceeay Ecsta (1 uy 050 From he iil onion 40) ~ 0, we ein 10-002) =k gata 2D <0 659 fro ed agai 3 a sn 9S) Soe 59 se) (oa +0 (= 22) sn Hat al ein chy, iso he et. Neowork analysis 11S. ‘sane, if he unknown quantity it» branch erent, itis etre to ‘write mh equations. On the eee hand if we wish to da oltage ‘sso « cram element, then node equations are better Inn ces {choke is quite arbicary. I foresampl, we wih fo find the vlog seossa resistor Rw eas eithe find deed by nade equine ot Et ‘he Branch cuten vough the restora the ull ty ample $6. Find becuren)fr the _astwork 19 Fig. 5.18, when the voltage ae Sha ee ttanieges) oo Sn” Toate en c= Ra Ede 90-9 «) cain om § 6 the ut, aetay ay +2['t0e an rene rig ap eo 4, we a nh 240 ~ omg £24309 os eae nl ron Hw i age By. 48 etn shea round t=O tpn HOA) =? Hom We cate Mp npsr—e uo ca te cng ante om Awe a te pa na) = Ae hn et ae om etm so Mw tew eos em From ein cee (0) = 2 we oi ei lo, aden ae 0 As weateady poten Seton 53, inthe oltion of erk diferent equations, the complementry funtion incl thee response, wheres ‘he foced respons is «prtuat Integral, ania the cae of onset oF piode eiciation, the Torced response = co isthe sundae foltion. Note thatthe fe response function ofthe twa ements wd fe te i From he completa ition in B,$8, e0 fiecnate P= G0 2 aC [Ne etusexmine an example ofthe dlifereat hinds of fe responses of asecondorder getwork equation that depend an relate values of te feuork clement. Suppose we are pen the network sn Fi 215 Tete fn the ree rexponse (forthe ferential equation toxctyest ureter — 6 ieeinig bh ideo. 53h ee tonceosennstan 69) TFoechuacteisc equation is then Wmerrcrriace+2eect) eu tn red om no) =~ P¥0—Wd ay |118 Network snelysis and synthesis 0) 1a522. Ovetanged mpi, wee a Zall( Aaa xy “Thee at three diferent hinds of responses depending upon whether Bis real er, sain coat Lea hat, rie then he i raps d= Bete Rae oo ich isa sum of damed exponents, tats cas the response sid to be overdamped, An example of sh overdanped response show Ia ig 522. ‘Gae2, B 0, thats (op 4 In-z en nena sora nd = Oh + Ke oe When B = 0, the sespons i eral) damped, as shown in Fig, $23 522. iy damped gon 120. Nework raya and yes Soc $67 cous intr wo iaremti ito gh canine bia einemedy 68 sing Ea, 568 our pe tony, we bain theca sale gunton mua snys(Lena)er® 6 Seat cle asi wee mo=2 vip eusm2se H1p400 6H ee ep fel em +8 = RI “The wands wan or he msh rent ae bined at f= = By ‘cssiing the cut fom 9 de wawpoine The nd then 2 se ‘Sout and he captor th open ea the ave my, wre ‘Now lt tin thet cures an vl, wih, ental, Bae Ye sue vue st #0 and OF ote se plage tes are mot | 10.524 asap pce. 488 3.Bis imaginary, tha, Leting B= pve have i) = Min B+ Ky 0s) 655) Tn this eas, the respons is sa toe andedamped, is shown bythe amped osiltry eure in Fig 524 anol 57. Inti example we dies he lation of asians tworkeqiane As inte peas nape ely epon yl soe ‘ier th formal mathemati pean bi fe ta cunt ond sola at tas they tony. Ihe min y 33, {ch own fom posion 10 potion 2x8. Ms fawn flr to = 0, the ce had bn Sn steady sate. We maketh aed eumption Battie wih cos lntantancany a #0. Ga task eo fa) an ii ae the with poston changes, The vale of he bate Veand Veare My, Vz) ae he at ete Gene Eoin Roose cri 2 o208 “Te meh eatin for i) dif ate = Oe ro R= Ra ow weey=-naostfiuoavaende 06 Impuer efr te rich it thown a = ote with Pte vl bce naset study gat Comey. a edo) =¥p=y 10) = EE = hamp 5) Wor=0 We ext F004) from Eg S66 = 04 Ym LAO + RHO) — HOH 0 Sutttting ower vale to Eg. $74 fd 1409) = Late From Bg. S48 14 = 0-4, we obtain sy 29) | Wik thse ina vas of (ab (we can uly ate a tal 1p = (08 25 4 3) Hy = (05 405 0 whic ar pled in Fg 526, (326) on eemn Network nasi and syne 56 ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMERS According t Faraday’ lw of induct, x carcent foing acl Ly say induce eure naslov loop cotaing econd ell Ly The Tafcent condone for inducing te ret iF (0) prt of he Bax 9 in $ thecoll most be coupled magnetically : tothe et Zar @) the ox mast Be hanging wih ine Bene Ni ection me wil analyze eiruits containing = Seis’ made sp of 80 5 Magnetically couplet cols Bown as «| Uromformer. To Fig. 527, he scent te tnsformer given The by ie ofthe transfor I aly tered 0 asthe primary collard the Ly site ath secondary al. The aly isintion between primacy and seondary thatthe energy src generally the primary ae “The transformer in Fg, 527 ie decibel mathematically by the ‘ution om where Mi the mural icone soit with te Du inking 0 Ly ad elated Ly ad 1 by the velop Mm KV ow) “The constant K fa a. $78 i ale the oecet of coping. Is ‘bounded by the lnits O:< x] <1. IF [<1 then all ofthe ax in cil isliaked magnetically to Fy In this case the tansfrme i wie pled teasfomer. IEK'= 0, the cls [yah yay be repel a {vo separate col having no eet upon oe another. or cuts with tansfrmers, we must esablsh reference polarities forthe mutually induced voltages Ma, Usual, te reference 8 ‘sien by small dts sated on the inp and out eds of ansormes, ahowa bythe dot on th schematic in Fig 328. Thereeenc dts ae place atthe tine of manufacture azarding tothe proedure outlined Bere. A yolge source v i conneced to the primary Ty side of te leant as shown in Fig. 528. A voltmeter is attached op the seoond- fiy.At the primary ie, the terial tg the dot referee 1 124 Neeworkasyas and synchese cegraing histo equations between # = O— and = OF resus in the determina 2404) = 40D aMG(O4)— 4-H] _ M04) = 0-91 248404) — 400-1 ay evalting hs determinant, we obtain (aby = MOON ~4O-HNYOH) = HOM = (58 Wd > AP, that K'< I then the cures must be eentnowe at Bin order forthe derma i Eq, 542 40 Se equal C0 2%0. Thus HOH =A), KEI ay and HOMO, KEI (a) ame $8. For the tunfomer Satin Fig $29, Ly = 1h, fa = 2h (Rab, Ry = #0, and M~ ih Thy ataion ie ¥ at) Letty bind ‘jae ming ta 10") = 00") = ‘Solon “Theeierential uations fo he circ are won fal 6m G86) A= Keb Kem A= Ke Kee Tata preity arson, ey pon lal enonig to ave a (sa) nf) = (549) 140 = amp. | Network amass 11 hich we connec the jit ead ofthe voltage sours, The do reference 5 placed on she secondary tena at which the voltmeter ndeates ¢ pontine volage nts ofthe primary erent the poe tgs {be secondary dot de to the earrentH Howing to the dot om Ce primary side. Since the postive voltages he secondary dot cones fo the current foving nto that dot we ean think ofthe dot relrenees Jn the along way Tt both curents ar Rowing ito the doe or m3) forthe dot then the sp ofthe stl voltage em Mir poe ‘When on current tows ito a dota the ker ay fom then 9, the sgn of Males negative 1 and Ny re the umber of tara of coils L and Ly then the ie linkage of Ly an Le pen by NO, and NO, espn. I beh ft Row nt be dat the sn of x inkags ofthe rans i YO tikages = NO, + He 6) 1, boneer one af the ements, forearm, ows nt a dt, ad the ‘the fy owe ost of he other dot, then YO linkages = M0, — MO, ea) ‘An important rlegovercing the Behavior of» tanformer Uh the ‘him of fo inkage is oniauou with ine, "The diferent equations forthe trosarmerin Fig 29 ae Vuln £640 + RM MELD oa De YO+ RHO + LO Necwork am: 15 ‘Sige the excation doesnot contain a0 impale (nd since aly — ‘A 0 a5 we shal se ter), we can setae tat (04) and (04 ae Steer. Then ing By. S86 we ean find (04) 400 7404) 6a tos) +1404) 0-704) +2700 Soin, we find (04) = 12 and #404) = 6, With te ina con Stns we ean he Bal solutions of A) and Mf), WO= A= te — te ain Mo = te 4 240) Suppose, nom a = MP thas, A = | then (andi nes go be ontinuous a 10. In Tc, we wll how tht he eae re dco (650) 6s tin att =D fora wniy-coepled raster. Assuming that X= Ty onsier the mesh equation forthe secondary st? = 0 A(O4) = —M (04) ~ 141404) (592) = unensmnen 69» ‘The mesh quation of he pny sde then bosoms Vm ROH) + 1G FO) + A HYOOI = ROH) — 2 Hd04) 94) We ned am atonal equation to sve fo (64) and (04). Thi it roid bythe uation LU O#) ~ OM + MOH) —O-= 995) ich we obtained from By. 52. Sine 1(0-) = 0) yp. $98 and 895 dre to ge Hon. a+ Rl 7 636) 540 OO RL Rh Conse the following example. For the transformer in Fig, 329 the demen als are Lath beth Rasa, a3 Maan Vato126 Network analysis and synthesis Assaming hat the cc ia sendy st Bere the switch los at [Seed pant, The iter ens write on eh i 4 rom 42g sy 42% a SG 69 nrg tig sy ata “The sacar guation p42 2p =o 699) » ra hich yields Up) = Mp 4 26 = 2049 + 8) 69) so that the complementary uretions are hd ke ipo eo 6.100) ‘The parila integrals hat we obtain by inapection are vio how tae Roe (6109 nf~o “The nil conditions ae so =a gs WOO" RE RL 207° 09) M Hos) EM OO" Re me 025 a0 Ky = =1.050 that NO = (078m 4 1259 =e ee tht aprons ini Dr we 0 2 ads 6.109 chapter 6 The Laplace transform 41 THE PHILOSOPHY