EMMA 24 Month Final Report Web

9296 Tromsø, Norway
Tel. +47 77 75 03 00
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BFAR-NIFTDC
Bonuan-Binloc
Dagupan City, Philippines
Rapporttittel /Report title
Draft Final Report

Environmental Monitoring and modelling of aquaculture
in risk areas of the Philippines (EMMA)
Forfatter(e) / Author(s) Akvaplan-niva rapport nr / report no:

Patrick White APN-2415.01
Guttorm N. Christensen Dato / Date:
Rune Palerud 00/00/00
Tarzan Legović
Westly Rosario Antall sider / No. of pages
Nelson Lopez 63 + 0
Regie Regpala Distribusjon / Distribution
Suncana Gecek
Jocelyn Hernandez Begrenset/Restricted
Oppdragsgiver / Client Oppdragsg. ref. / Client ref.
NIFTDC- BFAR
Sammendrag / Summary
Draft final report of work undertaken during the course of the Project
Emneord: Key words:

Philippines
Aquaculture
Environmental survey
Training
Participatory workshops
Prosjektleder / Project manager Kvalitetskontroll / Quality control
Patrick White Anton Giæver
© 2007 Akvaplan-niva
The client has permission to copy the complete report, without omissions. It is not allowed to copy, or
use in other ways, parts of the report (texts, figures, conclusion, etc.) without written consent from
Akvaplan-niva AS
Draft Final Report
Environmental Monitoring and modelling of aquaculture in risk areas of the Philippines (EMMA)
Table of contents
Environmental Monitoring and modelling of aquaculture in risk areas of the Philippines
(EMMA) ....................................................................................................................................1
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background and scope of the investigations ................................................................3
1.2 General environmental issues related to aquaculture ...................................................3
2 Environmental survey .............................................................................................................4
2.1 Bathymetry measurements ...........................................................................................4
2.2 Current meters ..............................................................................................................6
2.3 Drifting Buoy survey ....................................................................................................9
2.4 Water column sampling with the CTDO-probe ...........................................................9
2.5 Secchi-depth and water quality sampling...................................................................11
2.6 Sediment sampling (Benthic stations) ........................................................................12
3 Production survey .................................................................................................................15
3.1 Fish Farm registration.................................................................................................15
4 Surveyors and Surveys..........................................................................................................19
4.1 Surveys schedule April 2005......................................................................................22
4.2 Surveys schedules September - October 2005 ...........................................................24
4.3 Survey schedule March - April 2006.......................................................................26
4.4 Equipment donated to the project ..........................................................................26
5 Survey areas and sampling sites ...........................................................................................28
5.1 Marine - Bolinao survey site – April, October 2005 and February 2006...................28
5.2 Brackish – Dagupan estuary survey site – April 2006 ...............................................30
5.3 Taal Lake survey – October 2005 and April 2006 .....................................................32
6 Modelling carrying capacity .................................................................................................34
6.1 METHODS.................................................................................................................35
6.2 Modelling Conclusions...............................................................................................43
6.3 EMMA Recommendations .........................................................................................43
6.3.1 Planning aquaculture within zones and within carrying capacity ............................43
6.3.2 Depth of nets in cages ..............................................................................................45
6.3.3 Mitigation of impacts ...............................................................................................46
6.3.4 Methods to improve Food Conversion Ratio ...........................................................48
6.3.5 Integrated aquaculture: shellfish and finfish ............................................................51
6.3.6 Positioning fish and mollusc culture ........................................................................52
6.3.7 Integrated aquaculture: Aquaponics.........................................................................53
6.3.8 Early warning systems .............................................................................................55
7 EMMA Workshops and training...........................................................................................58
8 References:............................................................................................................................63
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1 Introduction
1.1 Background and scope of the investigations
Under the project ‘Environmental monitoring and Modelling of aquaculture in risk areas of
the Philippines” an environmental survey was undertaken of a marine area in Bolinao, a
brackishwater area in Dagupan and a freshwater area in Lake Taal. Fieldwork, 7 surveys was
carried out from April 2005 to April 2006. This document describes the field investigations
that were carried out and initial findings on the observed environmental impacts.
The main goal of the investigation was to determine to what extent the fish farming activities
had detectable impact on the local environment and to test and train the users in the donated
survey equipment and methodology. The environmental conditions in the different areas were
described using sediment quality parameters and water quality. These data, together with
hydrographical and water current measurement and registrations of local bottom topography
will be able to provide recommendations for the mitigation of impact in the areas.
1.2 General environmental issues related to aquaculture

The spatial extent and level of local environmental impact caused by a fish farm is determined
by natural conditions such as bottom topography, sediments and currents, in combination with
the size of fish production and operational practices. A major factor in preserving
environmental quality is an optimal location and operation of the farm, conforming to the
existing environmental conditions.
Organic enrichment in the sediments is one of the most important environmental effects
associated with fish farming. The primary causes are wasted food pellets and fish excrements.
In areas with water currents insufficient to remove of spread this material over a larger area,
organic material may accumulate on sea floor below or in the vicinity of fish farms and there
can be a build up of nutrients leading to eutrophication and possibly algal blooms.
Bacterial decomposition may lead to anoxic conditions in the sediments and overlying water
and to formation of methane and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas. Both low oxygen
concentrations the presence of methane and H2S have detrimental effects (eg. Reduced growth
rates, increased disease frequencies) on fish in the cages near the impacted areas.
Under extreme conditions, anoxic water and the toxic gasses may even cause mortality and
algal blooms to develop.
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2 Environmental survey
The most important parameters for environmental monitoring and modelling are:
• Bathymetry (depth recordings) of the area
• Tidal range and current speed, direction and dispersion
• Physical parameters - Temperature, turbidity, salinity, oxygen, profile through the
water column
• Water quality – chlorophyll, phosphorous, nitrite, ammonia
• Sediment analysis (biological and chemical)
• Weather data - wind direction, speed, temperature
2.1 Bathymetry measurements

Detailed knowledge about the bathymetry in an area is vital information for being able to
model the water exchange in an area. For all the investigated areas there existed maps with
some depth recordings. However, the resolution (number of recordings) was not good enough
for the modelling. Therefore a Garmin echo-sounder which contains a GPS and a chart plotter
(GPSmap 178C sounder) was set up on one of the BFAR boats so that we could collect more
depth readings from the area. This setup measure depth with an echosounder and a GPS store
the tracks automatically tagged with the date and time of creation, as well as water
temperature and depth. This setup is part of the equipment that is donated to BFAR for use in
future projects. All the collected data were used for the modelling. In Figure 2 transects of the
new depth recordings from Bolinao Bay are illustrated. A detailed map of the northwest
entrance of the Bolinao Bay is shown in Figure 3. The data collected from the three areas can
be put straight into the model or be used for making new bathymetry maps for the areas.
Figure 1. Pictures of the setup with the Garmin GPSmap 178C sounder and the GPS antenna.
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Figure 2. Map of Bolinao Bay demonstrating the new depth recordings. Dark blue illustrates
deep areas while light blue illustrates shallower areas. The rectangular indicates the area for
the detail illustration in Figure 3.
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26
30
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Figure 3. Detailed Bathymetry map of the northwest channel (entrance) of Bolinao Bay.
Light blue illustrates deep areas while light blue illustrates shallower areas.
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Surveying of the area is undertaken by driving the survey vessel in a series of tracks. The
objectives of the survey are to obtain as good coverage as possible of an area. The density of
the tracks is dependent on the topography of the area. Areas with a lot of variance in depth
needs more tracks compared to an area were the depth is more or less the same. It is further
important to make tracks as close as possible to the shoreline, so that shoreline also is
included in bathymetry maps (e.g. minimum depth 2 m). In areas with a lot of aquaculture
activity it can be difficult to manoeuvre the boat between the cages but recordings as close as
possible to cage groups and if possible between cages are important data for the bathymetry
and the modelling. It is important that the speed of the boat is not too high and adjusted so
that the recordings are correct.
It is really important that the transducer is mounted in a vertical position and that the
transducer is not disturbed by the turbulence caused by the vessel or the propeller. Attention
was paid to the orientation of the transducer head and the frequency appropriate for the
expected survey depth. The transducer is sensitive and could easily be damaged if it comes in
contact with any drifting material (wood, rots, rope, etc) during the recordings.
2.2 Current meters

