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IBM
CYRIX
INTEL CORPORATION
ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES(AMD)
BUS
a series of connections that carry common signals
a typical processor has two important
buses for carrying data and
memory--addressing information
data bus
address bus
- data bus -
Pentium
Twin data pipelines
486 2
Pentium 1
100MHz Pentium is about equal to
200MHz 486
1,000MHz 8088
Table 6.4 Intel Processor and Motherboard Speeds
Clock
Name Date Transistors Microns Data width MIPS
speed
8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64
16 bits
8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 0.33
8-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 100
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz ~300
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz ~510
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 GHz ~1,700
64-bit bus
Pentium 4 32 bits
2004 125,000,000 0.09 3.6 GHz ~7,000
"Prescott" 64-bit bus
Transistors is the number of transistors on the chip. You can see that
the number of transistors on a single chip has risen steadily over the
years.
Microns is the width, in microns, of the smallest wire on the chip. For
comparison, a human hair is 100 microns thick. As the feature size on the
chip goes down, the number of transistors rises.
Clock speed is the maximum rate that the chip can be clocked at. Clock
speed will make more sense in the next section.
Data Width is the width of the ALU. An 8-bit ALU can
add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can
manipulate 32-bit numbers. An 8-bit ALU would have to execute four
instructions to add two 32-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can do it in
one instruction. In many cases, the external data bus is the same width
as the ALU, but not always. The 8088 had a 16-bit ALU and an 8-bit bus,
while the modern Pentiums fetch data 64 bits at a time for their 32-bit
ALUs.
MIPS stands for "millions of instructions per second" and is a rough
measure of the performance of a CPU. Modern CPUs can do so many
different things that MIPS ratings lose a lot of their meaning, but you can
get a general sense of the relative power of the CPUs from this column.
Microprocessor History
8086 (1976)
- 16 bit data bus
- costly
Intel 8088 and 8086
Microprocessor
Intel 80186 and 80188
Microprocessor
- increased instruction sets
- 80186 (full 16 bit)
- 80188 (8 bit)
- Both combined on a single chip 15 to 20
of the 8086-8088 series system components
(reduced number of components in
computer design)
- used for highly intelligent peripheral adapter
cards, such as network adapters
80286 processor Intel 80286
- abbreviated as 286
- introduced in 1981 Microprocessor
- the CPU behind the IBM AT (Advance Technology)
- 6Mhz (five times faster than a PC running at 4.77Mhz
Protected Mode
- believed to have access to 1G of memory (including virtual
memory)
-16Mb of actual addressable memory
- it cannot switch from protected mode to real mode
without a hardware reset (a warm reboot)
- Intel's first attempt to produce a CPU chip that supported
multitasking (Windows)
Intel 80386
Microprocessor
- introduced in 1985
- offers greater performance in almost all areas of operation
- a full 32-bit processor
- 386 can execute the real-mode instructions of an 8086 or 8088,
but in fewer clock cycles
- additional software capability (modes) and a greatly enhanced
Memory Management Unit (MMU).
- 386 can switch to and from protected mode under software
control without a system reset
- low-power CPU
- same capabilities as the 386SX
- designed for laptop systems in which low power
consumption is needed
- offer special power-management features (sleep modes)
- chip includes an extended architecture that includes a
System Management Interrupt (SMI)
- the higher transistor count in the SL chips (855,000)
compared with even the 386DX processor (275,000
-runs at 25MHz clock speed
Intel 80486
Microprocessor
Four main features make a given 486 processor roughly twice
as fast as an equivalent MHz 386 chip.
Motherboard Clock
16MHz 20MHz 25MHz 33MHz 40MHz 50MHz
Speed
DX2 processor
32MHz 40MHz 50MHz 66MHz 80MHz N/A
speed
8086 8087
80286 80287
80386 80387
80486DX Built in
80486SX None
486SX/DX/SX2/DX Socket 2 or
486 Pentium OverDrive Active
2 3
- March 7, 1994
- 75, 90 and 100MHz versions
- Eventually, 120, 133, 150, 166, and 200MHz versions were
also introduced
- 0.6-micron (75/90/100MHz) BiCMOS technology
- 120 and higher MHz second-generation versions
incorporate an even smaller die built on a 0.35-micron
- run on 3.3v power
Second Generation Pentium
Pentium 75 1.5x 50
Pentium 90 1.5x 60
Pentium 120 2x 60
Pentium 133 2x 66
Pentium 200 3x 66
Pentium-MMX Processor
(Third Generation Pentium)
Third Generation Pentium (MMX)
- code-named P55C
- released in January 1997
- incorporates what Intel calls MMX technology
- clock rates of 66/166MHz, 66/200MHz, and 66/233MHz
- include superscalar architecture, multi-processor support, on-chip local
APIC controller, and power management features
- New features include a pipelined MMX unit, 16K code and Write-Back
cache
- 4.5 million transistors
- produced on an enhanced 0.35-micron CMOS silicon process which
allows for a lower 2.8v voltage level
- Socket 7 with VRM (321-pin processor socket)
- MMX incorporates a process Intel calls Single Instruction Multiple Data
(SIMD)
- 57 new instructions (specifically to handle video, audio, and graphics
data )
Pentium Pro
(Fourth Generation Pentium)
Fourth Generation (Pentium Pro)
Pentium II 266 4x 66
Pentium II 333 5x 66
Pentium II Processor Specifications
Introduced: May 1997
Maximum rated speeds: 233, 266, 300MHz
CPU clock multiplier: 3.5x,4x-4.5x
Internal bus width: 300-bit
External data bus: 64-bit
Integrated-cache bus: 64-bit
Memory address bus: 32-bit
Maximum memory: 64G
Integral-cache size: 16K code, 16K data
Integral-cache type: non-blocking, L1 cache
Number of transistors: 7.5 million
L2 cache size: 512K
Transistors in L2 cache: 31 million
Circuit size: 0.35 micron
External package: 242-pin Single Edge Cartridge
Math coprocessor: Built-in FPU (Floating-Point Unit)
Power management: SMM (System Management Mode)
Operating voltage: 2.8v
Performance Headroom for the Applications You Need
100MHz Front Side Bus (available with 450MHz, 400MHz and 350MHz)
Dual Independent Bus architecture (D.I.B.)
Dynamic Execution
Intel MMX™ technology
Single Edge Contact Cartridge (S.E.C.C.)
Fact Sheet
Two new features
In fact the Pentium III contained two rather different news items,
one small and one somewhat bigger. Intel's new top processor
is a Pentium II in principle. It is mounted in a BX based
motherboard with Slot 1. This processor has some built-in
features:
Finally the clock speed was raised to 500 MHz with room for
further increases. Pentium III Xeon (code name Tanner) was
introduced March 17th, 1999. It was a Xeon chip updated with
all the new features from Pentium III. To utilize it Intel has the
840 chipset.
Processor Highlights
- Speeds up to 2.20 GHz
- PGA-423 and mPGA-478 form factors
- Intel® NetBurst™ micro-architecture
- 0.13 or 0.18 micron technology
- Compatible with Intel® Architecture-based software
- Internet Streaming SIMD Extensions
- Intel® MMX™ media enhancement technology
-System scalability up to 64 GB
- 400 MHz Front Side Bus of 128 bit width
- 20 KB L1 cache and 256 KB L2
- The ALU (Arithmetical Logic Unit) runs at twice the
clock speed
Processor Highlights ( continued)