OF TRANSFOR METHODS tn Chapers 4 and 5, we dsused clas methods for solving die cath egetions "The salutons wee obtained ety in the tne domain Sine, ithe proces of sohing the ites equation, we deal wih ncons of tne at every ne. In tha chapter, we wil we Laplace tresfors to tranform be diferent equation to the requeney domain, ihre the independeat variable complet frequency s. Ie be Sows That eiferctiation and integrations the tine domain are transformed Ino algebraie operations. Ths, the olan ix obtained by singe then operations in the ours dom, “Thee iss slg analogy between tee of tansform mths to solve ferential equate and the vse of logan for arithmetic Spentions Suppose we ate pea two ral unbers gad. Let ind {he prodoet caoxb 6 byymeansof logan, Sine the logit ofa prodet isthe sum ofthe Tari of the nd rms, we have log C = lga x 5 = loa + 1g ce) Cm tog log + log) 63) iit aumbers te use of ogaithns would probably fuctate the ealouatons, beste lgatitins tesform mulpieaton Ingo adaiion, "An analogous proces isthe te of transform methods to solve integro= ferent eqatons Copier he near difretl equation 0 =F 6 ‘Network analysis: | 127, Problems ‘51 We tem ein fr tent on ahd Wot ovttone egos note no enn te wm (P) Sm the, es 43 The vetwor shown has tence lady slate before the oxic § Ree re it et Seek domes ec ny eo ih oe Ss ees fp) She kk ‘deivatives. Determine also the final values for f,() and se) ° he pace erntorm 9 1.6, Popy of artrn matod snore fi the forcing funtion) she unknowe, and we) she Uitercant eution Let ws dnote the tasformtion proses by TC, ‘Shbiee she the flequeny variable. When we tanfom both ses of Ea 64, we have Tool = THO 9 Since requensy dota fentons ae given by capt ets, fe os wrt Ba 6Sar EK), = FO) 69) where AQ) = TO} Mo) = TYCO and YO), 9) an alebrae hus as, Thetweno the tensfomaton procs isha erential isto in near changed nto algebras equations in fequnsy. We Car tn sie Fg, 66 alsa to bisa AG). Ar Bal step, we perform “saa nina tamformation w bain gg | Sees | x= TMH] 6B te efletng the traetn etween the fine and squeny domans, tale of feansfort parr (2, XU) ca be ery apf Adiga outlining the use of transform methods 6 giver In Fig. 6. Figure 62 shows the slallonsip between excitation and Repose in bath the Une and Fegueney domaos Fa. Lina sen 62. THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM “The Laplace rasorm ofa ction of une (i defied 3s woeroefmora 68 oe “ “This ceition ofthe Laplace ecasfozm is diflent fom the defistion ‘Bea in most ane texts! In that the lower Limit of intepraion 3 LAE eset rs 2 nie ta geet th136 Network analysis and synthesis #=0- stead of = 0%. We thus tke into account the posity ‘that /() my beam pale or oe oft higher drat, that (AG = CfortheO denon whereas fr theO~ eation, C30) = 1 Inthe ase whe impure higher deat of impulses are ivaed, ius shown in Chaper 4 that 0) = f(04), Therefor all of he arong result resting fom a rgotowe testment of Lapice tant fn baie ying = 0 a Tver nao apy re = cation order er fintinn poses a Laplace transform, tims obey the conition [luorenace « for are postive. Note that, fora function to have a Fourie eaes- form eat obey the ono [uve en Aron heros haan tein nie eka are te ace tn agora ce gee ec San, aera oa ees ewe tea rah ele erie d mal fea cers ca Sea ct sek Bap pe ene ae Scones agree a Seneca re 10035 [oro ae any where oi el pov qty thts genter han the o convergence Factor in Eq 610) Note tt the gsr tenor, ar defined vais Wily, ape Poy, tn Unter Pe, Poton 1 "ne oar S tpn Po tans he es bm omen t pend Foe ant csi Ips are ee et Ged ne Cade Une Pa Now 18 Newwork naar and syehesis “rn Laplace taf 0) thu of te tensors of he inva os aan een tea stereo See NET, ae [iE] -10-105 ey wh 00) tbe of) 2 "rss wor feroe on saci vee roeerol terete 4an Since e+ Oust» 0, nd suse te itera on the right-hand side is FO FO egy mete) —f0-) fon rf he 1 Ds din ff) m4 0m, We a Teen vite ne doin een mihng SES chepl equ dma In adn he il condos Bien ufc yee foto. the pop at Mise erase tera algaots Seton Soma ual) nota ot seen = {Lf an el] ay By the ifeestion property we ave bien] pea 20 , ‘The Laplace transform 137 complex integration known as contour iteration’ Sine it is Beyond theintznded scope ofthis book to cover coatour iran, we i es {ur aston expansion peoalure to obtain the inverse araforn To Sind ive rasorms by veoopition sve st remeber certain base teansform pis and also st fale of Laplace rneformt. Two ofthe ‘most basi tenfom pate are ceo here. Cone fet he tesorm ofa wnt ep function a). Brample6t fi) = a Fe) = [aoenar a» ent ad the anton oa epi ton fi, Example fi) ea ow ry = [Peete ‘Win hse tn trem i wih he fe pope of apace ann thw din na 63 wean dope ae ‘tear pce. 62, PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS In this section we wil ica & number of important properior of Laplace eastorme Using thse Properies we wil bul up table of teansfouns To facta this tsk ech proper i ilytted By cone ‘dering the teanonne of important signal weveforme Fis ino the ery pope. Linearity “The transform ofa ite sm of tie funtion thes of the tant form of the indigo fanctions, tate «{e09] Sev a ‘happy very th tite ape Panees nutes Lnnaasurytn aay ches f0 = feet wens G6 3! a id cman, 8, Golan, romeo Cla on Eber ‘ata, Ps Ha pon Cy a ey, Chape The apace eanoom 9 ota Keon ate 2) S(st3) 1 is exp, ot that a of) = 0. same 6h /)~ 4’). Lew fo (wih i anon fhe ‘outings We knot wor} x9 she cwsn=f)>1 em sn), eal grin TEELs(o] = A, then te Laplace taaform of the integral off) 1) divided ty tat, (62%) Proof By detton, {froe]-fe[Lroa em ating yp in lioa]=-Cfroal + Lesom wo Sine +035 ron, and since [oa -0 «en {fLv4] = ay we then have ample 6S, Let he taser of hei amp tie) = 0) [yom ws weet i we ‘ean! 9 se sn =, ws149 Neowork analysand synths Dilferntiation by = Ditleciation by 7 inthe wommplexfegueney domalacorespont a mips 93 nthe Soman, at 0 ss Pe denn i en wee 2D f° gy Leta = —[" ertgemtae = CHO) 637 no gydena~ [soon 470) sete ape ane tatn 635) ron (9 Ye find 4" iy he pesdng theorem in a wei Sf) vad ‘Sina, neca how ta on are agtign ow) te ia pth Comps tatton By oe See non pope. = fen nent fh way where aia compler autor Proof. By dlaiion, nei [l esate Lemna to=0 6) am ob fe) nae se Ss seenezto « pte pong torn i Coined eer ws sss eeson 255 (645) ete a tes 1a Noor exe th ly efj-no «eo Me SHUNT amas 420M 289 ruterautn sitet np 4 Fam hang re utter oth tanoroed fonetan dem erespn HE Seino, synthe 64 Tanga pie ne AS pases minnie 65 Ge cupt anal ones Hemi 10) = Ke K MET) + “re Lape ns ipl an eft) = hy ROH SRM nen) G50 beens ndiog ins pes e atns = te st Then ntact he stot he pa tin ss yore ne Bee eas oe “re warm a Ba, 658 cae the trance off). Tis oor is Tiny ed Icon with samplity cose mu. PERIODIC WAVEFORMS “The Lapice ransom ofa pic waveform ca te obiainedin two sway (@}tboughsusatin ofa fits series a6 stated in Exanple (8h and (6 ehough be eran deve teow yore ft soena [oe So “ afore “The Lace tamer 4 Rea) translation siting theorem) Here re comsidrthe sory portant concept of the transform of & aed on tayed feign of ins, IF LUO). = Fe, the the talon ofthe faction delayed by ime a Uy oat — a era 4) Proof. By éfniton, sy aura = [ese ad Ietroduing 2 new ducmy variable r= 4 ete sonnel minim e(iirancny (5 Ing, 648 /) 6) i he sited or day toe nein texto th shee proved Teis important to recognize that the term <9 time dy pert. awe are gien the fincton €*" GG) and merged to fad Heo = 80 sve ca nar for dhe moment, he net tanta EMG = 0, ad hen take ito account the te dy by etlag gh ate a) = BM) oo) example ta iene gure ple) fn Fi 63, ht etd te frm Fi st tanh ene form hea 0h, Ho = eH “so Sloe ‘The sg pl gta opto 0-H ~a =) os» Ie apa nom en w monkey | Syuarog Ro, we obtain Poko sem) 659 ood te ima tata of FU), we TE ~ ed only 0 coming he ee antany GAY, Sg pe “Te Laplice eraser 12 Sie (5 pv Eq 67 etucs to seye[fnoera veal wien wfneree Lovers sample 686. Gen se gcd putin in ig 66 us we Eg 010 Stunt Lapin wars * & [ore wan 0) map th cng we st Lp fn FET are ait fc pa ae Sons Waihi 4h Todt ‘ Fae 37) malt =r an +--. HD tetaphrentomt royal anew get ection gens an me ce en 680 weap}Ak Necmork aad yates ih sei oer pve > 69 ronto ‘We then se that ct gen in else fore ro ALES (wo) ner pri pe is a cm gen ose fre, The eer Siete ie fies ee ih the end the chair ite of Lance tas i an oe tee ml eet 2 eet a poral herp ose propria, eee MA) Sea eee he le con be one BY wg sore Pi For cumple ts Bd he ve teasform oF 9 666) Sine te in he numerator impli ferentiation inthe time dams, we oa oo, FOE ea Using the aeration property, me obtsin eR = $s 6s) wenger bese uses ov saniace rasronms Sean catenin wa inte eration of dnt a as nee Lr wecepacee by teint