Information about the currents (speed, direction, volume) in an area is vital for doing the
modelling. This information is used for modelling water exchange which again give
information about how often fresh oxygenated water are coming in to an area, how the waste
from the aquaculture activity is dispersed, etc.
MINI current meter model SD-6000 was used in the first survey. This is a compact vector
averaging current meter with memory capacity for up to 6000 combined data sets of current
speed, direction and temperature. For the second and third fieldtrip the new current meters,
RCM 9 LW from Aanderaa in Norway, was used (Figure 5).
The RCM 9 LW (Light Weight) utilizes the well-known Doppler Shift principle as basis for
its measurements. Four transducers transmit short pulses (pings) of acoustic energy along
narrow beams. The same transducers receive backscattered signals from scatters that are
present in the beams, which are used for calculation of the current speed and direction. The
scattering particles are normally plankton, gas bubbles, organisms and particles stemming
from man-made activity.
Figure 4. Illustration of the measuring area for the RCM 9 LW current meter.
Two of these current meters are set up additional sensors to measure conductivity, turbidity,
oxygen and pressure (depth).
The current meters were programmed to measure temperature, current-speed and current-
direction every 5 minutes. Ideally the current meters should be recording between 2 – 6 weeks
per station to get a really good picture of the current in an area. However due to time
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limitation most of the current meters were approximately 24 hours at each station. Most of the
investigated areas are relatively shallow so only one current meter were used at each station.
For most of the stations the current meters were placed in the middle of the water column.
A typical mooring (set up) for the current meter rig is illustrated in Figure 6. The set up is
dependent on the depth on the station. When the depth is less than 10 meters usually only one
current meter is mounted in the rig (6 meter depth). For areas with 15 meter depth usually two
current meters are mounted at respectively 3.5 meter and 7.5 meter from the surface. At 20
meter depth the current meters are mounted at respectively 5 meters and 10 meters from the
surface.
Figure 5. Aanderaa RCM 9 LW current meters equipped with sensors for measuring
conductivity, turbidity, oxygen and pressure (depth).
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Figure 6. A typical set up (mooring) for current meter rig (Left). Right; picture of a current
meter in a rig connected to the leaden weight.
Figure 7. Deploying current meters.
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2.3 Drifting Buoy survey

Measurement of the dispersal characteristics was undertaken using GPS and drifting buoys
(drogues).
Drifting buoys were manufactured in a local workshop in Dagupan and deployed in Bolinao,
Dagupan and Taal Lake to measure current dispersion. This measurement is necessary for the
validation of the predicive model.
Figure 8. Left: Pictures of the drogues with the “sail” and the buoy. Right: picture taken of 7
drogues minutes after being deployed.
Drifters of various designs to measure physical oceanographic features have been used from
oceanic to inshore areas (Yanagi et al., 1982, Burrows et al., 1999). Inshore drifter surveys
have been commonly undertaken around long sea outfalls, with surveys around fish farms less
common. In this context, although the principles of dispersion measurement are well tested
application of this technology around fish farms is novel. Concurrent meteorological
measurements of wind speed and direction is desirable.
The system used was with drifting buoys with numbered flags which were tracked at 10 to 30
minute intervals using hand held logging GPS unit by approaching the drifter in a small vessel
and fixing position with the hand held unit. This approach limits the accuracy and timing of
the positional data. If drifters were grounded or became snagged on moorings or debris then
the drifters were recovered and removed from the trial.
One deployment of a CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth) during the survey if possible is
useful to measure the features of the water column in relation to sock depth
2.4 Water column sampling with the CTDO-probe

Information about conductivity, temperature, salinity and oxygen in the water column is
important parameters for understanding the condition and the dynamic of an area. In addition
these parameters are sensual for the modelling work. These hydrographic data was measured
with an electronic CTDO-probe (Sensordata) (Figure 9). The probe that was donated to BFAR
has sensor for measuring conductivity (salinity), temperature, depth, chlorophyll, turbidity
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and oxygen. These are all important parameters for evaluating the conditions of the water
column.
During sampling the probe was lowered slowly to the bottom and slowly pulled back to the
surface (Figure 10). The probe was programmed to take measurements every 5 seconds. The
measured parameters will have seasonal and day – night changes.
Figure 9. Illustration of the CTDO probe from Sensordata.
Figure 10. Sampling with the CTDO-probe.

.
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2.5 Secchi-depth and water quality sampling

The Secchi-depth was measured with a standard Secchi-disk (diameter 25 cm).The use of a
Secchi-disk is a very well known method for measuring the water-transparency and the colour
of the water (Figure 11). These data gives information about the amount of particles in the
water. The particles are either related to production in the water column (phytoplankton) or
particles which come from the drainage area or sediments (sand, dust). The Secchi-depth was
measured at all benthic and CTDO stations.
Water samples were taken with a Niskin water sampler or a Rutner water sampler at 2 meters
depth (Figure 12). In Bolinao the stations used are the same one as the University of
Philippines Marine Science Institute (UPMSI) is using in their long trend studies. In Dagupan
the same stations as BFAR are using in their monitoring programme were used. I Taal Lake
water samples was taken from some new stations in addition to the stations that BFAR are
using for their monitoring. The samples were analysed by the UPMSI and for the following
parameters NH4, NO2, NO3, PO4 and Chlorophyll-a. In Dagupan, water was analysed by the
NIFTDC laboratories and in Taal Lake by BFAR Region 4 laboratories.
Figure 11. Secchi-disk readings in Bolinao Bay 2005.
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Figure 12. Left: Water samples taken with a Niskin water sampler in Bolinao Bay. Water
sampling in Taal Lake.
2.6 Sediment sampling (Benthic stations)

Sediments are often used as indicators for evaluating the environmental status of an area. It
takes much longer time to change the condition of the sediments compared to the water
quality parameters. Water quality parameters give a snap shot of the conditions while
sediments tell you how the conditions have developed over a longer time period. Therefore
are sediment samples very good indicators of the environmental condition.
The distribution and abundance of organisms, numbers of species and community structure
were analysed as a pilot faunal registration. These measurements give good indications of the
environmental state of the area.
Sampling was carried out with a 0.05 m2 modified van Veen grab (Figure 13). The grab had
hinged and lockable inspection flaps constructed of 0.5 mm mesh. The upper side of each flap
was covered by additional rubber flap allowing water to pass freely through the grab during
lowering, yet closing the grab to prevent the sediment surface being disturbed by water
currents during hauling.
At each station one chemical and one biological grab sample were taken (Figure 14). Sub-
samples for analyses of grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were
removed from the chemical samples. Each sample was visually inspected to ensure there was
no sediment disturbance. Sediment for the grain size, TOC and TN analysis was taken from
the upper 2 cm layer. The samples were frozen at -20°C.
The volume of the sediment that contained the biological samples was recorded and gently
sieved through a 1mm round hole sieve immersed in sea water. The fauna for the semi-
quantitative sample were then preserved in 4 % formaldehyde solution stained with rose
bengal and neutralized with borax.
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Each sediment sample was described with respect to sediment type, smell, colour, larger
living animals and any other obvious features (i.e. visible organic layer, bacteria, feces, fish
food etc.). Further samples were taken for chemical analysis, grain size and fauna analysis.
Figure 13. Illustration of the van Veen grab and picture of lowering the grab into the water.
Figure 14. The grab sample is inspected through the lid on top of the grab. A sample for
chemical analysis is taken from the upper surface (2 cm).
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Figure 15. Biological samples gently sieved through a 1mm round hole sieve immersed in sea
water.
In areas with bad environmental conditions the sediments had high organic content and
smelled H2S (Figure 16). In these samples there was not recorded any live animals. Stations
with bad sediment conditions were often related to areas with high fish farming activity. In
areas with less fish farming there were no H2S smell or high organic content and there were
also recorded live animals.
High organic content Low organic content

