ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments For Surgeons

17/9/2014
ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments for Surgeons
ANCA > 5 Practical Steps to Making Rotary Instruments that Surgeons Want
to Use - Step 1
5 Practical Steps to Making Rotary Instruments that Surgeons
Want to Use - Step 1
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Step 1: Apply some fresh techniques from industrial cutting tool design
Rotary instruments used in surgical procedures have much in common with rotary tools used in industry. Bone drills need to
efficiently and safely penetrate and evacuate heterogeneous layers of material; a task thats similar in many ways to drilling
http://www.anca.com/Resources/Library/Medical/Bone-Drill/Part1-72253?email=armando.ramosgtz@gmail.com&_cldee=YXJtYW5kby5yYW1vc2d0ek
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holes in composite structures that you find in the aerospace industry. Bone drills tend to be long and skinny just like deep hole
drills used to drill injector seats in cylinder heads.
Industrial rotary tools such as drills, endmills, taps, reamers and burs are consumed in the millions every day. This volume has
led to huge investments in refining their design and manufacturing techniques so they now cut better and stay sharp much
longer. It makes sense to learn what we can from industrial tool design and transfer the relevant insights to medical instrument
projects.
So today, well start with an overview of industrial drill design and in the next installment, well go into detail about how bone
drills differ from their industrial cousins.
The geometry of a traditional conical point drill is shown below:
Common drill terminology (Source: Machinerys Handbook, 22nd RE)

Lets take a closer look at some of these features and how drill designers use them to optimize drill performance:
Point Angle
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The point angle balances lateral stability and thrust requirements against tool strength and edge
sharpness. A steeper point angle produces a sharper tip which requires less axial force on the
drill to make it penetrate and consequently, makes the drill less prone to wander off center.
But the tradeoff is that the sharper tip will blunt quicker, is more prone to chipping and has a
higher tendency to grab; particularly on through penetration or from one layer to another.
A shallow point angle (118) and a steeper point angle (90)
Lip
The lip is another important feature of the drill point. Traditional conical point drills are designed
with a straight lip section from the chisel edge to the margin. The lip shape is formed by the
intersection of the lip relief surface and the flute surface, so the flute shape is critical. Modern
drills are designed using very specialized 3D CAD systems that can produce straight lips,
purposely curved lips or anything in-between.
They do this by generating custom shaped grinding wheels or flute cutters. These systems even
work for steeper point angle helical drills (common for bone drills) where its difficult to make a lip
shape that cuts efficiently right to the margin instead of rubbing and generating excess heat and
the potential for bone necrosis.
Web & Chisel Edge

The web and chisel edge of modern drills have been targeted for extensive design
improvements in recent years. In a standard conical point drill (as shown here), the chisel edge
doesnt really cut. It simply pushes material away from the web, based on the axial force applied
to the drill. This non-cutting zone of the drill produces heat, and makes the tool prone to flexing
and vibration. A thin webbed drill has a smaller non-cutting zone than a thick webbed drill, but
there is a limit to how deep you can make the flutes before the tool loses its torsional strength
and becomes prone to breakage.
Designers of modern high performance drills use a variety of techniques to reduce the size of the
non-cutting zone, without decreasing the strength of the tool. Web thinning, point gashing and split pointing are all methods to
achieve the same goal; a remodeling of the chisel edge and its leading surface so that as much as possible will cut material
instead of just pushing it. Below are some examples of modern center-cutting, web-thinned industrial drills with their chisel
edges highlighted:
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Point gashed (split point)
Sandvik Delta-C R850
Kennametal HP KSEM5
By the way, these images were produced from actual 3D models designed using one of those specialized CAD systems we
mentioned earlier.
Lip Relief Angle

The lip relief angle is the angle the back surface of the lip (the relief surface) falls away from the
cone. All drill tips must be relieved or else the coned surface would rub as the drill feeds into the
hole. Again, theres another design trade-off; larger relief angles allow higher feed per revolution
that the drill can handle without rubbing, but the weaker it makes the lip edge.
Drills with lip relief angles of 10 and 14
Lip Relief Surface

The lip relief surface, along with the flute shape, determine how well the cut material is broken
down and evacuated up the flute. Conical relief is still very popular for industrial drills because
the relief clearance increases along the lip relief surface, providing additional room for chips to
curl and evacuate. But conical relief has limitations. One of the biggest is that, because of the
way its manufactured, conical relief restricts the design of the lip shape.
As an alternative, some drill designs use complex lip shape profiles to improve chip formation.
These drills typically use faceted or multi-faceted relief surfaces which give the designer more
control when matching relief to the lip edge. Facet point drills typically have primary and
secondary relief surfaces.
Some drills have a further clearance at the heel of the relief, sometimes referred to as a gash walk. These tertiary clearances
further assist the smooth transition of the chip from the cutting face into the body of the flute for evacuation.
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Facet relieved drill point with 1) primary and 2) secondary reliefs and 3) a gash walk
Body Diameter Clearance

The body diameter clearance (also called the OD back-off) is used to reduce the surface area that
is in contact with the hole; leaving just the margin (also called the radial land). In a spiral (ie: helical)
drill, the addition of this clearance doesnt really reduce the natural support of the tool in the hole. But
it does reduce the rubbing friction which lowers the tendency for heat to build-up during drilling; a
very positive benefit.
Helix
Probably the biggest lesson to learn from industrial drilling is that helically fluted tools work much
better than shear tools. Many long drills, such as gun drills used to be made with long, straight or
slightly sheared flutes with the cutting point ground onto the tip. These tips cut OK, but getting
the chips out of the hole was a big problem. And long shear tools lack the natural 360 degree
supporting characteristics of helical tools; even those with small margins.
So it was common to design shear drills with large margins, which also added to heat build-up.
Recent advances in software (that well look at in part 2) and manufacturing techniques (part 3)
have now made it possible to accurately make long skinny high performance drills with helical
flutes and thin margins. Just like an auger, the helical drill naturally draws chips out of the hole.
You should always consider a helical fluted design over a shear design whenever possible.
Today, we gave you a quick overview of some features that are important in modern industrial drills. In the next installment of
this 5 part eCourse, well go into detail about how bone drills differ from their industrial cousins and why.
>> Step 1: Apply some fresh techniques from industrial cutting tool design
Step 2: Optimize instrument geometry to match the specifics of bone structure
Step 3: Leverage the advantages of grinding over Swiss turning
Step 4: Select a material and grinding wheel to suit your bone drill
Step 5: Drill your way deep into the medical components market
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Copyright ANCA Pty. Ltd.
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ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments For Surgeons

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17/9/2014

ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments for Surgeons

ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments for Surgeons

Common drill terminology (Source: Machinerys Handbook, 22nd RE)

ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments for Surgeons

A shallow point angle (118) and a steeper point angle (90)

Web & Chisel Edge

ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments for Surgeons

Point gashed (split point)

Sandvik Delta-C R850

Lip Relief Angle

Drills with lip relief angles of 10 and 14

Lip Relief Surface

ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments for Surgeons

Body Diameter Clearance

ANCA - Part 1 - Making Rotary Instruments for Surgeons

Copyright ANCA Pty. Ltd.

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