Me Become the place teste ‘tin Sh, which s) 5 tions = 5 6) 46 Neco ans and aya Slur Weft poe yang te Lape sor the ret sito, wich hen comer xg) —220-) — 209] 31ND —AO—H] HAD FAG EAD) Substtng he ii onion it E681 and sniping, we have @esemaw eh tet? om ‘ethan obs 2) exit at Ayes 20 GT HTD 3 ‘ein he iver aa} = CALNE ep Xo pra 10 +A A aH Sovng or Ky Ki and Hagel, in Kyed hoot head “he fal sith he or nso of #006 Ayn ie met atew as) In nero sepa th Laplace ator mead tote ase tho of string iirc genton cae feed othe eae Cae 6 Ey Be rth bere gunn 62 sled es. ample 610, Given eet of sittaneas enti esaons Det deep 3+ 0 = 5) 24a +V(0 4300 = 5H with tial conatins x0) = =) = eu fd 0) an “ein Teulon santa, We ben 7 0) We 4 HED 46+ = ws) GENRE + ITI AS Sving for 2G) and 0) snes, weve ayy 084-3 oa yy =a Se ‘The Laphce transform 45 Replacing by 2, we have sos sae k om rap nor came alin Jeeta on) Fi eae it ein ton; ae raafieera om) om th hf ami we at 2 sen ox 53 acd the transform of coe jo=[L vena 9 TO » wees 16 Later we ile hat the pari acon expansion of Lf) i Eg, 676 ‘onto thee em forte muses! Gr? 2 wpe By sy) 02592805 m) at oe 6” “abing theives transform of Fy K77, we cle A= 0281 eH Ate — 2A ae) (6) Now observe that dh dete inter in Eq, 673 i oul wo 2/0) at Peleus 12/6 280" 405 =010 7) ‘Solution of iategrodiferetial equations Seton 3 we ms ht the el dierent al eration properties of the Kapa rama change diferent equation i ie {o tlre equations i fequeny. Lets conier some exapleg hing Laplace tattors in olin illeental guations ami 69. Let save te ate gnton PU) 43e(0 + 29 Ae x) Gre en enatone (0) = 1, (0) = = ‘The Lapes anor? iosacor ot Moret, 3G) nt AES amd os# 30) 48 20° aT wo) ‘xpuding (a pei ration, we have Pte aes x0) «s) Mulipying bot side oF. 690 by xand tag = 0, wet Kin AX00h ‘and Kya tn one fm he tn :-Pyess on sr tute sinliaon ocr cmetng te of he eooor of Xa fysenece Srus Os es om ‘Asa rest of 5692, we an ree 0) 2 suey se a=} on aE 50 that the inverse transfocen is eer M)=Q~teteona—tartsnaga 690 sor tine, we oan YO 8 ‘ ne 49 +32) > HE wos “Te over afr i tno tobe AO w(t Meteo 3h 29 99) ‘Thirexapi isha solved by casi method in Chapter Eg 4183 ‘We note one sharp pout of contrat. Wile we had fo fad thesia condition at = O¥ sn ode ose th diesel equation dey inthe tie doin, the Laplace ansform method sorts dec With the nti conditions a= 0 Is a6éton, ve obtain both the compe ‘esa funtion ad the paral intepal aa single operation when 6 {se Laplace traafosme, These ate the eons why he Laplace ana ‘asthod isso effete inthe sition of aiferetalegetioae142 Necwork sass and synthesis 65 PARTIALFRACTION EXPANSIONS _As weave san the ce with wiih me we transfor methods depends ‘pon Bow uly me ar bl to obtain th parration expansion of {hen anor oncom. Ta this seton we il eaborate oo some simple End efleive methagr for parti action expansions, and we ics ‘pocadues fr (eh simple roots (2) comples cout 00%, and (9 tiple oot Te shold e rece that fhe degree of the numerator i eter ot sto the degen of te denominator, Se ao dis ie musa ‘he desomseator such tht the remainder can be expanded more esl Into pri actions, Corder the following example aN 24343542 FO I) Fae Since the dese of Msi greater than the degree of YM we side DC) Into HG) to pve on, FOertiag i 699) Hove we see the semwindr tet ca Be ely expanded ino part feocions. "However, there is no real ated at tht olntbecae the erominator +25 + 2 ean be Ween 38 Ferd 2aG dD! 69) We can ito wite 38 Fest GADad (6.100) esis so that the inverse tanform ca be obtained ety rom the teaaform table, eal, SRN =) +H + CGN ~ cos) From tis example, we se thai and a Koga ofthe tran form tble can often save conserabe Work. Comider some rhe examples ie which inston pays «dominant role. ‘Example 611, Find the pata facto expansion of (610 20 BEAD om 150 Newark an and yt ig 611 ft Kastan fim - oa cares fam3 Fe | complex raots Egonon 6111 i aio applicable toa function with comple r0t in i deneinatn. Suppo FU) even by ___ sy a oes Ceres) eB MO ay Secticesat og OM were yD, th rominder rm, Ching Eg 66 we fave k= Meco ver Guts, n= —Menid 3H06- where we atone that # = a fare ot 208 of Dy, "cn be ston ta fe constants & aed mse wih conoente ots ate temisiesconjeate ‘Therefore i we denote Ky a8 Keene jhe Ke 6319 ary then Ky 1 we deste the inverse tanstorm of he complex compa ems as Fi), eset ae} esr none at weunet Rre9) = 204A cout ~ Bsn) (18) | ‘The Lape transform 4 Uwe see th) can ho Be site as eneraey Cro em then ep aon xp iy rowel 0 ual, Fad he prntn xpion of (105 ‘Wess that Fea be rote (ya Et D43_ 1 43 (6. rw OFF "G4a oe fe8) eat roots [Now le seuss some foal method or pata ration expansions Fis we examine a meted for sine real tots Conse he Tuncton my eee he us tn iting root nd hedge of) <3. Expanding Fls) we bave * Ns 9) ra= (6.30 Keg By era iay ‘et. st obtain the const Ky, We posed by mulilyng bth sider te equation by =) 0 pre " (6108) o—sarin = 4 Ea" 6109) we ets = on Ep, 6.108, we obtain K=O - Fly Gu ‘Silay, we seta the other coatete ca be erated thug che several relation KAP, eum sample 618. Let sd he ptt exsio for Fon gS tea? he Kay eva FEST The apace tanorm 151 ‘A mote convenient way to expres the vere transform (i itton ‘ace the vale and dened by he eguatony Main = 24 Mood = ~28 om whee A and Bae the al a inagionty part of Kin By. 6.116. ta {ers oF AY a hier me Li) = Metin) (6120) “To obtain and from Ky, we woe that Me = Af cor® + /Msin® = —28 424= 3K, (6120) ‘When raed to the orignal funtion Fs), we se fom Ea 6115 that Na+ jo) PDXa + iB) worn se Ltt ena a 0 FEED om ree ano Fe techie ents hss mere EE) es tang caren 1 2 e-tsin fx ined era a am Multiple roots [Next i us consider the cate Se which the patil faction isles ‘peated or multiple root. "We wil examine two methods THE ist rules diferenition; the eeond does 0,152 Network ana and sth yeeb08 8 Suppose we ae gen he unton Ny _ c a oes sith ati coos of ec at «= The pat actin expansion ores Fas A= 4h TIS Do (on) where Ni(DIDIO epesets he remaining terms ofthe expansion, ‘The problemisty blah, o = Hy. Forth term, wee the method "te eal or sinple oak tats Kym AD, 9) ower it we ret ose the ame formula obs he Bans Key e woud inva ave a he ingeterinate OO con ition, ‘Tosiead, let us multiply both sides of Eg. 6.129 by — 3° and ssn FOO =a AD an) “Thos B= + ls VE ME TE RAYE a 19) ‘whore inate te emsting tems, ee irene Hy. 6152 67 Boweobale ERO =m 2K 9b Kee DE, easy wiserientn se Lo (3) Onvtesinetast yd ces) sotin ga , m1 (8 154 err am ons ‘Theol tin Feo Fg) tion (e+ p= Rts) _ Koy Ke Keay — Ka Fat = MEE By Ba ng Keay Be (cae) Seba spn 617 on ee ea ea teat We have tos found the patton expaiin forthe mae rost terms. “he rmaning tems KyL0,) sl st be expanded into partial fractions Consider Example 616, em 6 20 HTD on ‘sg hereto jot es Fd io =P 4 ws) Sting 14 western Fae 2y sn “Ta xpalon of lp = 1 into a ea gen in Eg S146 egies ving the surat 2 byte deaninntar 1p tk th xe an Seam nor ranged needing power fp. The dion bere ae Tsp a ‘ Bae oF ses eee ron st SNe Saks eet am entero rp BED 3 “5 wm ee “The Lape ranserm 153, ample 15. Comer he eon Tonge en ‘pei gt a a ae ‘econ re spe tae Oe fetoa 2 ous Testa aecmn rei as Bo =o+ yy 2 6100 ‘inh gre em he miro exon nh S(E)] uy fd) es werd “CAL, «a em sc aretpesy 2 uty tee tenn Ra a een och tae nal tet ea ‘Then we can write Fils) as “ Fp +4) - ME+9) 45) a Das y rey win M0 ip oh ea tn ‘ascending powers of p, we obtain ” ROD KoA Rat Ke book Beye 15 Jeb ene Peo Lond 0, Cont of he Po Innate ty shonin ts ene ne The Liphce tansonm ss Suiting +1 =p, webave 2a ae “OWT Te GED Tas MY rample 617. Asa sco temples he en ron Gis ‘Sc wehav two so mater hts = 8, ands ~ —1) we an stole of expunge stats =O crs “I, Let uasharnly chee ‘oundatonts = smaep ~ chce nee cbanecomateny state Fioisiton Spee SO gap Tae 359 spanding Fw aban Gam Flos (1s Wen now repeat hi proses ote tem oem Feu wee ht the em can be wien 8 ee WeDo GaP GET (oo “heal ngewe hen (61%) 66 PoLes AND ztnos Jn this econ we i ihe ey inpleatins af « peor essipion of «pen rato fasion wih ral catcsns ey We ete pls of (0) to beter ote deanna of Ay Tee ‘ecu of FU) ate ee the os te manera Tse gle poe a polis denoted by small cong andnaio yuna ce, Te, Joo the onion wonttne roy aL 1 =) 1 ° anes Be om Uhepols west rant Yoily top fap136 Network am and yt aie asa te? i nthe ros ate a sso sandy paieit eco of Fe) a shown in Fig 62. a 1 ican grams comespondingto stands Ma sep futon ts gen 1 the compen ‘te poles and Now et ws oni spats For seme 1 fequeny domain as : ima. =t 618 and as apo atthe origin, 88 shown in Fig. Ga, The exponet Tbbat ot koe op > 0, sa tensor ony (6368) rs wich ar singe pe vindicated in Fig, 685. The cosine Fntion con wos ansorm (6169) J pls t= fe sano the gn an prof aut pol at =e tos 4 nS OE. gu ea sows te ple SE sop cou wae whos amr ool gos oy) 6185) Heme Ge ah ot 158 Network asa and sates pe 9 418 aeons ar nos Sponge od “ena the distance fom th on onthe jo ans repent fegueney ‘eelacon the geste the Sune, the ihe he eqieny ig eos an coe ie epee nt ry cevponaing tote ole pts yh) and (4) shawn 1 Fi Wee tnt bath pars of poles cnesponds to damped sso, Sia dap unasoi (hha sale eguscy of selition than (0) ‘etna he ginny ut of shan theory 9 Alb Jao deny mare ply than fi) erase Res, > Res. The tone ‘sponses (0 a0 fd we howe Fi 2. 