- close to a fish cage - far away from a fish cage
Figure 16. Sediment samples from sites with different environmental conditions. The left
picture is of sediments close to a fish cage; the sediments have high organic content, no live
animals and smelling H2S. Right picture is from an area far away from a fish cage; where the
sediment is in good conditions.
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3 Production survey
¾ Survey of aquaculture production in the area
¾ For sample farms collect the following information
o Species cultured
o Growth rate
o Biomass
o Stocking density
o Survival
o Health problems and status
3.1 Fish Farm registration

Fish farms were counted, noted if operational or non-operational and registered with GPS
reading (where possible). This method was used for Bolinao and Dagupan.
In Taal Lake the cages were too numerous to count individually by boat so a number of
alternative methods for estimating the number of cages were used and their accuracy
compared to an aerial survey.
Estimates of the surface area of cage zones were made using satellite imagery. Images were
downloaded from Google earth. From the raw images it was not possible to identify areas
with cages but with adjustment of the brightness and contrast, the areas with cages were able
to be identified (Figure 17).
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Figure 17. Left: Image of a cage area. Right: Enhanced image of cage area.
The enhanced image from satellites allowed accurate measurement of surface area but the
date of the image used by Google earth is not known. A sub-sample of the number of cages
per hectare was measured with a boat in different areas. Density of cages varied between 5 to
25 cages per hectare with an average of 15 per hectare. As the date of the image was not
known, this method was discarded.
Another method used to try and estimate the surface area of the cage zones was to follow the
perimeter of the cage area with a small boat recording the boat track using a GPS (Figure 18).
Figure 18. Illustration of the boat tracking recorded with a GPS to estimate the surface of the area of
fish cages in an area.
This method was accurate for the measurement of surface area of cage zones but took a lot of
time.
Another method that was evaluated was the taking a panorama of digital photographs from a
vantage point and counting cages from the photographs (Figure 19).
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Figure 19. Panorama photography of fish cages in Taal Lake.
Using this method it was estimated that there were 1,037 cages in the Sampaloc area (1371
counted from the aerial survey). It was difficult to count the cages in the distance accurately.
In addition there were very few vantage points high enough to get a full view of the cages on
the lake. This method was also discarded.
An aerial survey was undertaken by flying over all the production areas at 100 meters height
and taking digital photographs (Figure 20, Figure 21).
This allowed photographs of all the cages to be taken and analysed.
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Figure 20. Composite of aerial photographs of an area in Leviste, Taal Lake.
Figure 21. Enhanced and zoomed aerial photograph of cages in Leviste, Taal Lake.
It was found that the most accurate method to estimate a large number of cages was by aerial
photography.
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4 Surveyors and Surveys

International specialists (3)
¾ Rune Palerud,
¾ Guttorm Christensen,
¾ Patrick White
Counterpart staff and observers

- NIFTDC _BFAR
- IFAD - BFAR
- BFAR Regional Offices
- University of the Philippines, Marine Science Institute
- Local Government Unit observers
- Other observers
Project Schedule during first year

Year 2 2005 2006
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D J F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Signing of contract X
Literature survey X X X
Marine Survey X X
Brackish Survey X
Freshwater Survey X
Survey analysis X X X X
Interim Report X
Project meetings X X X X X
The signing of the contract between NORAD and BFAR took place on 19th January and was
designated as the official start date.
The first series of surveys were undertaken between 10 to 23 April 2005 for the marine and
brackish water sites. Rune Palerud and Guttorm Christensen (assisted by counterparts)
undertook the environmental survey and Patrick White (assisted by counterparts) undertook
the production survey.
February 2005
Patrick White went to Philippines in February 2005 to
• Finalise and sign the agreement between BFAR and APN (Witnessed by the president
Gloria Arroyo and the speaker of the house.)
• finalised the decision on the survey sites
• started literature surveys on the chosen sites
• Checked availability of equipment in the Philippines
• Started manufacture of mini drogues in Philippines
• Checked suppliers and aftersales servicing of survey equipment.
• Finalised dates and counterparts staff for surveys
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March 2005
Sent list of BFAR survey equipment to be imported to be able to get tax exemption papers.
Sent list of APN survey equipment to be imported to get temporary import paper and found
out amount of cash to be deposited at customs.
April 2005
Undertook survey of Bolinao (marine) and Dagupan (brackishwater).
October 2005
Second Survey of Bolinao (marine) and survey of Lake Taal (freshwater)
Project Schedule Year 2

Year 2 2006 2007
Month F M A M J J A S O N D J F
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Marine Survey X
Freshwater Survey X
Survey analysis X X X
Model preparation X X X
Recommendations X X X
Model demonstration X
Operation manual X X
Best Practice manual X X
Workshops X X
Draft Final Report X
Project Audit X
Final Report X
Project Meeting X X X X
Proj Financial report X
February 2006
Interim report and project meeting
20 – 24 February 2006
BFAR monitoring team will survey Bolinao for the last time (funded by APN)
• Finalise bathymetry
• Sediment grabs
• Current meter readings
• CTDO readings
• Water sampling
• mini drogues readings
• Fish Farm Interviews.
• Sample registration active/inactive
27 February 2006
Install current meters in Taal Lake
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March 2006
26 March to 1 April. Rune Palerud, Guttorm Christensen and Patrick White came to
Philippines for the final survey of Taal Lake.
3-5 April. Project meetings in Manila. Afternoon of 5th April a presentation of initial survey
results to BFAR staff and press.
May/June 2006
Analysis of data
November 2006
Model demonstration and training at Dagupan
Workshops and Round table discussions.
Patrick, Guttorm and Rune travel to Philippines and conduct workshops with BFAR staff in
Dagupan, Bolinao, Taal and Manila
Workshop – to present results to LGU, NGOs, Farmers, etc. Demonstrate models
Round table discussions with LGUs to find possible regulations, zoning, control measures
In Manila - Meeting with BFAR, UPMSI to discuss overall conclusions of the Project
December/January 2007
Preparation of survey operational manual
Finalise recommendations
Preparation of best practice guidelines
Preparation of final report
February 2007
Final report
Presentation of final report
March 2007
Audit of Accounts
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4.1 Surveys schedule April 2005

Date
11 April Monday Travel to Manila with Equipment, clear equipment through
customs
12 April Tuesday Morning in Manila to collect equipment through customs.
Afternoon. Travel to Dagupan
13 April Wednesday BFAR station. Checking equipment and arrangements, logistics,
boats and counterpart staff, etc
14 April Thursday BFAR station. Morning - Checking equipment and arrangements,
logistics, boats and counterpart staff, etc
Afternoon travel to Bolinao
15 April Friday Day 1 Start survey in Bolinao (marine)
16 April Saturday Day 2 Survey in Bolinao
17 April Sunday Day 3 Survey in Bolinao
18 April Monday Day 4 Survey in Bolinao then collect current meters
19 April Tuesday Day 1 Start survey in Dagupan (brackish water)
20 April Wednesday Day 2 Survey in Dagupan
21 April Thursday Day 3 Survey in Dagupan
22 April Friday Day 4 Survey in Dagupan and trip to visit site in La Union
23 April Saturday Morning – Travel to Manila
24 April Sunday Clear equipment back through customs and fly back
For the first survey, the majority of equipment was provided by APN to be able to assess
suitability for the local environment. Equipment was purchased for subsequent surveys.
Equipment
For the first surveys, the following equipment was sourced as follows:
Equipment Source
3 current meters Temporary Import
1 echosounder/computer/GPS system Temporary Import
compatible computer analysis system
1 set drogues (10) Made locally
1 mini grab plus 1 larger grab Temporary Import
1 set sieves and sample jars Temporary Import
1 CTDO sensor Temporary Import
1 Secci disk BFAR provided
1 set Nets Purchased locally
1 Corer Temporary Import
3 GPS Temporary import
1 Underwater camera Temporary Import
1 digital camera (with MPEG capability) Temporary Import
1 hand held depth meter Temporary Import
Additional equipment Source
Ropes Purchased locally
Buoys Purchased locally
Chain Purchased locally
Anchors Purchased locally
Consumables, (petrol, chemicals, etc) Purchased locally
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Equipment that was sent in advance (unaccompanied luggage)

