Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Statement of Qualifications
DHI is extensively using advanced CFD modelling in R&D as well as a direct design tool for our clients in a wide range of
engineering disciplines covering internal flow and free surface flow challenges - often in combination or as a supplement to
physical model testing. The illustration shows the wave overtopping on a sea dike for an obliquely incident irregular wave train
during a possible future climate scenario.
Page 1
CFD results provide a detailed picture of the hydrodynamics. Example of pressure distribution on the wind
turbine foundation due to a breaking wave
Page 2
Application Areas
DHI has developed and applied advanced CFD
simulation tools for more than two decades. Our
comprehensive record of experience covers areas
such as:
wave and current-induced design loads on
various type of structures
wave run-up and green water effects
wave overtopping
sedimentation in waves and currents
wave breaking and associated sediment transport
in the surf zone
self-induced vibrations of free spanning
pipelines in currents and wave-induced flow
free-surface waves around piers
flow over spillways
CSO structures
multi-phase flow problems
dam-breaks and other transient problems
moving bodies in flow fields
assessment of structural flow resistance
A number of selected projects where we applied
CFD are illustrated and discussed in the following.
The labyrinth weir was modelled in DHIs threedimensional CFD model, NS3. Two sections of the
weir were included in the set-up. The approach flow
upstream of the dam/weir was modelled by the
MIKE 21 HD model and the results of the MIKE 21
model were applied as boundary conditions for the
CFD model.
Page 3
Page 4
u i
xi
u i u j
u i
p
g i
t
x j
xi
x i
Comparison of maximum overturning moments found from
zero-crossing analyses.
Model Equations
The basic equations of all CFD models are the threedimensional Navier-Stokes equations.
The Navier-Stokes equations for a one phase
incompressible flow are given by:
u i
xi
u i u j
u i
p
g i
t
x j
xi
x i
u i u j
x j xi
u
( ) u i j
t
x j xi
Page 5
Page 6
F=0.5 track the free surface in a CFD model of supercritical flow in a river
Numerical Methods
The numerical schemes of the CFD solvers are based
on the finite volume approach. NS3 requires
discretisation of domain in a structured multi-block
mesh, while OpenFOAM supports unstructured as
well as structured mesh.
Space Integration
u i
dvdt 0
xi
t t
t t
u i u j
u i
dv
dvdt
g i dv dt
t
x j
t
t
t t
t t
p
u i u j
dv
dt
dvdt
x j xi
xi
x
i
t
t
Model Input
The necessary input data to run a CFD model can be
derived into the following groups:
Initial conditions
- Cold start (initial values of flow variables)
- Hot start
Parameters
- Models parameters (for example turbulence
model parameters)
- Body forces
Boundary conditions
- External domain boundary conditions
(inflow, outflow, symmetry, periodic)
- Fixed wall boundary conditions
Time Integration
Page 7
Model Output
At each mesh point and for each time step, the
following type of input is saved in an NS3
simulation:
Velocities
Pressure
Turbulence model variables
Effective viscosity
F (void fraction)
Validation
The NS3 model has successfully been applied to a
number of basic test cases where the results can be
compared with analytical solutions, experimental
tests or information from literature. These tests cover
basic hydraulic aspects such as:
Standing waves
Travelling waves
Shoaling
Wave-current interactions
Simulation of boundary layer flow
Details of the above can be obtained from the
references listed in the section Reference on Basic
Tests.
Page 8
References
Bredmose, H, Skourup, J, Hansen, EA, Christensen,
ED, Pedersen, LM, and Mitzlaft, A (2006):
Numerical reproduction of extreme wave loads on a
gravity wind turbine foundation. Proc. of OMAE
25th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Eng., 4-9 June 2006, Hamburg, Germany.
Buxbom, IP, Fredse, J, Sumer, BM, Conley, DC,
and Christensen, ED (2003): Large eddy simulation
of turbulent wave boundary layer subject to constant
ventilation. In Coastal Sediments 03, 18-23 May
2003. Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach,
Florida, USA.
Christensen, ED, Bredmose, H, and Hansen, EA
(2009): Transfer of Boussinesq waves to a NavierStokes solver. Application to wave loads on an
offshore wind turbine foundation. In Proceedings of
the ASME 28th International Conference on Offshore
Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (10 pages).
Honolulu, Hawaii: ASME.
Christensen, ED (2006): Large eddy simulation of
spilling and plunging breakers, Coastal
Engineering, Volume 53, Issues 5-6, April 2006,
Pages 463-485.
Christensen, ED, Bredmose, H, and Hansen, EA
(2005a): Extreme wave forces and wave run-up on
offshore wind-turbine foundations, In Proc. of
Copenhagen Offshore Wind Conference, 10 pages.
Page 9
Agern All 5
DK-2970 Hrsholm
Denmark
E-mail:
Web:
Page 10
Tel:
Fax:
dhi@dhigroup.com
www.dhigroup.com