1.612. ine goss rosa Fig 63 rom these four poleser eigen, we mot thatthe poles core sponding to deeying exponent waver areca the asus ap have zero iRagimy.pars: ‘he poles and reros corresponding Yo undunped Snsois fen th jo ai and ave 2eo Fea! prs, Consent, the ols and actos for sampod snwoile mist have real and imaginary fate shat ze both nomzeo. "Now ets conser twocrpovental waves) = e~and f= neve > 3 Oy s0 tht fl) daa ase tan), sown Pig. 5nhe traafrme of thet Faction ate a uy as depicted by the potato digeam in Fig. 69. Note thatthe farther thepeteeom te origin on the ~ aus, the more rapid the exponen toy, Now consider fo ine Waves, sin oy and sit, WHEE > wera. Mercoresponding per ace shown in Fp 10. We note hee wo vu 0 = w “ | FO. Pay. iy 1669, eof eet spon eget day. ‘Te Laplice erator 159 1061. Et gh plane pt upon in ase Lat us examine more lly the est ofthe positon of he poe in tte compler fequensy plane upon tonene eponse. We denote = olen aa complen number py = + fox Fora gien funtion FO) ‘nth Gy sorder ples, consider the ptirstion expansion Boge Been Teen it o Tieton Ret en yet ng, wesc tat i he rea pat of poles positve that > 0 hes ‘the conrespondiag term i the patia-action expansion Keto isan exponent inctessng smsol, as shown in Fig 6 134, We tus See that pols inthe right al of the plane (Fig. 130) ive rie 10 fxponctallyInreasng tas respons, A stm urn hat hi poles ie the fahthalf plate [therfore uasale.Anber unstable anon ae a feo the ah Fy Re 6189) FO, (618) may whos pote zero diagram sshown in Fig 64, Theives anion of Fis joe 1m) | |60 Newark ana and synthe he sont 06.4. te of xe rt on as op ee pm ~ hich owning ath, 1 prc hat alee eon 4) Snort nave mule pes one janis a ee Stem acon MG) = MDE). 36 we fOr _nertgr and denominator polyporin, me obit aon fs = 2a) 6m) spam at tyes ance apse niger aa my ben ee er terial nn Ponte ite, eS ace psn Of for multi ‘es, We obtain information concerning its transient Gene Wee om ah aa eaten a We cre “ee Stim etn on FN “een Spt ie a HG) = en «amy = ED an Ho)= and the excaton 162 Neowork aay and synthesis oure, tru, We therefore consade that the system fanetion of Strcasntor must have 8 240 ae oi hat a8 Itgetor mes fave a pole tthe oni. 47 EVALUATION OF RESIDUES ‘oles and aeons 0 power graphical description ofthe behavior oft syuem We hae se thatthe pols ae te comple yuan of ‘le seauatod tine responey, What role do te zs play? To answet this question, consider te pra action expansion a (6178 tie sntore we shat assume tht FU) bas oa spl poles and no pois at “The inverse ransom co so~ Exe! om ‘isla that he ine ep (0 ny depends onthe cop Hina ituen conan mula The coma & trsfdreiuernen nye voce wa tore pol. We ‘Moe ta the eens wl te pls pny ab import pr 2 Be ‘ermine te eto Ky ‘te ws Sued + amber of int mods for ota cacy prac exponuon Now we come» raph ‘Sedo heey he sees ae obtamed recy fom « Plewo Ging Spore we se Even pga tecscae= ay = pyle = P= Ped “ whore m > wad alte ple resin Laws ena at Ky Ky Tati tian Fe or (ur task eto determine the ends Ky We know ta 2 Al = =) = Bape BWR Pad OD (6180) ‘The Lape ranform 16 “Then he expt ein ble ~ 291s —2) ry ac! Go ANG Bk PD 1a rt RG) conn the ples anders Both HG) and, (cep in th cate wry pleao celaon ey dsc icettie esa don me wy 204 G7 whose pole eo diagram esbowa a Fig 6.156. IU realy ses rm the polener diagrams ofthe ection Spa i Fg. le tat be ep {pans of the tem ha he polevo diagram ate in Fig 158 ‘Tae respometo an ecation gaa 3 ge 2 ha the pleero preset tion Fig. Se, To sei completly he gen nein Fo) o8 ple eo ply me indewte the conrant mlipher of the mumertor om the mot vs examin te igeicance of ple or 20 at the on. We ‘ow hat dividing m given function J) bys comrespond to ngrating the ive ransorm A) EHC). Siocethe divin by scoresponde tor pole atthe ogi, we see tha ¢ pole a the vg imple a es tealtion inthe time domain Beene the invenetransorm of HU) in Fig ise isthe impale response, plage # poe atthe org a ‘ee he tp capo te sen ie atc we Seduce at Zero athe erin eoresponds to ¢difereatauon inthe tine domain. Suppose we conse he polezero dipram io Fp, 615e bth the seo athe igi moved then the eng pezro pli fhe response ofthe system fo an eaciaton Fyain 2. Plsing the 2 at ‘the rg moat then ge he espose fo an exon cor 2, WHEY of Ho) = LS" ens P1668 (Sytem uncon, ) Respro at ep cine, (Repos ‘sn = Se Be free The Lape wanton 16 When we iaerpret the Eg. 6180 from enmpler pipe viewpoint We see hat each one gftesg a) pea vec ewe fom a 20 to the pole ia qUEson. Py Simitly the terms (B.— py, where 7 reprseat vectors om the other poles tthe pole. In otber wordy these of ay pate pean tothe ati of he product of fhe setae for the se08 to py tate pode tet oF the vcr from the oer poles top, “Te alate thie, eu consider the le zo plotof Ales = 2) ro= 2 vs ene me «easy ‘ven in Fig. 616. The parison expansion of Fie r= Be +3 (189 = oe verte aster denotes cones cong Let a he esis Ky sat ens he el mcd debe Ft ne raat 3 Sraing vetrs rom te ples ane 1a at show io Fig. 122 The resdee Kise * * 2488 = Ae? 18 where symbols in Bldfice represen econ, We know that theese ‘ofthe cnjuate ole pissy te conjugate of Kn, 4.282. New, 16.617. Denning ee by at wtek eran ada st we yr fm te co | wrt ns een Bie a r oe With the we ofa rae and potatos, ses determine the eng and the apis of Tensor hthereidir embed ‘RS quity andes. Cone the {Bwing xan. The polezere pot of a . 1G, 6.18. Yoleseo aga of é T+) mo “ (6189 fa showa in Fig 612, Tho para faton expansion of FD # ee ee ee yyica aren ae Fit ets evaluate Ky The pases rom the pls ad zero to he pol BEL ye shown in Pig 6184, Wesee that Kis Aes 10 4, Bunton rn of 6s Nework aly and sates ak —t fo rao tn in na in ety Sic (x continuous at = 0, we Snow om pest (0) tat lim sF) = f0-) =f) she Laplace ansform ofboth ie of Eq, 6193, we have $F) =f) = 5F0) = f(O~) + D 6199 which simplibe to FU ™ RG) + D (6.96) Now ie take teint ofa, 6196384 coand ef) ~ JO) = 199 “Ting DWE ig yA elim sO +IOH—JO-) (697 By Fa, 614, we then obtain ios FD (6198) 618, Gian the ection msn, fon regusting (9), Sne th ders oft decor irene han te Se Sees i or Fy the sa ae tor ape. Thos (ean 7 200 snes tat (04) =2. ample 639. Now et onsler case whe th ina vale trem dss sotapey, Gen the function "fo = 401436 am ese tat (04) =3, The easier of f10 8 rong (20 ‘The Laplace transform 165 From Fig. 6196 we the ale of te reside Kyo Be a “Tests the prin acon expansion of Fs 3 2 o-— ww Oitmaa Tn ths section we will discus to very wsefuldeorems of Laplace transforma, The fet the iif! raue Chote. trates the iit alae of at FO tothe hung vale of) as + appronches Init, tae, Lin = hn 0 (6188) “The only restrition that f() must be continous © consi, a mes sep dortinuty a= 0 In terme ofthe taser AO) = YU) ths sexton imps tat Fast Be a prope faton, Ly te Be ‘tte denominator pelyamil of Fa) must be grente han the deaee of ttemumerator of), Now onside the proof ofthe ints value there, Sich give ia to pa (6) The faction f(s comlauous at ¢ oom the elatonstp thats f00—) = FO. wyore[rorta as) =109 61) wecbiin —gttFore time AED=s0J—O——_ (619 Therefore fis = JO) =f) win, (6 Teissonf() arate isotny a= 0, Hat week {0 en of ecotourism ep sotily Do Li ntveln ig eam, Weenie nieyiat " FO 50+ DMO 619) (04) =f). The seriative off) it SOFA) + DH) 199 ‘The Laplceerandorm 167 ee ter ntni(ies tyes) cain Ne oni te re wh it a 10=gr0 2 rovied the poles ofthe denominator of FL) baveneaive or te ts, te ps of FG) mus ot be inthe FE alo he compen eueng plane, Thepootiegute singe. Fiat [rortuneno=00-9 6x9 anpbetmbes ane t nee “peemat a(gretmrsms cin, 12 THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREMS ta toa btn fof emi 3 sit ana nap en Sen oe ogee ‘Glcmen in pstne of tnd, gewaly ot pce to TseTtngidltdinah erate quartic mien ym ctf ina acne conn cme 9 eo SE imponuattoorens on equivalent cuits, knows as Then P si ete en | ea Naor ana andres sours soe; , we shor cin source Has shown in Fi. Son yi gale sore eae ye Let 4) te ‘ent eu he vg soars) sone wih het ofthe vase SSE Row aut and suns sures open sce (7.14. “Wah ew eagenta8@. Yhap