This equipment was sent from Norway 10 days before survey started. APN prepared
commercial invoice and arranged tax free temporary import
3 current meters Temporary Import
1 echosounder/ Temporary Import
1 mini grab plus 1 larger grab Temporary Import
1 CTDO sensor Temporary Import
1 Corer Temporary Import
Imported with APN staff (accompanied luggage)

This equipment was brought by Rune and Guttorm in their luggage
Laptop computer Temporary Import
1 set sieves and sample jars Temporary Import
1 Underwater camera Temporary Import
1 digital camera (with MPEG capability) Temporary Import
2 GPS Temporary import
Rose bengal stain Temporary import
Equipment made, purchased or hired locally

This equipment was purchased for the project
1 set drogues (10) Made locally
1 Secci disk BFAR provided
Consumables, (petrol, chemicals, etc) Purchased locally
1 Oxygen sensor BFAR provided
Water sample jars Provided by BFAR and UPMSI
1 GPS BFAR
Formalin Purchased locally
95% Alcohol Purchased locally
Boats (supplied by BFAR-NIFTDC)

NIFTDC patrol boat (capacity 10 people)
NIFTDC boat (capacity 8 people)
Region 1 boat (capacity 5 people) for production survey
Shorebase support
- Sample sieving
- Sample separation
- Taxonomy
- Water quality analysis (pH, NO2, NO3, PO3, NH4)
- Meteorology (wind speed, wind direction)
- Local Tidal information
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Allocation of boats and work

Boat 1 Boat 2 Boat 3
Boat NIFTDC patrol boat NIFTDC boat (old) Region 1 boat
Capacity 10 people 8 people 5 people
APN staff R. Palerud G. Christensen P. White
BFAR Staff BFAR Counterpart BFAR Counterpart BFAR Counterpart
staff and observers staff and observers staff and observers
Day 0 Selecting sample Preparation of Logistics
sites equipment
Day 1 Installing current CTDO readings (20) Mapping cages
meters
GPS sample sites
Day 2 Sediment grabs (10) Bathymetry Mapping cages
Day 3 Sediment grabs (10) Drogues Production data
collection and health
assessment
Day 4 Underwater Water samples (20) Production data
photographic dive (2) and Secci disk collection and health
collect current meters readings assessment
4.2 Surveys schedules September - October 2005

Date
26 September Monday Travel to Dagupan
27 September Tuesday BFAR station. Checking equipment and arrangements,
28 September Wednesday BFAR station. Morning - Checking equipment and
arrangements, logistics, boats and counterpart staff, etc
Afternoon travel to Bolinao
29 September Thursday Start survey in Bolinao (marine)
30 September Friday Survey in Bolinao
1 October Saturday Survey in Bolinao
2 October Sunday Survey in Bolinao collect current meters in afternoon
then to Dagupan
3 October Monday Day off
4 October Tuesday Travel Dagupan to Taal Lake
5 October Wednesday BFAR station. Checking equipment and arrangements,
6 October Thursday Start survey in Taal Lake (fresh water)
7 October Friday Survey in Taal Lake
8 October Saturday Survey in Taal Lake
8 October Sunday Survey in Taal Lake, collect current meters in afternoon
9 October Monday Morning – Travel to Manila
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Surveys
• Environmental survey
• Analysis of the bathymetry of the area
• Profiling of temperature, salinity, and oxygen levels through the water
• Sediment analysis
• Survey of current speed and direction
• Recording of tidal range observations (Bolinao)
• Collection of wind direction, frequency and speed data
Production survey
• Survey of aquaculture production in the area
• For sample farms collect the following information
• Species cultured
• Growth rate
• Biomass
• Stocking density
• Survival
• Health problems and status
For the second survey in September/October, Patrick White supervised BFAR staff and the
majority of the survey equipment was already delivered to BFAR but some equipment was
hand carried by APN.
Equipment
4 current meters Sent from Norway
1 echosounder/computer/GPS system Purchased in Philippines
Garmin GPS Purchased in Duty Free
Garmin GPS Already at BFAR
1 set drogues (10) Already at BFAR
1 large grab To be sent from Norway
1 set sieves and sample jars Brought by Patrick
1 CTDO sensor Already sent from Norway
1 12 volt transformer and battery Purchased locally
1 Secci disk Made locally
Additional equipment
Ropes Already at BFAR
Buoys Already at BFAR
Chain Already at BFAR
Anchors Already at BFAR
Boats for the surveys

• Boat 1 patrol boat or similar for bathymetry (capacity 8 people)
• Boat 2 open boat (NIFTDC fast boat) for grabs, current meters, CTDO (capacity 6 people)
• Boat 3 small boat (capacity 4 people) for production survey and drogues
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4.3 Survey schedule March - April 2006
Date
26 March Sunday Patrick, Guttorm and Rune Arrive in Manila 1825 hrs
27 March Monday BFAR and APN travel to Taal
28 March Tuesday Morning BFAR Talisay. Checking equipment and
arrangements, logistics, boats and counterpart staff, etc
Afternoon start survey in Taal Lake
29 March Wednesday Survey in Taal Lake
30 March Thursday Survey in Taal Lake
Tarzan arrives in Manila 1825 hrs
31 March Friday Survey in Taal Lake,
1 April Saturday Morning – collect current meters
Travel to Manila in Afternoon
2 April Sunday Day off
3 April Monday Meeting with all Survey staff at NFRDI Quezon City
4 April Tuesday Meeting with all Survey staff at NFRDI
5 April Wednesday Morning Meeting with all Survey staff at NFRDI
Afternoon presentations to BFAR, UP and Press
6 April Thursday Tarzan leaves 1950hrs
7 April Friday Guttorm and Rune leave 1950 hrs
4.4 Equipment donated to the project

14/09/2005 Garmin GPS 60C
02/10/2005 Computer laptop IFAD
Sept 2005 Garmin GPS Map Echo sounder
Sep 2005 Current meter 4 x RCM9LW
Sep 2005 Inline mooring Frame 4 x
Sep 2005 Current meter 2 x RCM9LW
Sep 2005 Conductivity sensor 2 x
Sep 2005 Pressure Sensor 2 x
Sep 2005 Oxygen sensor 2 x
Sep 2005 Turbidity sensor 2 x
Sep 2005 Mooring Frame 2 x
Sep 2005 Sensor cable
Sep 2005 STD/CTD SD204
Sep 2005 Marine Grab and seives
Sep 2005 Garmin GPS Yellow
02/01/2006 Garmin data card 64 Mb E
21/03/2006 Battery chargers
21/03/2006 4 Walkie talkies
22/03/2006 Laptop Computer NIFTDC
22/03/2006 Computer Cable
Freshwater grab
Hand held depth meter
Aluminium boxes
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Draft Final Report
Additional equipment manufactured locally

1 Secci disk Made locally
1 set drogues (12 Made locally
1 feeding tray Made locally
1 feed/faeces collection tray Made locally
Additional equipment purchased locally
1 12 volt transformer and battery Purchased locally
Plastic containers Purchased locally
Cool boxes Purchased locally
This equipment has been utilised during the project by trained staff of NIFTDC in the
following areas;
Data from Regie
Presentations on Wednesday 5 April 2006

1300 - 1330 Westly Introduction to EMMA
1330 - 1400 Rune and Regie Monitoring methodology used
1400 - 1430 Guttorm and Jun Initial environmental impact results
1430 - 1500 Tea break
1500 - 1530 Patrick Production survey results
1530 - 1600 Tarzan Modelling of aquaculture impacts
1600 + + + Open discussion Questions, clarifications etc
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5 Survey areas and sampling sites

5.1 Marine - Bolinao survey site – April, October 2005 and February
2006
Bolinao map showing limits
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Sampling sites in Bolinao
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5.2 Brackish – Dagupan estuary survey site – April 2006
Dagupan map showing limits.
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Sampling sites in Dagupan
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5.3 Taal Lake survey – October 2005 and April 2006
Taal Lake map.
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Draft Final Report
Sampling sites in Taal Lake
Name Bolinao Dagupan Taal

