Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons

mandated to represent the state from religious institutions and religious dignitaries.
The definition and application of secularism, especially the place of religion in society, varies among
Muslim countries as it does among European countries and the United States. [1]Secularism is often
used to describe the separation of public life and civil/government matters from religious teachings
and commandments, or simply the separation of religion and politics. Secularism in Muslim countries
is often contrasted withIslamism, and secularists tend to seek to promote secular political and social
values as opposed to Islamic ones. Among western scholars and Muslim intellectuals, there are
some debates over secularism which include the understanding of political and religious authorities
in the Islamic world and the means and degree of application of sharia in legal system of the state.

Communism a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the
community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.

'Communism'
A political and economic ideology based on communal ownership and the absence of class.
Communism, which can be thought of as capitalism's opposite, says that in a capitalist
society, the working class (the proletariat) is exploited by the ruling class (the bourgeoisie).

While based on a Utopian ideal of equality and abundance, as expressed by the popular
slogan, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need," communism in
practice has only existed under authoritarian government and has been the source of
millions of human rights violations and deaths.

socialism
a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of
production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a
whole
Socialism is a social and economic system characterised by social ownershipand/or social control[1] of
the means of production and co-operative management of the economy,[2][3] as well as a political theory and
movement that aims at the establishment of such a system.[4][5] "Social ownership" may refer
to cooperative enterprises, common ownership, state ownership(achieved by nationalization), citizen ownership
of equity, or any combination of these.[6] There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition
encapsulating all of them.[7]

Parliamentary system best suited for India, presidential system will be counter-productive:
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that in his press conference held on 3 January 2014. Taking
a cue from the PMs statement, lets explore the possibility of presidential form of government in
India and compare and contrast it with the parliamentary form of government to find out which
one will suit India better.
Difference between Parliamentary system and Presidential system
The major difference between these two systems is that in a Presidential system, the President is
directly voted upon by the people.He is answerable to the voters rather than the legislature.
While in a parliamentary system, the legislature holds supreme power. The prime minister is
chosen by members of the legislature andin practice is the leader of the majority party in the
legislature. The prime minister along with his cabinet members must also belong to the legislature,
where they are subject to the questioning by the legislature.
f the prime minister loses the support of the majority in the legislature, he is forced to resign
immediately and elections are called.

Countries such as India, UK, Germany, Iraq, Ireland, Israel and Italy have parliamentary form of
government while Afghanistan, USA, Venezuela, Ghana, Iran and Indonesia have presidential form
of government.

Advantages of Presidential form of government

Presidential form of government ensures stability of the government. The executive can
carry on with its policy till the end of its full term. It helps in bringing stability to administration.
In this system decisions can be taken speedily and implemented effectively. The executive
in a parliamentary system is ridden with indecision due to political pressures. Therefore, it is
difficult to take decisions promptly. However, the presidential executive is free from such
inhibitions. He makes his own decisions and gets them implemented through his own ministers.
In the presidential system, the executive is free from the evils of party influence in his
daily administration as compared with parliamentary form of government. His ministers are not
political in nature nor he is leading a political party in the legislature. This allows him required
freedom to carry on his administration without any obstacles. But under a Parliamentary system
everything needs to be done under political consideration due to never ending party pressure on
the prime minister.
Disadvantages of presidential form of government

In a presidential system, the executive is often chosen independently from the legislature.
If the executive and legislature in sucha system include members from different political parties,
then stalemate or deadlock is very much likely to occur where passing of key legislative decisions
are concerned.
The president in presidential form of government being not responsible or answerable to
anybody except the voters can be a precarious proposition in a democratic form of government.
When the president becomes autocratic due to lack of any immediate check the administration
becomes irresponsible which in turn affects the freedom of the people.
The separation of powers between executive and legislature in presidential form of
government sometimes creates conflicts and deadlocks. The executive making policies not in
consultation with the legislature or the legislature bringing legislation without the initiative of the
executive, more often than not crates conflicts between them.
Political Structure of India
Constitution of India provides for a Parliamentary form of government. While doing so it follows
the British model of government. Infact, the type of government that functioned in India before
1947 was very much similar to the British model of parliamentary government.
Therefore, the members of the Constituent Assembly decided to adopt this form of government
for independent India. The Constitution of India provides for the constitution of parliamentary
government both at the centre and the states.
Conclusion
India as a nation is deeply divided into several groups with conflicting interests. In this situation
switching to presidential formof government can be counter-productive. True, parliamentary form
of government makes decision making process a lengthy one in Indiabut it manages to keep the
political integrity intact. At least, it doesnt curtail the freedom of people. In presidential form of
government, the president can start behaving like an autocrat by imposing his decisions on
masses. Moreover, the nation is in no moodfor any new experiment which could pose any danger
to its unity.
India is very form of gov much used to the parliamentary ernment since British Raj. Switching to
presidential form of government will add only confusion. At least all the varied groups are getting
representation in parliamentary form of government. Therefore, India should continue with the
parliamentary form of government.