Cores removed in Fg 2288 wo thatthe ptwork Is paste so that eave is) related tothe source M1) by the x ‘istion p= aw mae 19=- 29, » ier Zu) te np inpdte of te cl de eri of he TEST Aeitov ene tinea 8 10) = tt) — 22 20 1 =) - 2 ac, 7.20 mut be sisi all es, coosidrhe pri ase Sees Sapna he rach aiung 2) Then 10) = Dad 70) Epa vtage Po) From by 120 oe hve | doy = YD can Wt 7) “Transform methods in network analysis 181 ‘Thévenins theorem rom the tundpoato determining the oitet J) hough a ment of impedance 2), shown ia Fig, the ro the network ean be replace by en equivalent ingedance 20) In sres wih 25 eualent ‘ouge source (ae cepicted in Fig. 7.12. The equivalent inpeance 2s the npedance “Tooking ita” from the eral of 7) when fit otage Source nN are short cited anda errent source re open devia Te ean voltage Source Fi the voage Which pps tween te terminal I and Pia Fig lene the lames 2) removed or open steed, "The en requcament for Thevein't ‘theorem sha th slements thst nt be magetly coupled aay ements “The poof follows, The networkin Fig. 7.1 contin voage a carsent sources We ate to find the eseat 4 rough an element thal {erat maprtealy opie tothe rex of the cri, ad whose impedance {&.Z(0).Aesoring to the compensation theorems we ean rela 20) bya vlage souroe 1), as shown in ig 7.13. Thon by We supeposson ‘nil, we cn the ofthe current Mas the sm of wa se 1) = 1) + 4) Let the eurzen 4) eth errent ae t the mYoage adm arent lew 0.712 Tbe gues, Tei Hig oi pt hs, 2a on Wi a Ss, Nora 1968 Trantorm methods in ncwork ans 1 so tat we can sete Bg, 720 8 Zul)K8) ~ Vode) = — M0) (12 In order to obtain the eutent 1) through 29) 1 rt ofthe network can be replaced by an equialentsoutce P(t) = Vac) i tee, ‘ith an equal nipodance 20) = Zyl a8 bahar Fig 712 ample 7A Lato detrine by Thoin there ue) Aoeg ough abe caso othe mewore shown in Fig 7.15" Ft, htt Mas ue) 26) by oping al cunt sures ang shor ela al wage sures ‘Ten wees theaetwer oF 316, re Zi) Rs a8) Net we Sd 1) by rami he capacor 2 hl the open otge ‘wes the termina Hand 28 Fy shows ia ig 7 We realy166 Necwork aap ond eytheste van dae 0)" 20 by Thre here me the ae Yi, pas 10 = 755 Ps ean oh Baap 74 For the ptm in Fl, et as dine he vag 20) este stor by Thonn theorem. The se ows a 6 800 we Some tha al Soni are er at? = ist us een he oe em of ts teesfore repeat, sus gen fo i 208. Me ea lore eine by impetion a the "Thiessen sige soso eon tothe ot Nn Fi 79 MIAO, vy = 02 89 Cat Tae 16 Nework sea snd ephoee capiior, a showa in Fig. 122. From Fig, 122109 it 1) an ‘The admittance 13) ihe recproat ofthe Thévenin iaxpdance, oF ye cra On TER oo “Then the voltage sero the capacitor ean be glen at 9 19k oan Y= - 2 Fils Tad” Gat ayeFI ample 746 Ie network in Fig 72, hei lows att 0, I goen tiara) 04¢ adalat crots nd voor ret. Le ag the rest i) one's eo "The feed tres pr a Fg 7.24. To 6d te Novon eet current anu, shore ers pits | apd 2 In the etwor show The iG) caret Mowing in thot cha oe WO REL TEMES EFHCF TH — OP “To equa ada thecal viewed fom pit and 2 1 Ate HRC Ost tse 10 Wf na + gh = RE tee og 7 17 fie rar 1 1 | | Dae 7 — Tintern mete wk wash | Teasform methods a nerwore sale 185 iy eR ‘eau Peeters YO) RTRs + Wise FETE Wf = E91 ay on) Norton's eisoren ‘Wher rogue tothe volage rot an elemeet whose ade tances (0) te fof the network can be represent as am eure, dmitance ¥) i paral with an oguvalesteuvent turer 10} 28 Shown in Fig. 720. The aditance 740) the eiprocl ofthe Then Aengodance The cutee 1) that erent wtih Nowe hough a shor cieut astos¥(). From Fig, 725, nos ay T+ Ko “The clement whose admitance is ¥, msl ot be maynaticlly coupe to ny let inthe rest ofthe network “Consider the ner in Fig. 721- Let yx Sl the vostgegcross the capictor by Norton's theorem, Fist, the short-circuit cute ure 1) found Wy placing a shot crcl across the emia Vand 2 0f the gastos 1) = aves a lis Ho ~ aries os» “eID eam By inpeton, we that 0) amb we a tgp ELDRED toy Mo CEH TO “TTR UT HTS O Repeating nl pret, we then ota OG aas tase aay “Tobig te ose an of 140), we ily bin hy) ee Ft 0 oan 73, THE SYSTEM FUNCTION As we discussed eit hoe tn 36 one i whic the entation in red tthe vespons by alia ferential equation, When {he Laplace transforms sed in serbia te sytem th relation been the ereation Fy) and thn response RC) sa algebra one. Inpatclr, when we discos ill inert stems, he exetaton and eeponse ae ‘elated by these funtion) a given thereon 5 Re) = BOE ea) We wi cas how «sytem faction i blaine fra given network, 4nd by ths feton enn be ued in tring he ester esponse “Astentoned in Chapter, these ution may asume may forms sand amy ave ses ames sch 9 eng pote aoe, ranger en188 Network analysis and synichesis Inpedance,ealtage ox cureatio trae futon This because te from of they fancion sepedsa9 hr ie exhatinn otage (or vsteat source, snd waster the response a pecfed eurent OF ‘ottape Wen cas some ses fore of ran Fon. ty ‘When the cation i urn sour and the respons is «Volpe, then the sytem funtion isa impedance.” When both exiton 8h reeponte are measured between these prof termi we have faving poim inpedare Aa expe of ieg pote podaace ie (gies fF. 728, where oy =H ny Ee 6 HOT Lee oe Admittance ‘When the extton i a voltage source andthe response i arent, ‘Hi) isan admitance Io Fg. 126 the transfer sentence 1, tines nee network Vo) REET, Voleage-ratio transfor function ‘When te exstatjon voltage source andthe respon aso vot, then HG) a volagetio trate fp, Tn Fig, 727, the voltage rio wane faction Ve") s Obtained arses. Wels! Bod the 1) = ay 199 Network aaj and sates be “From ie prceding examples, we ave see thatthe syste ation a ‘neon ofthe elements ofthe network lone, aad obtains fromthe awork bya snehforvardspplation of Kitshol laws. Now let us ‘obtain the respon transom RG), ve ths eneation tn ke stn Aeon” Crier eto 729, ne te eatin rent eure 0) and the rrp ihe sellage 0) We auth Thenetwor italy ner when he leh cone t= O. Let Bd the response Pfr the excitations: 1 dO) = Gino) a 2. 4g) he equate pi in Fig. 7.30, 3. eas the wrong 73 int, We oblate stem function a aoa Saar e aE MGR IEG OP 1. (0 = (ino). The transform of) s 0) Wom xt ass eet OAM 05) HW “Tranform methods in meowork anys 169 45 sce Y49)= 240K 046 es Mo cs FO” Zo+ 2 Currentati transfer fnetan When the estonia eet souse andthe respoesei nother stint an te wes caren tamer tn, ‘ASancxample using te ath forthe evo pena ig 138 een fo he dpc network wen tat nn M49 ON OL Uae) C816 liminating the vvable J, we Bd RAs perere om 0 tat he currents ras nso i) sc sn 160)” RP ac te fo 40 sata 4 a ‘Transform methods in network assis 191 2. For the uate pulse in Fig. 730 6) ca be writen Me = Mo) ade 0) ss) orko-es 035 ie tensor ‘The response Msi therfore piven as ECO FTE [Note tat a obtang the inven vansform EHV), the ator = must be reared a aly a dla Iator inthe tne Som Suppute We Sore Mp 0g 2 v= Hao) a8) co) osm wore [29] om t= 100-9 oa me ato. 72 serpent ep 1 The waveform ia Fig. 7.31 en be repestted at L090 9 — om nda anornis 02 (te oa a then vj {44 Jer rene o- (Seeder 1 ne deaote bye te response ofthe syst co 8 tmp excation, we seat SEH = 00 + Aah Lex auc a) CTH wheres isthe map espone ia, 7.192 Network aalis and synthesis et row at sone arteries gon te se ay Sa pation ean = nye Bh Be oy her pet ule of Gh ep plo 0) aig SOT eS r= BAe +30 85) The tons Aare associated with the stem HG) and ace ale ree ecspose tera, The terms Bo ae tothe extn 30d a know ‘Se fovead response tenn The ragnencesarethe natural fequerce of| The apie ards at the oe rogue. Tis scen fom our discussion Uripmem sable Chepuer hat te natal requtnces of & passive econ hae eal pts mhith are aeo or megative. In other wor, We Alenote a8 = fy then 6, 8 example 27, Forth isha er seta Fig, 7.3, ee eatin Woe boone). Lato fd Be rayon efi) and determi the ee aod ‘ed vespoma prt ofl) Te sem stone ae, "ao 2 os Ree ce H40 vane) cas) me respnse 26 = VOM = TD ow We nxt obtain tee reform fo) 04 4040081 402850 as 194 Notwork aaa and sates Hf we asume tet WRC (then any nee these conto the inverse transform L soar om so that the 3-€ svt i ip, 7896 approximately an integrating cei, 14 THE STEP AND IMPULSE RESPONSES ‘Inthe seson we wil show that he inpule response () andthe sys function A) sont rane pars at e ean btn sep 8D Impulse cexponses decom the se funtion, ‘We soon ft ofall hath tanworm of un impale AO ani, sen tyne) = J. Suppose th pte excitation were unit impos, thea the reponse RE) would be i = Be Hs) = HO) om ‘We thus ee that the impale response Mi) and the stem fection H6) onsite a tessform pi tat AO) = Hed eH = Ho Since the spterm anton i uly ey to obtain it apparet that we find he impale espome of stem by taking the inverse transfor StH ample 