No. Surveys 3 1 2
No
stations
Currentmeter 16 7 11
CTDo 102 42 117*
Secchi depth 86 41 42
Grab sample 63 8 25
Watersample 32
*) only 57 station is on the
map
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Draft Final Report
6 Modelling carrying capacity

Environmental carrying capacity for fish aquacultures is defined as the maximum number of
fish of a given species that may be safely grown in the considered water body. The maximum
number is limited by a variety of factors. Certainly, if the maximum number exists for a single
aquaculture occupying a given area, then the available area for fish cultures induces the upper
limit. However, this limit may be much higher than the carrying capacity. Computation of
carrying capacity must be based on the condition which limits the stock maximally.
Anotherwords, it must be based on the limiting condition.
A well known condition which would limit the maximum number more than the available
area is the oxygen content in water. Dissolved oxygen is used by fish and its content must not
fall below a certain limit. During a normal sunny day, fish in high density is one of the the
major oxygen users. However, not all days are sunny. During several overcast days
phytoplankton in high concentration is orders of magnitude more intensive user of oxygen
and hence one must ensure that phytoplankton is not able to reach very high concentration.
Otherwise, within a few days, phytoplankton will decrease oxygen content to a value which
will dramatically increase fish mortality. Since fish in aquacultures emmits its waste to the
water body, and this waste contains nutrients used by phytoplankton, increasing the fish stock
will cause unacceptably high phytoplankton concentration in water. Hence this will limit the
standing stock of fish that we may have in the water body.
Consequently, our strategy to compute carrying capacity is composed of three steps.
1. First consider characteristics of a water body.

How quickly is water being exchanged with a neighboring water where fish is not grown and
hence has higher oxygen content? What are intensities and locations of other nutrient sources
that enter considered water body? Since fish is usually grown close to the coast, impact of
land based sources may be considerable and may cause smaller carrying capacity for fish
grown in aquacultures.
2) Second, we must consider how phytoplankton is grown and what concentration it is able to
reach with given external sources. This will give us the remaining concentration of
phytoplankton that we may reach by increasing aquaculture size.
3) Finally, we should increase (or decrease) fish stock until critical phytoplankton
concentration is reached. So obtained fish stock will define the carrying capacity of the water
body for a given species of fish.
Figure 1. depicts the process graphically.
Figure 1.1. The process of determining carrying capacity for fish aquaculture based on
arriving at the critical phytoplankton concentration.
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Draft Final Report
6.1 METHODS
A model of dependence of phytoplankton growth on nutrient
Let us consider a well mixed water body such as an upper layer of a lake or a coastal sea.
Denote the nutrient concentration by S and the nutrient concentration in phytoplankton

concentration by X. Nutrient concentration in phytoplankton is proportional to phytoplankton
concentration. Inflow of nutrient is: inflow of water, Q, times concentration in the inflow, I.
The equivalent rate of change in the concentration is Q*I/V = D*I, where V is the volume of
the water body. D is the flushing rate because water inflow is assumed to be equal to water
outflow. Then, the loss of concentration from a water body is D*S. Concentration of nutrient
in water is also lost by phytoplankton uptake: u*X. Phytoplankton is lost from a water body
due to outflow of water. This loss is equal to D*X.
Finally, the equations of the model are:
dS/dt = D(I - S) - u X (1)
dX/dt = (u - D) X (2)
where u = VmaxS /(h+S) = specific uptake rate = specific growth rate. The term u is known as
the Michaelis-Menten-Monod uptake. The parameter, Vmax, is a fixed maximum growth rate =
maximum uptake rate, while parameter h is the half-saturation constant. Terms dS/dt and
dX/dt denote rates of change of nutrient concentration in water, S, and the nutrient
concentration in phytoplankton, X, respectively.
Let us investigate steady states of this model i.e. possible states when t → ∞.
Steady states are solutions of dS/dt = 0 and dX/dt = 0. With this requirement, equations (1)
and (2) become a system of two algebraic equations:
D(I -S*) = Vmax S* X* /(h+S*) (3)
(Vmax S*/(h+S*) - D) X* = 0 (4)
where stars (*) denote steady states.
Steady state (S*=0, X*=0) is called the total extinction state and it does not exist. Indeed if we
insert these values into (3) and (4) we see that equation (3) can not be satisfied. For equation
(3) to be satisfied: D*I = 0, which is impossible given that D > 0 and I >0.
Steady state (S*=I , X*=0) exists and it is called the phytoplankton extinction steady state.
In this state the phytoplankton has been washed out from the reactor.
For this state to be stable, flushing rate D must be greater than the maximum possible specific
division rate of phytoplankton which is Vmax I /(h +I).
Finally, assuming S* ≠ 0 and X* ≠ 0, from equation (4) we easily find:
S* = D h /(Vmax-D) (5)
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Draft Final Report
Hence, S* can be positive only if Vmax > D. (6)
From (3) and (4) it also follows that:

(7)
I = X* + S*.
Anotherwords, in steady state:
the sum of nutrient concentration in water and in the phytoplankton

is equal to the inflowing concentration.
By substituting (5) into (7) it follows:
X* = I - D h/(Vmax-D) (8)
For X*> 0 the condition I > D h/(Vmax-D) must hold.

This gives a more stringent condition on Vmax:
Vmax > D ( 1 + h/I ). (9)
Namely, it is not enough that Vmax > D which ensures that S* > 0, but also S* < I
and hence the condition (9). Anotherwords, even if the condition (6) is satisfied but the
condition (9) is not, as t → ∞ the system starting with S(t=0) = So > 0 and
X(t=0) = Xo > 0 will end up in (S* = I , X* = 0= i.e. the extinction of phytoplankton. This
will occur because wash out of phytoplankton DX will eventually overcome the growth Vmax
S X /(h+S).
Hence, the condition (9) must be satisfied if we want that the nonextinction steady state
(i.e. the state in which X persists) be stable (in fact a stable node).
Since we can not control the maximum uptake rate, Vmax , because this parameter is a property
of existing phytoplankton in the lake, the condition (9) has to be rewritten in terms of D:
D < Vmax /(1 + h/I). (10)
Hence, we have a conclusion:
By controlling flushing rate we can control the

concentration of phytoplankton in the lake.
Alternatively, since (9) and (10) means:
I > D h /(Vmax - D). (11)
We also conclude:
By controlling the inflow of nutrients in the lake

we can control phytoplankton in the lake.
In Figure 2 we display dynamics of two systems, each starting with its own initial condition.
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Draft Final Report
The first system starts with a large nutrient concentration So = 200 and a low phytoplankton
concentration, Xo = 50. Wee see a phytoplankton bloom and then a tendency to a lower
steady state X*.
In the second system which starts with a low nutrient concentration, So = 20, and a very low
concentration of phytoplankton, Xo = 10, a transition to steady state is without phytoplankton
bloom. Both systems tend to the same steady state since they are characterized with identical
flushing rate, inflow of nutrient and phytoplankton characteristics Vmax and h.
200
150
Concentration
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time
Figure 2. Dynamics of two systems. The first system starts with: So=200, Xo=50. The second
system starts with: nutrient So=20 and nutrient in phytoplankton Xo = 10.
Parameters for both systems: I = 100, D = 0.04, Vmax = 0.1, h = 20.
Consequences for the carrying capacity of a water body for fish farms
The preceding section contains interesting information concerning carrying capacity of a
water body for fish aquacultures.
Fish aquacultures emmit nutrients into the lake and this is seen as an increase in the inflow D
I. Since the inflow of water to the water body does not change, and hence D is the same, an
increase in fish cultures is seen as an increase in average nutrient concentration, I, that enters
the reactor.
We see from the expression (5) that as a consequence of an increase in I, the steady state of
nutrient concentration, S*, in the reactor does not change. All the benefit of increasing
nutrient inflow due to the increase in I goes into the increase of phytoplankton concentration.
As the expression (7) shows, the increase in steady state of phytoplankton concentration is
linearly related to the increase in nutrient inflow. Another words, if the nutrient inflow
doubles, the phytoplankton concentration will double.
Since we know that there exists a phytoplankton concentration which will induce fish kill due
to excessive consumption of dissolved oxygen during night and an overcast day, by limiting
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Draft Final Report
phytoplankton concentration we limit the standing stock of fish which are the source of
nutrient inflow.
In case that rivers, other land based sources, and atmospheric input, bring so much nutrient
that the critical steady state phytoplankton concentration has been reached already, the
carrying capacity of the water body for the standing stock of fish is zero. Of course, this
conclusion may change if these other sources decrease.
Estimation of the carrying capacity