//////////The major difference between these two systems is that in a Presidential system, the executive
leader, the President, is directly voted upon by the people (Or via a body elected specifically for the
purpose of electing the president, and no other purpose), and the executive leader of the Parliamentary
system, the Prime Minister, is elected from the legislative branch directly.

Presidential System, it is more difficult to enact legislation, especially in the event that the President
has different views than the legislative body. The President only responds to the people, the legislative
branch can't really do anything to threaten the President. As a result, he can make it more difficult for the
legislative body to do anything.

Parliamentary system, if the Parliament doesn't like the Prime Minister, they can cast a vote of no
confidence and replace him. This tends to make the executive leader subservient to the Parliament.

Bottom line is, if you believe that government should have more checks and balances, then a Presidential
system will give you that. If you believe that it should have the power to enact laws quickly, then you
should go for a Parliamentary system.

Human rights
1. We are all free and equal. We are all born free. We all have our own thoughts and ideas. We should all be
treated in the same way.
2. Dont discriminate. These rights belong to everybody, whatever our differences.
3. The right to life. We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety.
4. No slavery past and present. Nobody has any right to make us a slave. We cannot make anyone our
slave.
5. No Torture. Nobody has any right to hurt us or to torture us.
6. We all have the same right to use the law. I am a person just like you!
7. We are all protected by the law. The law is the same for everyone. It must treat us all fairly.
8. Fair treatment by fair courts. We can all ask for the law to help us when we are not treated fairly.
9. No unfair detainment. Nobody has the right to put us in prison without a good reason and keep us there, or
to send us away from our country.
10. The right to trial. If we are put on trial this should be in public. The people who try us should not let anyone
tell them what to do.
11. Innocent until proven guilty. Nobody should be blamed for doing something until it is proven. When
people say we did a bad thing we have the right to show it is not true.
12. The right to privacy. Nobody should try to harm our good name. Nobody has the right to come into our
home, open our letters or bother us or our family without a good reason.
13. Freedom to move. We all have the right to go where we want in our own country and to travel as we wish.
14. The right to asylum. If we are frightened of being badly treated in our own country, we all have the right to
run away to another country to be safe.
15. The right to a nationality. We all have the right to belong to a country.

16. Marriage and family. Every grown-up has the right to marry and have a family if they want to. Men and
women have the same rights when they are married, and when they are separated.
17. Your own things. Everyone has the right to own things or share them. Nobody should take our things from
us without a good reason.
18. Freedom of thought. We all have the right to believe in what we want to believe, to have a religion, or to
change it if we want.
19. Free to say what you want. We all have the right to make up our own minds, to think what we like, to say
what we think, and to share our ideas with other people.
20. Meet where you like. We all have the right to meet our friends and to work together in peace to defend our
rights. Nobody can make us join a group if we dont want to.
21. The right to democracy. We all have the right to take part in the government of our country. Every grownup should be allowed to choose their own leaders.
22. The right to social security. We all have the right to affordable housing, medicine, education, and child
care, enough money to live on and medical help if we are ill or old.
23. Workers rights. Every grown-up has the right to do a job, to a fair wage for their work, and to join a trade
union.
24. The right to play. We all have the right to rest from work and to relax.
25. A bed and some food. We all have the right to a good life. Mothers and children, people who are old,
unemployed or disabled, and all people have the right to be cared for.
26. The right to education. Education is a right. Primary school should be free. We should learn about the
United Nations and how to get on with others. Our parents can choose what we learn.
27. Culture and copyright. Copyright is a special law that protects ones own artistic creations and writings;
others cannot make copies without permission. We all have the right to our own way of life and to enjoy the good
things that art, science and learning bring.
28. A free and fair world. There must be proper order so we can all enjoy rights and freedoms in our own
country and all over the world.
29. Our responsibilities. We have a duty to other people, and we should protect their rights and freedoms.
30. Nobody can take away these rights and freedoms from us.

What are human rights?

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic
origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without
discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.