78, Let ws fi the input pons ofthe caret 1 inthe RE ‘Sein Big, 738. The yt ton oa om? m6 om ‘Temple rapa en eo HG) <4 omy whic ate tg 738. ‘Transform methods ie network anaiysis 193, pe see al he rene Dé, ed he fed pon i ‘Ar fal tpi ia our dscuon tw consider the ast of operation forthe LC difeentiator and nteiator shown in Figs. 7384 and 1338, ‘We ase the Fosrir trator in ove anus bae, 20 tht the ster funtion ir gien ss Hw), where © & the ordinary adn fequeny arable, Consider ft the tem function ofthe dferaiatrIn ie vido) _ JoRC Kido) RF joe ™ jae +i om Let ur impos he condition het aRc«I om ‘We have, approxinately, Him Jone a: eo ox “Then the response Fj) can be expressed god RCL Von) a7 “Taking the inverse transform of V0) #6 obtain Mt @ re tne 79) ‘Note that he dstaton of By. 7.75 depen upon the asurption that the ‘RC ime constant mosh ls th ua. This i meen option ‘Net forthe RC interac ia Fig. 733, the vllageratio tensor function i Mis) __ ioe M490) “iw +R” JocR #1 on it a T ee ue an @ o 10.723. (9 Re teen, 0) RC ee. ‘Tramform methods in network analysis 198 Gm @) ge fa eae Since the sep reaponi she intl of the impale respons eas se the ite propery a Lapleaetrmsorms to cute ep reponse . ao =f] : 8 whee) denotes te step reponse. Sima, we obi the unit reap ‘response from the equation vo=e ft] a hee 7) denotes the ramp response. From this discussion, it i dear ‘av Koowledge ofthe sue function prove suet nformstion to ‘bina all the framieat reponse data that ate needed to chatocerze the gute. Example 79. Let wt ad the curen ep respon fhe RL cot a ig 13m Seis tespone and Fo) the xen, he se ok 86) oan “The sap esponeo) ow atin as = far — em ay ass) “To theck thi el, I cone he impale ponte of the RL cet,196 Network aly and synths lc we ou in Cape xo = fewworny co) “ep none th np en foe aha -eiminats teat sr nt ne reps a iy ee sy a atone oe ee ee et worst imp apn sone allen 0 <= {ech tn rom estado feat and espn. a0. in ig 737 the oly ifrmation me psu about he pin Pare Ie ites layne inset (wen 2(0 = 0 elo = e* Hed) sn inexation of)us bn oer redeem esse 08 ba wih hsinratin et tie wa {Sproderarerpome = 10a Fi ie, xae sz HO" VG) We FD ° weno od te tani vae= tent m at 39 “oe kson ction een oun om he ution 1) wt = BHD so 0 = HG)” Fs EK Sipliyng an exgesing no pati cos, be ory as 7 YO = ez LHe FH THR TTS asp ‘Them xan ten 030 nd ate 85 ff) 1s Nev anand at tye ton [° [He oinewen dae = [iemoesdel “ner ae = FFM 0 “tne septation ofthe double intern Fa. 7.14 nto a prodt of two Tegal based upos a eoperty of itera krown asthe separaliy propery ample 711, Leta eat the convotion ofthe factions) = ©) er scat thn eompue ti Toul ih the ive ies 9 Foleo ntee rao =s000= oy ams fan k “tee comelton of) ani obtained by fe atstintng the aris re =o je aed) «109 Then flO" flt)is A fer otto = [seme caffe cam Igning hp wea ; 308) omni (f-hehet) triton ett Fi oH nonoagiegeh-berty cm otha earworio= (§-545e%) 40 319 inn pap anion ceed ye one . [oo oosee[wone—oee oan FEES rein rs i “Teansform methods in mocwork analysis 197 | ns THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL In this sso we il expore sme futher amigeations of he we of the impute respons MG) fo determine the system response Our ‘Srculon is bed upon the important camoton theorem of Laplace (or Fourie) teasforns Given tro fanstions J) ad fa) Nh are (Bo fort <0, the coneton theorem slates Saif the tas of Fade Fan i oe tanto off) is Fe) the ranson of the ‘waar ff) and fe he prod of Oe india CansTorm Flo Fen at, [fue-oioe]=norn am Pio —anie isthe comin inegra or fling Iga and is denoted operationally | were he step (= 9) dr = KONO 98) Proof. Let ws prove tat it = Fi We tin by writing suorun=fe{ fie—onre]a a3 Wendel rst cam fiw-aninirese ous =anoee am sen 297 te tnt cuoran-Leffue-oae—aniowa 610 Iwelems— ro that 103) ‘ranform methods a network amiyes 197 ‘This teal sen rom the elatonships S100" 401 = F0 ) sad S140" 500) = 40 FO) aay ‘Togivetheconvoluion itgraa ore inutivereaing, eu examine aston o fling posts from x graphs! saad. Suppose f= 00) 0) = 19) 1 shown in ign 7. and 7294, Tn Fig. 738, the visio sep for [iano pt. Po or wag owf(-9 Ao Th ite cam sa sta ya cae ytioent ee) ein nin). We a ose pal ee er a2 naa ors Se na "Sa “en's int eo ns Sloat" hyo Was eens p13 the res und cave it inte nS spon gr a oe a Mg testy mtn de samba tie” een tipo SiGe am eo tas eels ern o[s] =fH0 cy Lat ws net examine the sale af ee eonvoaton integrin system analysis From the fear equation ween RG) = EO) HO) ve obi the time respon at ou) caw oun aay)200 Nexwork nae and spats ae no Using 4, 7.120, we obtain the response of sytem ety nthe time domi. The only ination we Reed aboat the system ts pulse eo aap Ld erepneieie Renu 14060 so@ecetaon ht deta aay ‘ele ge bce wo-hemsn om “Tyron fr he Re det nde ison Kea) any 1202 Networks and synthesis “The simples is examined ir, We begin wit the exitaton-esponse ‘sationship Ris) = Bs) He) cor) sang ny 1 = 12 509 ars) n= [22-0] , (9 a2] tee Mo =O" 4 60-0 wae sansfieone—ade 309 whee (is the derivative of (0) isthe va of) r= Oy Und a) i the sep response of the system. Equation 7132 Is wsisly Felco toa the Duhamel sperposion eye ample 723. Let find te crete RC cn Fig. 74 when the wolinge somes) = (4, + Aid eam sshown in Fig, 74, Thess futon othe Css Ws by WO)" RETRO, ens “Thre the asm fhe sep spose mo awe “Transform methods In network aratysis 20 sig te convalaton nel, we Obi the espe at tom [ae aMode nafiewsen a : ese waifraaarsmena pe) eT “0 4 = eeampe 712, Thiel anplierlo Fig. 71 Reston font = Ke UnhreKipa cotase He pu specs fhe al apie then wo = x80) 25 Let show ty mean ie conslato negra nthe espns) reed tothe eatin s)he eguton = Ka) sing te conan ee wee 8) a a[itome~ner=af'e9¥ aver nay 0x2 ioc viable i the expeson for), wth ea ample in Lac te Comat ean npuieouang dooce whch sens he apt) rom Peto rans Thu the pone fan ial ample Is rca of ne Input aiid Wy pi oe plier 14 THE DUHAMEL SUPERPOSITION INTEGRAL Inthe Seti 75, e disused the role thr se impue respons plays in dtrning the tesponse of system tan acray excation. I this section we wl oy he Dukamelsperposion Integral Which als fdseribes ts inpul-ovtpat tionship for a site. The superposion {mtg requtes the wep response (to characterize the syste behavior ‘We plato deive the soperpontion steal ia two erent ay “rasfoem mathod in network aay 202 “ating te aver teatro HE wets he sep epone on Yo inn 1 wh 0 Ot tempaumy Tina 0 on on [indo -oe =fanrae ode sate oe wat afro oun ate + eene [Leman = [Feo eae <0] ao ‘swe set rome the Fsampl 713, (0—) = 0, whic sth ens many wapsieat problems Another method of deriving the Duhamel egal svete problem of donne the erg by assuming te lower Timi of integration to Be = 0+ Consicr te exeation a ston by the ote cure ig. 748. Let we approximate?) by sees of ep funtion, India in the Sure We can wie he starcase approx ration of Ho) = 04) Mi) + BE, WB) “+ SE, — 280) + S) eesti “(ee / fae “ean ay 9 ee Bi ia 10.14 Sate pronto sa30k Necwek an nd thas werent pt ofthe ep reement alt = Ak, Saw ae Wedjuceobe tna se¢ te vents we bom tae responce dip tt) te pons tos ep Rots Rll = Tee Fe eeea het poet np pprovinaton Fig 7 a8 Hi) = a4) + BE, at = 89 cu Amat —2an) AE, at =a) 1 esa an be gien a8 = aonrty 8Bae— Boar ae ag cra Bagg aayere ABS she, hei, Besomes soe essay, 3 Biante e ano caoaysf{aous—oe reaens "TA tbe cit shown i) = 2a) a yO) = F aps Fl ad seh i, " 12. Theswichibror om pion 2a = 0 ater having bra a sola tnpitee Meese orgs en) = Hei (OPod the etn of tie vg (a tae en kth aoe oes of etn ore alguns int plane GORGE RE fomerie apeme ine nt ake te sven asior). chapter 8 Amplitude, phase, and delay [LI AMPLITUDE AND PHASE RESPONSE 1 his section me wil stay che eaionship Seenen the poles and tou of «stm funtion nd ft ady atte sia responce. Ta ‘ther weds, we wl Investigate the efi of poe and eo postions poh the Rlavior oF MO) alogg the je TRe wash at esponae 3 system anton igen by te cation 1HUja) = (ade? ey where (a) i te ampliade or mazniuderepse Lape, 4nd san gy futon reese he ple eso ab ano “Tae amplide and phase eiponie of & yen provides valuable infomation nthe analysis and design of tansision eeu. Covsider the amplitude and phat chiraceses of 3 low-pun ter chow Figs 6a and £1, “The eo fegueyey of he iter x ndate on the amplitude response curves a8. Ite gency taken to Ue the "hall. Dower reuensy a which the st fusion A je eae eo 0707 Of the masta amplitude Jomun. Tn terms of dexitely, the hal ower point that equeny st which 300g) ie doen 3d fom blog [tla The syne Seabed by Ihe amps st pase ‘hargetertizn in Fig. 8 show that th eye il a pangs that re peter an we. Suppose we comsifer pve tia whose mpd spcram consis gnieat harmogicr above wo. We 820 ‘hat dhe sjstem wl pass the harmonir below soy but il block harmonics above wc Therefore the etput pulse ln wil be dostet hen compared othe origi pute isin, betaine mat ihe hesonic ‘erm wl be ming. Te wl be sown ia Chapter 13 that if the pase Yranstors methods in necwork sips 205 10) for!