Let us use the expression (7):
I = X* + S*.
When fish aquacultures do not exist, we have:
Io = Xo* + S*. (12)
In the above expression, Io is derived from other nutrient sources that drain into the water
body and results into the background concentration of phytoplankton Xo*.
Let us add a contribution from fish aquacultures: Ia. Then the expression (12) changes into:
(Io + Ia) = (Xo* + Xa*) + S* (13)
But we know that a critically high concentration of Xc*, call it Xc* = Xo* + Xa* will induce
a critically low dissolved oxygen. This will be achieved for a value called the carrying
capacity for aquacultures. Carrying capacity of aquacultures translates into a critical increase
in nutrient concentration. Denote this value by Ic. Now using (13), we have:
Ic = Xc* + S* - Io (14)
If Xc* is greater than Xo we have Ic > 0.
Note one more property of the expression (14): since the phytoplankton keeps the nutrient
concentration, S* , constant regardless of the increase in I, it is likely that Xc* >>S*, so to a
good approximation:
Ic = Xc* - Io. (15)
Application issues
1) The problem of the limiting nutrient

In the above, we assumed that there exists a nutrient which limits the production of
phytoplankton. We know that phytoplankton needs many nutrients to grow.
All those nutrients which exist in higher concentration than the one upon which the
production depends, are not of our concern. If we would use any of them in the expression 15,
we would get a smaller carrying capacity of fish aquacultures.
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Hence, to benefit from the above results, we must use the limiting nutrient. It is only for this
nutrient that all of the above results are relevant. So it is obvious that somehow we must know
the limiting nutrient in advance.
Most oceanographers approach this problem as follows: We know that there exists a Redfield
ratio in phytoplankton. This ratio is an optimum ratio of nutrients that phytoplankton needs
for growth. Hence, if one has the excess of one nutrient over the other in water than the
Redfield ratio dictates in phytoplankton, the other is the limiting nutrient.
Legovic and Cruzado (1997) have shown that this line of reasoning is misleading. They
concluded that the Redfield ratio of nutrients in phytoplankton does not translate into the
Redfield ratio in water as one to one relationship. The exception is only in the environment
where the growth of phytoplankton is negligible (ultra oligotrophic waters). But, in a water
body in which we drive phytoplankton to a high concentration, phytoplankton growth is not
negligible. Another words, we are on the opposite side of the mentioned exception.
To know which nutrient is limiting at a given time, the correct approach is to do separate
experiments for each potentially limiting nutrient. The experiment is to increase one nutrient
while keeping the others the same as they occur in the water body, and see if phytoplankton
grows faster. The procedure needs to be repeated with all candidates for a limiting nutrient.
The candidates are: reactive nitrogen, reactive phosphorus and reactive silica.
From a number of experiments of the above kind it is known that for lakes and brackish
waters the most likely limiting nutrient is phosphorus. Hence for these kinds of
environments we are advised to take phosphorus as the limiting nutrient.
Similar experiments for the seas have resulted into nitrogen being limiting for the Atlantic,
while phosphorus is slightly more limiting for the Mediterranean.
According to: Dufour and Berland (1999) and Dufour et al., (1999), south pacific waters are
nitrogen limited. However, these results are derived from very oligotrophic sub- tropical
Tuamotu archipelago and are probably not valid for Bolinao.
Based on short-term responses of coral reef micro-phytobenthic communities to inorganic
nutrient loading Dizon and Yap (1999) found that N and P are limiting when added together
while neither N nor P seems to be limiting when added alone.
In the area of a dominant impact of aquacultures, the limiting nutrient will be determined by
the ratio in which aquacultures emanate nutrients. If we look at the distribution of N and P in
fish feed: 73 kg N/ton and P=14 kg N/ton we have the ratio N/P = 5.21. If we were to feed
phytoplankton with fish feed, P would be given in excess of N, since the ideal ratio in
phytoplankton is N/P = 7 (by weight), and hence N would be limiting. However, fish farms
emanate 68 % of N and 28% of P from fish feed into the water column through excretion and
soluble feces (Lupatsch and Kissil, 1998). This makes the ratio in emmision: N/P = 13.13 by
weight and hence, a fish farm induces P limitation of phytoplankton.
Finally, one more caution. It is possible that bioassay studies show phosphorus limitation at
one time instant and nitrogen limitation at another instant, when at both instances the same
ratio of nutrients has been emitted to water. The phytoplankton species composition is
dynamic in time due to existing seasonal succession of phytoplankton species and hence for
the same nutrient ratio in emission one species is limited by nitrogen while another may be
limited by phosphorus or even silica. This latter is due to the fact that different phytoplankton
species require different optimum N/P ratio. Hence, bioassay results are a function of
phytoplankton composition and dominance for a given time instant.
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Draft Final Report
2) A critical phytoplankton concentration

The critical phytoplankton concentration is one of the key parameters in expressions (14) and
(15) which determine the carrying capacity of aquacultures in a studied area.
Hence, our next problem is to determine the highest phytoplankton concentration which
guarantees that oxygen concentration will not drop below the healthy level for fish.
Sowles (2005) gives the critical mean phytoplankton concentration as 4 μg Chl-a/l. This
concentration would bring dissolved oxygen concentration at the lowest value of 6 mg/l.
Perhaps this is acceptable critical dissolved oxygen content for salmon aquacultures in the
Gulf of Maine, USA, but many agree that this dissolved oxygen value is too high as a critical
value for freshwater Tilapia species or trophic fish cultures.
Masser (1988) writes: "In general, warmwater species such as catfish and tilapia need a
dissolved oxygen concentration of 4 mg/l DO (or ppm) or greater to maintain good health and
feed conversion. Healthy warmwater fish can tolerate 1 mg/l DO for short periods of time but
will die if exposure is prolonged. Prolonged exposure to 1.5 mg/l DO causes tissue damage,
and any prolonged exposure to low dissolved oxygen levels will stop growth and increase the
incidence of secondary diseases, apparently by reducing fish ability to resist infection."
According to USEPA the maximum allowable total P should be 0.17 mg/l while the
maximum allowable phytoplankton related Chl-a should be 10 μg/l.
If we assume that P in water is found almost exclusively in phytoplankton, then by using a
relationship between Total P (TP) and Chl-a we find the upper value of Chl-a that
corresponds to total P found in water.
According to Dillon and Rigler (1974):
log10 (μg Chl-a/l) = - 1.134 + 1.5383 log10 (μg TP/l). (16)
The expression gave excellent correlation of R = 0.975 between the log10 (Chl-a) and log10
(TP) for Canadian lakes.
USEPA total P of 0.17 mg/l would mean 198 μg Chl-a/l. This tells us that there is a gross
mismatch between the standard for total P and Chl-a.
As it concerns us, the relationship for Canadian lakes may not hold for tropic lakes.
From 534 Florida lakes, the following relationship has been found by researchers at the
Florida Lakewatch (2000, 2):
Log10 (μg Chl-a/l) = – 0.369 + 1.053 Log10 (μg TP/l) (17)
Given total P of 0.17 mg/l we get 95 μg Chl-a/l.
It is instructive to keep in mind (Florida Lakewatch, 2000, 1):

"In Florida, when chlorophyll concentrations reach a level over 40 μg/l, some scientists will
call it an algae or algal bloom."
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Draft Final Report
"When algal biomass exceeds 100 μg/L (measured as chlorophyll concentrations), there is an
increased probability of a fish kill. Fish kills, however, typically only occur after three or four
cloudy days. During this time, algae consume oxygen rather than produce it because they
don’t have sunlight available to help them photosynthesize more oxygen. This can lead to
oxygen depletion. Without oxygen, aquatic organisms, including fish, die. Chlorophyll
concentrations below 100 μg/l generally do not adversely affect fish and wildlife, but dead
fish and wildlife can occasionally be found."
Hence the above value of 0.17 mg P/l and corresponding 100 μg Chl-a/l we may take as the
indication that carrying capacity has been reached.
Let us also mention that:
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources has set the standard for total P as
< 0.4 mg P/l. However, when compared to USEPA and the expression (17), the upper
limit of 0.4 mg P/l is obviously an overestimate because it would result into unaceptably
high phytoplankton concentration. This is an indication that the standard of < 0.4 mg P/l
should be changed into < 0.17 mg P/l.
3) Background concentration of nutrient in the inflow, Io

The background concentration of nutrient, Io, means an average value of nutrient
concentration in the inflow from other sources. Since there are two seasons, dry and wet:
should we take the average value of the limiting nutrient for the dry season or the average
value for the wet season? To resolve this dilemma we have to consider time scales of
processes responsible for the phytoplankton dynamics and choose the most critical one.
Dry season
In this season the phytoplankton dynamics will be driven by a small value of flushing rate D,
small nutrient inflow in terms of D*I, but a high value of I (more concentrated nutrient in
small streams that enter the water body). From the expressions (5) and (8) we see that if
phytoplankton has enough time to come close to steady state, the steady state would be higher
than in case D is higher and I lower. Since dry season is long enough for phytoplankton to
grow to whatever value limits its growth, it follows that it is important to measure nutrient
concentration in the inflow, because this concentration will determine carrying capacity of
aquacultures.
Wet season
Wet season is characterized by much higher precipitation. Direct precipitation contains small
concentration of limiting nutrient. The effect on phytoplankton dynamics is basically
determined by high flushing and this decreases existing concentration of phytoplankton and
presents a weak basis for further phytoplankton growth.
However, wet season is not characterized by a continuous higher precipitation but by a series
of storms, sometimes violent ones. Although the dilution phenomenon are more prominent,
storms are followed by an increased erosion and flushing of agricultural fields which are rich
in nutrients. During such storms up to 80 % of nutrients are flushed into the recipient water
body, estuary, coastal bay or a lake. The first significant storm after the dry season is the one
which brings most nutrients into the recipient water body.
A representative total concentration made up of averaging across a series of streams and
diffuse inflows is difficult to measure. However, the total inflow of water is usually available
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Draft Final Report
since it is equal to the outflow. A single outflow such as in the Taal Lake is not difficult to
measure.
The average concentration in such a case would be:
Average I = (Q1*I1 + Q2*I2+…+Qn*In)/(Q1+Q2+...+Qn) (18)
Where Qi and Ii are the inflow of water through the i-th stream and Ii is the nutrient
concentration in the i-th stream, where the number of streams is i = 1, …, n.
Given the fact that the inflow of water through the streams and the concentration of nutrient in
each stream are highly variable in time, the problem of precisely estimating the average
nutrient concentration is very difficult and time consuming process.
The process is further complicated by the existence of diffuse inflows from agricultural lands,
forests and meadows.
The above shows that the precise determination of Io will be difficult to obtain directly, and
yet the carrying capacity depends on this determination.
The alternative is to resort to indirect methods. Indirect methods would involve measurements
of the nutrient concentration in the water body and possibly extract Io from such
measurements. Indeed the expression (13):
(Io + Ia) = (Xo* + Xa) + S*
holds some potential to succeed by assuming much smaller measurement cost.
When one makes measurements of the limiting nutrient in the water body, aquacultures are
already there, hence Io is masked by emission from aquacultures.
Now, if we would know the emission of aquacultures and the corresponding nutrient in the
phytoplankton, then by using the above expression and neglecting S*, the determination of Io
would be straightforward.
4) Emission of nutrients by fish cultures

We start with the expression (15):
Ic = Xc - Io.
All units are in mass nutrient per volume for example μg(nutrient)/l.
In order to apply the expression (15), we need to convert production of fish into the emission
of nutrient into the environment.
The fish stock in aquacultures is not constant but varies during the year.
Suppose, we are interested in the maximum stock, say Fm (tons).
This stock of fish emits Fn mass of nutrient in a time interval, for example in kg
(nutrient)/day):
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Draft Final Report
Fn = a Fm. (19)
The parameter a specifies how many kg of nutrient are emitted per one ton of standing stock
of fish.
From the value of Fn, the equivalent concentration addition in the water body may be
calculated from:
Ic = Fn/(DV) = Fn / (Inflow or outflow of water into the lake) (20)
Now, by imposing the Ic value we may calculate back the value of Fm i.e. the carrying
capacity of the water body in terms of tons of fish.
6.2 Modelling Conclusions

Our calculations suggest that aquacultures in the Taal lake have overcome the carrying
capacity, while in Dagupan section of the estuary and Bolinao Bay this is probably not the
case. A series of management measures are suggested to decrease environmental impact and
increase present carrying capacity for each of the considered areas. Since case studies
represent a lake, an estuary and a marine area, the same methods may be applied to many
other localities in the Philippines, hence fulfilling the goal of this project to obtain results and
arrive at methods that can be applied elsewhere.
6.3 EMMA Recommendations

Following the collection of data from the environmental surveys, production surveys, an
assessment of the impact caused by the level of production in the three areas was possible.
This together with an estimation of the carrying capacity allowed and assessment as to
whether the present production was above or below the carrying capacity.
Following the analysis of this data and following the participatory workshops, a number of
recommendations were drawn up to try and mitigate impact. These recommendations were
primarily;
• Reduction of nutrient output by improving food conversion rate
• Utilisation of nutrients from fish production by extractive species such as oysters in
marine and brackish water and hydroponics in freshwater
• Zoning of aquaculture into areas away from sensitive habitats and within carrying
capacity of that zone
• Farm management and planning solutions to reduce benthic impact
The recommendations are given in more detail below.
6.3.1 Planning aquaculture within zones and within carrying capacity

Aquaculture production has environmental impact such as organic deposition and dissolved
nutrients. The impact is higher close to the farm.
Aquaculture zone should be located away from sensitive habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass
beds, fish spawning areas, fry nursery areas, mangroves. In Europe this distance has been
determined at around 2 - 400 meters (MedVeg). Until further research has been undertaken in
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Draft Final Report
the Philippines on this it is recommended that aquaculture zones are at least 300 meters from
sensitive habitats.
There is significant impact to the benthos flora and fauna close to a fish farm. In Europe this
distance has been found to be 25 meters (MERAMED). Cages should be placed in such a way
that there is no significant impact on the environment outside of the aquaculture zone.
Figure 1. Aquaculture zone.
Buffer zone
There should be no significant impact outside the area of the farm or zone (outside of green
zone). Therefore it is recommended that there should be a 20 meter buffer between the cages
and the edge of the zone (blue arrow).
When cages are placed close together, there are areas of continuous impact below the cages
and if production is high, then continuous azoic areas (See figure 2 below). However if the
cages are spaced apart from each other there are pockets of less impacted areas where benthic
organisms can survive which improve the ability of the sediment to assimilate the organic
matter and recolonise the impacted areas (See figure 2 below).
Figure 2. Model predictions of flux (g m-2 yr-1) showing the significant difference in
deposition footprint severity and extent when tightly clustered square cages are replaced by
circular cages spaced by 30 m. For the spaced out cages, areas of lower flux are shown in
between lines of cages which will tend to assist sediment processes (MERAMED).
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Draft Final Report
-2 -1
Solids flux (g m yr )
450
a. tightly clustered (square)
400
50A 30000
25A
350 10A
5A
0A
10000
300
250 5000
200
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 2500
600
b. largely spaced out (circular)
500
500
400
50A
25A
Northing (m)
10A
5A
0A
300
200
N
100
100 m
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Easting (m)
It is therefore recommended that the minimum distance between large cages (more than 5
tonnes standing biomass) is at least 20 meters or for smaller cages (less than 5 tonnes standing
biomass) 1 meter distance between cages (red arrow) and 50 meter distance between rows of
cages (green arrow).
6.3.2 Depth of nets in cages