> Being noche, ARE Ota we ase, in 214 the cic hown f (the extion 5 the vgs suse i HeMto) teen o 10016 pte nd pla of os. ‘We knoe ta the amit responses fo) = en, = OD uy) Meo) = 0 = ws we expres the amplitude io terms of diel, we have 2010g Ma) =20log|Njo) — 2019g10G)1 te) Ia factored form both Ni) apd DG) ae ide up of four kinds of actos: () aconsant, K (a root the org, « (9 a single real 01 2 + (D a complos pit of ots, #4 Das bat + “Tounderstad theatre of og sepliide plot, we ned ony examine the Amplitude espnte of the out King of fstors jut ted, If these factors fre inthe numerator, te magntodes im decibel ary pone sins If thae factors tong tothe denominator, ther magnitede a dese ‘ary negative sige Lat us begin with es (2). (@) The factor K. Forte conta the a los (o ai) i 2wlog k= Ky ws) 204 Neowork ays and syathese [Taw | 4 8 Magee and pa cf pe re pole0. ‘Amplcude, phase and delay 723 ‘The constant Kyler negative if KI <1 postive] > 1. The pase respons either aro or 160 depending oa whether K's poste or Depa. ‘The Bode pots bowing the magitede tnd pase of content Se iea in Pip 816, {@) The favor 2.“ loss (gin i deinlsasoited with pole (ero) ae ogi is -£20 9g Thus th plo of magnitude in See ‘eas frequency in semsog cordate isn stright foe wih ope of "£00 ebecade ore abject. Twom the Bode plots in Fig 817, we fee that the aro los point fn decibels) 6st and the pASe Ts Eero all, (© The Jocor ++, For convenience, Wt us set x= 1. Then he mss 20 ogIjo-+ N= ADR +0 BIH ss shown in Fig, 180, Te pase is Arg jo + D8 = tnt an as shown in Fig 18, ‘Aaiht-line pprosinain ofthe acta magaitede verve regency cute cab obtned feon examining the asypotie babar of the ctr jo 1. For hth hiphesenry asrmpteis 2breja +I oye MIs ew) Ample, pate and delay 225 vaste 02 Aci Seaightine Magne, Approsmaton, Ex, Freeney os oa SSP Posmerteow 203 ° 3 Ih carte a ° wich, 28 wes in) asa slope of 20 decd 6 abloctae, Tae fos dad tihfreuenay seympats mest at w = 1 which we designe the Break fequney oct freuen. The tigit line proximation [Sshown dy the dashed ines in Fip 8.184. Table8.2shows the comparison teen the etal magnitude vere he stripline approximation, We fer thatthe mani ero atthe Bs frequency ot I Ff Ue ormalzd form n= > For quick estimates of magtu response, the sight ine approx- smtion tan invaluable vs a4. -An important example of he ee of those stsphtine apeonimations i the design of near coat assem (i) Complee coyagoe roots. For comples conjugate rt, tis ron: venet to dp standard symbol so that we cant the univers tyes ‘hate thetetiom. We dese the conjugate pole (0) pin eras ff magnioge oy and an angle 9 mensred fom he nega ra xs {i hom in Fig. 849, Expy, the parataters that describe the ote (Gx) positions ey which we cal the doped fan of lion, fod (= cord, know a the damper oct, it the pob (eto) Pate ‘Brenintermsofisvea ang imaginary pa, Pasay (20) cand fare related 10 {and oy by the folowing xe eycost = ot f= eysin = op IRE etursing 40 the definition of the 10.81, pollo nom of damping actor,£— e080, wesc that Fant wap126 Nework ays and synths the closer the ange st 2 the aller i the damping factor, When the angle is neary zero depres, the damping factor i neal iy “To cuamine the Bods pot forthe conjugate ple (20) pr, et Us st aunt for convenience Te magaitige thea £20]og 1 — at 4 20a = 22DIog (1 — af + Aes 22) andthe pase is en we examine the lr> and high requeney asynpotes ofthe magnitude, Itc ee tha ce lo-fegueneynympite i doibel the highrequeney Mympiote (for a1) i AO lopey, which is stalght fine of 40 Byala or 12 dbjctve slope, The damping factor {pays a sgaiant spurt ithe closeness ofthe riightline approximation, howerer. Tn Fig 820 the axympitc appeonimation for pa of conjugate poles (oe iis indicated bythe dashed line Curver showing ts magne (oop Pontos, and f= 0 ar given bythe sok lines We se tbat only for (206 i the steightiine approximation » close one. Univeral curves for magntoge and phase ar lot in Fig 8.21 and £822 forthe fequeny normale function cy an Gor FBO eT We ze that the phat espons, a viewed fom a eng scale, san 068 Fanci abst oy Ie The seat y= nis Born ad 10038 gine eu gen foro ple 228 Network nye an yet = S 9. 432, Pe ve igi Wine p, S=== | SARE san 084 ‘Apes, pee, and éelsy 27 10831 stag ere ney for x ple, ‘Ample, phase and doy 229 For conjugate pl of 05, we med aly reverse ‘ofthe mgt an phase carves. ale Re Using Bode lt arypltg, Btw const te mapiade ‘eran eqns eae or os thes a to intone bk ena = Bando = 0 Ip onthe censor rk eguesy at =a Wi «glk ‘Babee fd that = 2 forte sos cre fan soytee Se showa in Fig, 823, ‘The rng ad pose plata gen in PB irogh nmtoin plo computer program rey 9.2. Apt on 425, 82 SINGLETUNED cincUITS We wil now study a ass of cuits whose sytem fontons can be descrip by pa ofcoaugate poles. These dults ae cali angle tuned cite because they oaly need two Teactve elena inductor rn # capacitor The undatped fequeney of orliaton af the cc it then 0 = (LO. An example of sngletuned celts the RAC tieat a Fig 825, whose volageraio taster faction is y= Hl Htc Oo" Raw Te FFE O79230 Nework alps andsothess 2, Mato aE 838, 025. sogltuned sc, 232 Necwork aij an est lege BF CT Met HOA +e Peer we can nr by ling hedratvet Jo wh espe oa Sng te eal ote Tins he InGaN = 30 yon PI 935 det erp 07) From th eguation (439) we determine oh Po (eam cy of oration oy 208 the preted in tems of the natura og damping tr es haw = NTH BF— Cat = oy = 20) 635) Since sous mist says be rel the condition for sun 9 ext the onion for (jo) fo posse a masimumy is given by the eqption mst 39 to taat £50707, Since C= cos, ng doesnot exist for O.< 43% ‘Wien 9 45%, we have liming cab foe which ge eis. Tn this hse, {= 090 nd thc ed apd inainary parte fhe plesbave he spe snagnitads (e008 es Weseefrom Bg 8.34 hat, whan e = fy the ine = 0. Thisis the lowest frequen a Wich sna ay belated. For £ > O07, or o> elt 39) ani imapiney it theres doesnot eset To summarize, the hey it i hiv a gay pr of he ok mst be ee ‘rage ote feal part of the pole sor" for ama to xs. Inert Rap fw dew nln thes plage wih he ceter at — andthe adi eql ofthe he tle muststerec the fo xsi orer Tor nay tosis asst in Fig. 827. Moreover, the pon a which eect ne sect the pose jo tal Thi is only see fom the tranpe i Ample, pat, and ly 231 epee tae naw haa ca aan where me tsume that (YL) < ()LC), a ee a x ad Pin Ba. 8.27, ois HG) = —— O* Gea eta From the pteero diagram of H() shown Fig. 826 we wit termine ‘the amplitude sponse [ja Le r dente te ers rom the pes to the Jo aay ff and [MG a8 en kn Fig £26. We can ten write 29) latent = isi en B+ 4am [e+ (o~ py oo tsi hamden he pit ~ on A wih lo) env, iighy sista rom both the asap desig: Aspects Since [Yo salvage posive, the point at whch [jah ‘rattan creespondsetety fo the pla t which [1G sain Sines (0) can be writen Ample, pate, and day 23 ith sides, mein Fig. 827, By the Pythagorean theorem, we Bd that ola oat 6») “The vice described in Fig. 827 ical the peaking crcl, Whar x the peaking centers th fo ana = 0, a4 sonia Fig, 8 28a ‘When a > bec doesnot tract the jo ais al Pig 82895 thereto, sme cannot cust When the iapinary part ofthe pole ‘uch grater tan the el pr, when >the he ile reste the joi at approninately oy he Data eqns of cto ofthe eat (Fig 8280), Atigue of mer fe wed in deeribng the “peaking” ofa tuned cir the creat, wich da ned in ple-rero notation as 357 Zoos 6) From this defnion, wo see that ples ea he ai (Cal represent igh systems 5 ven n Fig. 828 and pols far emoed from to sue repreen fow-Q creat (ig 83). Altongh the Q ofthe ee [Bven ty the poozeto plot of Fig. 8.28 shore die, sha 00 ‘race signieance osuse the cele doss not poses maximum oi ie ample. BY Means of the Peaking ce, we can also eta the hal power pitt, which isthe frequency ap at which the amptode rapone Fei} = 0.707 [jon °22M Necwork ane nd ayes a. €28. ban of psig cs Boece OP ome Wie wll now dessripea method to ebiaia hy geometrical construction, ‘Consider te wang in Fig, 823, whose vers are the poles (hy p") va pinto, one jo ni The area ofthe anges Aves (nated = Bs ean sa tems ean om epi, enema Spots ™ “ ArettnntayBLBuLSRY ay here i the angle a voen i the gure, From Fs 841 and 842, "oe ee that the produc [MIM e983} imilinyt = 2% (643) winy ‘Sine the slit responses ge) 49, isa whee £88 const, thn Ksiay as) tiny, = 5 DE Neco aahaleand synthe ina 10.031. ( Low @ sal gn (8) Nigh 0 ct go ‘bout the pit ame a8 sen Fig. 8318. By the consrotion proces Js described we ote he upper hipower point oe. Team bechowa that the pointes he gamete mean of, 94 Sey that ety = oh enn ‘Asa zesut the lower alepower point on att a5) ‘Thehanduideh ofthe system foraigh-Q circuit of hs types deserted hy BW = 00,0, mr) In design appiations these hih-O circuits are sed a natow bandpass fier. Finally, there ae certain aspects ofthe phase respons of igh-O circuits ‘tha are adil apparent. To Fig/ 32 we se ovr ses inthe process of obtaining he phase respons! The pase silt a = Oi 0, ses Som Fig. 822r.Atw ~ a, thephie hits —w ra, assb0%n in part() the fare. Final, athe neighborhood of =~ tnge the pase Sur resfing from the poe Ha he lover half ple fe spprosinatly I= ~2)2(Fig 6.328). Thechange in phase in thi rpon te controled In Lage by the pole pe x ready sca that the phate response in the region of oy bas the frst seg lope, as seen fom & pial phase response of high-@ cre shown o Fig 6.33, ERR TIES Ser ot tte emer, Meme ‘Ample, pas, and dy 235 Fora given ple pir (othe parameter i and Kare prespecified. “Theefone, weave deriva (jo i0 ens ofa sgl variableparanete, thenagey. Wars theangly = n/a, thonsiny = 8, = Ome x Goan = 35 as) iad then in y = 0.707 and G29) = 0707 1G oon totint a, = sg. Let us conde now a genetic sonstrsson 1 Btn bp. bet Bet eo the peaking cle as shown in Fig. 620, We will ‘Gbiote by the pata whch the peaking cle intersects the poslve teal, Now we deta ycond cre will centeat 4 ands aioe ‘qual t 4B, the ditnce fom 4 f eer one of the ples, 2 en in lg £0. ‘The pont where thie vecond ele interes theo a ‘The reno that a th oit te serie ges y,~ 2/4 Desai {equa to oneal the inerceped are wich, by consectio, is =2 ‘hen wae 0, he half powee point oo i ako elle the hlomer bandwith of the tae ci In Pi 2. Ce ball powerpoint en Wien ones 0. Fora high-Q Get, Whee nq = oy the ampli is Tighy peaked at © = omy at shown im Tip. 831, In this cae, i THAGO1 S007 oma there are wo Bal-Power pot and, When y ‘Amplitude, phase and delsy 237 wid, RL ” « © 10432 Sie pin bing Phe one og @ ee, G0, rama toa Finally, ss an exmple to ilstate our dicusson of singlotuned iru, I in the amplitude Yespons for the system fetion Frere ine the sax and halépomer points oma ano, seals theampitdes |M(jeman) ar jo Teton Toren, HS ou wens “0 eB eo ‘the ples of 1) ae shown in Fg, £24. We net da the ening ‘Stich th centr aes = 3 and he adv gel to 8 AF pt ‘htt ce inane hj atest tat men = To cece hs rele eiaton a = P= ee Styne a2 1) =. 50) He) | | | |236 Necwork cals and ayes ‘Te ample [oma sn as) 7h point a wih the pring cide intersect he pte eat ss ene sired. With oe cete ate fra ct of ros (alt Sines, At the pit Chere ‘Rin ire nets ef oy heme, By measnen, we nd os) Let wy check thls rest. Resering co Fig £34, we know tat he line sepnent * ABisof length 52, itfolowshat AC ie also 3/3 wits long, The ne sepment 40 I of length Fa. 94 Feking si ont fon ome ‘Thea wpisgien ss 40=5—3= 2 nie aso oo VATU = B= 67 5H) Finally, we obtain (jc) a8 792) = p— 4-9 son 7 (MUST = Te ap prea FO whieh spre 8.707 Coma . §4 DoUBLE-TUNED cincUrrs in Seton 83, we studio th equeny tespoote fora pair a congate poles. Now me urn our stan tothe apitude respons of two Pi ‘Sfeosjugate pes ina high-@ siuston, The cecut we tale bee the rable or soggertned cic given In Fig, 835- We wil conser Se FIGA35, Dalene, 240 Nacwore ama an eyathei ‘hese assumptions, we can approve the pole locations by dicarding the tems involving funder the radials i Eq, 848. They the ples {Guns} canbe given approximately a8 tude —tneim(r=2) 00 Simlny, (2%) 6m be en as om haath tn (4) “The poezeto dagen of H(i ven in Fig. 836, The eal prt ofthe pole egret enlare so eompariso to the Sagar part or 1G. 43K Poland oro dete ot Res Amplitude, pas. ant deny 298 th psi ease when the, Land C elements inthe primary ie are ‘eyua evalu ta their coustepes the Secondary. Sac the pray te secondary inductanors are egal the musa duane ie MaaL os) Jn hia analysir we sas the soe of coupling K tobe x vribe Parsneer. Let us determine the ampitade response forthe valagerao transfer function V9) 70). From the mesh goations wipe (tse L) x0 ~ aes as oan (rast) 140 Hs) = —_#RMih __ (. no VG) [s* + (R/Ls + LCF = KY on ay 1) an then be wten as HG)» >? ae pa a Ee a) ae Af we set fat = Mi (8.63) then we can write “ () = —_—_427____ (8.64) 40 = Tye ane ae oe we uate (Seto Seelam 4 ann Oe 1 __p 9 bean [Baal ay ae everest out anasto abih- OQ dats that 2 & 1, Father, Jets assume that te eeu looply coupled so that KI. Unde ad ‘Ample, pte an dy 24E laity purposes. Note ht we have a tiple zero a the origi. To term the vectors so Fig 838, the amplude respons Als ia nM ‘ioe th rai x high Cia the vat of = ay We have BALM ~ 2M = 2 to that inthe neighborhood of G0) = 6 oom Hey) = Ate (8) IM leiscvdent tht he amplitude response [jain the neighbor of iy fepends ony upoa the par of vector IMiland'MG) Thedoublecaged prot. —— 1-4 {ep ha thas yen noduced to a sale f {ed problem in the aeeberkood of 1 fay Consequenty, we cae all he ! ‘Shuts onthe peng se hat ere ‘ened in Seton A het wy daw 8 peaking cle wth he center at santo tjoy— @T a with a ads equal 19 442, a8 Shown ia Fg 37. The Incr {ng thn decmins he tino the msn a a poner pits “rlc sponse. Without oingine the erveon, heaped eponse ‘Sho beste ya anton oy soon tothe euainn Livy = Aessio® = ite IML Soko) 3 Reforng to he peaking ise Fig 837 et as oie allowing Sitios 1, aul > waRi In hiss, the ping ine evr intact the jo any savas tan of (ip 838) andthe ample reponse eve aise hort ann en lone = 7) Hae = en se seen by the carve labled (0 ie Fig. 39. fn hs case, K < 2, andthe Sea ai oe underecnple2 Necwork sul andsyacheis pe 6,438. Uoseccoping, 0 Grea coping. (9 Oecmpling 2 wl — auAi2: Hee te peaking ice intersects the Jo ab at single pint o!= wy (Pig 8.38). Ato, he amplitude tel to Hone In Bg. 75, Ta is cage {= A, and we have cla coupling. 3 oul < aykJ2: The peaking ice ntrsets the joa at 0 points coyand'oy as seo in Fig 8.38e- The intersecting pont ae given by the uation oom neeal(J-ef we, Consequently, the ampitade cesponse attains the theoretical maximum ws a 0 points, a shown by crv () a Fig 839. Le he son, 3 crt i sd 1 Be reed "Not tha e Fg. 83) the dercouped and eritely coupled cares have this maximum points at my The overoupled curve, however, 1003, (decouple, Ciel sop se (Oren 24 Newer anal and syathele 0.841, raking cel Egle 8, ‘Te Leb tia ete BW = 2a, ~ 49) ~ EMG aan (a0) {2 tanta to put te lt nar Heese oy, s=d,-o0 ony gl Teeter of coupngK soba fo he as of peaking mE om Weare xed oom em (0 Te cont Agu (Final, he si sii Hag as) Alte, phate and delay 20 bit is 10,84, Hyer on of oils, snake al oy sn€ ota the caso verouplng ad rial coupling, tre can detente hall power points by ang the geomet con: Strssion mcthod given in Sasson 82, Obert that there 28 EHO Talepower points and wey a shan dn the oeteupled curve in Fig £40, “The bandit of he cei then BW = He,~ 00, er, sample 2 The volageaio tamer fton af © dunianed ca y poms aa MO GEESE FEA OVE FTO T TH rom dt determine ie allowing: () main po ces Obl do tandiah BV, ft aging arf he cond Fog Rs (in constant 47 08 te mae oe mpage reponse He “Erion Ys) The natal fegueey of latin oy keto be agpon- smal alia betwen to Pl ht yg OS aan. Ente lh TEtuot fy we dat the pols r= 7 4/100 and 9 —2 +/10608 7) ‘Rituifig Si Femeelingceeentarpas = “Feo Soman sth come sine sy FEB 2a cins 7D sett ane 4228 = 10296 " em (0) Next we drs lc catered at = 1+ jo th ais 373. Where tut ee nett e eB 20 a eae VOVFTT ascatam 0) Ample, pase, and dsty 245 5 ON ROLES AND ZEROS AND TIME DELAY What is time delay? How do we relat i to eqeney response? We ‘nab auempy io anewer thse quota i hi stn. Plt conser the teaser fiction of pur dla ‘a= ee es, For a system dieribed by Eg. 886, any ection a) produces ‘dental espont signal ef — 7), which layed by Une F wth respect to the eicinion, Tai shown by the Laplace traf eeetionship, HG) = fe = T= He) wo et us examine the amplitude and phase response of the pure delay From he equation Mio) = om" oss) se obtain the ampitade response acon = 6) sod the phase sponse 4(o) = —0 690) We se that the delay 7 is equal 1 minus the dss of the pase response hat won The magnitude, phase and delay characteristics of ju) = eM" ace arena Fig Rada, band we define deny asin Eq, 691, we can resily deduce that forthe response to be ney Henin othe excatio, the system amplitode ‘expooe hos be constant, ait phase espocie shoul be inet ver {hefequeney ange of interest. I the phases not iea, we have what Keni a8 dey aivoron To vsolze diay distortion snore clearly, co) jo ya A o ” ry FG. We, Anne, pe and ey of Me ey ftom, 4) Ape, Ore By »