If there is insufficient distance between the bottom of the net and the seabed, the water flow is
restricted below the net and the organic matter will build up directly below the net. In Europe
the recommended net depth is 1/3 of the water depth to allow sufficient water flow to provide
oxygen and to allow sufficient dispersion of the organic sediments.
45
Draft Final Report
It is therefore recommended that the depth of cage should be 1/3 (red arrow) of the total water
depth (blue arrow).
6.3.3 Mitigation of impacts

There are various methods to mitigate impacts of aquaculture. The main way is to limit the
nutrient inputs or maximise their use.
Feed
Feed is the most important variable production cost. A simple objective is therefore to
minimize waste from uneaten food, which has the added benefit of reducing the risk of
environmental degradation. Food conversion rate in farms varies between 2.6:1 (milkfish) and
2.2:1 (tilapia) depending on the feeding strategy and close feed management. This over
feeding results in excess nutrients entering the aquatic ecosystem as organic sediments or
dissolved nutrients in the water column.
Reported waste loading rates per 1,000 kg of harvested shrimp have ranged widely, from 10
to 117 kg for N and 9 to 46 kg for P, depending upon FCR. For example, according to the
Asian Shrimp Culture Council (Anon 1993a), the calculated waste loading rates per 1,000 kg
of harvested shrimp would be as follows:
Organic
FCR Matter Nitrogen Phosphorus
1 500 26 13
1.5 875 56 21
2 1250 87 28
2.5 1625 117 38
By improving the food conversion rate from 2.5:1 to 2.0:1, the organic matter, nitrogen and
phosphorus will be reduced by 30.0%, 34.5% and 35.7% respectively.
46
Draft Final Report
Figure
Discharge of nutrients with increasing FCR
140 1800
1600
120
1400
kg per 1000 kg shrimps produced
100
1200
80
1000
800
60
600
40
400
20
200
0 0
1 1.5 2 2.5
fcr :1
Nitrogen Phosphorus Organic Matter
Using modelling the reduction of impact on the sediment can be demonstrated.
47
Draft Final Report
-2 -1
Solids flux (g m yr )
450
a. FCR 1.6:1 (efficient)
400
50A 30000
25A
350 10A
5A
0A
10000
300
250 5000
200
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 2500
450
b. FCR 2.0:1 (less efficient)

500
400
50A
25A
Northing (m)
350 10A
5A
0A
300
N
250
50 m
200
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Easting (m)
The figure shows the effect between cages with a FCR of 1.6:1 (FI = 111.6 kg cage-1 d-1) and
2.0:1 (FI = 139.5 kg cage-1 d-1). A depth of 15 m was used.
6.3.4 Methods to improve Food Conversion Ratio

Feed back systems
Traditional hand-feeding uses feed tables and the experienced eye of the operator to adjust the
feed quantity to suit the needs of the stock. However, the operator tends to overfeed especially
in cages which have become larger and deeper so that accurate visual observations of the
stock have become more difficult.
There is a relatively simple method of improving information feedback of feed consumption,

by means of a feeding tray. A small feeding tray is made from split bamboo and mosquito
mesh similar to the ones used in shrimp ponds
48
Draft Final Report
This has a sting long enough to reach from the bottom of the cage to the surface. The tray is
lowered to the bottom of the cage before feeding and then the operator stats to feed. After
some time of feeding the tray is lifted out of the water to see if there are any pellets caught on
the mesh. If there are pellets then freed would have been escaping from the bottom of the net
with being eaten. If there are no pellets, then the tray is lowered again and feeding
recommenced. This action is repeated until pellets are found on the tray at which time feeding
is stopped for at least one hour.
Fish feed
The tray could be fitted with a long bamboo to make the lifting easier.
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Draft Final Report
A more sophisticated method is to use airlift pumps. Feed may is given until a significant
number of pellets are observed being drawn up through the airlift pump by the operators.
Feeding is then stopped.
Reducing feed input

Another strategy to reduce feeding is to reduce the amount fed either by reducing daily ration
or by not feeding on certain days.
A trial was undertaken on Tilapia reducing feed intake by Jimenez, E., and R. B. Bolivar at
the Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University. Their findings were that
with feeding only 67% of the satiation ration, there was only slightly slower growth.
50
Draft Final Report
However Food conversion rate was reduced significantly from 3.5: 1 to 2.7:1
Performance 100% satiation level 67%

satiation level
Mean final weight (g) 104.2± 37.1 91.7± 21.6
Mean daily weight gain (g day-1) 0.69±0.25 0.61±0.14
Extrapolated gross yield (kg ha-1) 3,196±1,495 2,815±1,098
Feed conversion efficiency 3.58±1.22 2.73±1.79
Survival (%) 79.7±15 76.7±16
Quantity of feeds (kg ha-1) 10,416±3,642 7,094±2,554
This reduction would be the equivalent of not feeding the fish every third day.
A training course for “Training of trainers” on “Improved feeding and techniques” was
scheduled to take place on March 16, 2007 for 20-25 people at Bolinao. The target persons
for this course would be a core group of caretakers, LGU (3 persons), NGO, UPMSI (2),
Water quality monitoring group. APN will provide the training materials while LGU will be
in charged with the venue and food
6.3.5 Integrated aquaculture: shellfish and finfish

One of the findings from the survey was that where there was a mix of fish and shellfish
culture, the impact on the sediments were much less than where there was a monoculture of
fish. Therefore a recommendation is to encourage the mixing of fish and shellfish culture.
There are a number of culture methods that would be suitable depending on the depth of the
water.
51
Draft Final Report
Farming oysters on rafts in deep water
Raft pearl farm structure (from Gervis and Sims, 1992).
Farming oysters on trestles in shallow water
Trestle pearl farm structure (from Gervis and Sims, 1992)
6.3.6 Positioning fish and mollusc culture

There are number of alternatives for positioning fish cages and mollusc cultutre.
They can be positioned
• Alternatively (fish – mollusc – fish – mollusc)
Fish Oyster Fish Fish Fish
Fish Fish Fish Oyster Fish
• Molluscs within a buffer zone between the cages and the edge of the aquaculture zone
52
Draft Final Report
Fish Fish Fish Fish Fish
Fish Fish Fish Fish Fish
O O O O O
• Molluscs just outside of the fish production zone
In freshwater there is the possibility to introduce hydroponics to extract nutrients.
6.3.7 Integrated aquaculture: Aquaponics

Hydroponic systems are designed to grow plant crops without soil using water to supply the
nutrients. An aquaponic system is a symbiotic joining of aquaculture and hydroponics.
Nitrogen waste from fish metabolites provides needed nutrients to the vegetable or plant
crops. By removing these wastes the vegetables remove nutrients from the water improving
the environment for the fish promoting faster growth and healthier fish. In aquaponics,
nutrient wastes produced by the fish are used to fertilise hydroponic floating production beds.
This is good for the fish because plant roots and associated rhizosphere bacteria remove
nutrients from the water. These nutrients - generated from fish waste, algae, and decomposing
fish feed - are contaminants that would otherwise build up to toxic levels in the water, but
instead serve as liquid fertilizer to hydroponically grown plants. In turn, the hydroponic beds
function as a biofilter so the water can then be recirculated back into the fish tanks.
Most plants can be grown in hydroponics. This includes trees, shrubs, flowers, herbs,
strawberries and most major crops. The most economical crops grown in Australia are lettuce,
tomatoes, cucumbers, capsicums, strawberries, egg plants and flowers such as carnations,
roses, gypsophilia, chrysanthemums, orchids also a wide range of herbs are grown
hydroponically.
In China, floating bed hydroponics have been developed for a number of plants and
vegetables.
Rice plants cultivated Canna and umbrella

on the surface of a fishpond sedge on floating beds
53
Draft Final Report
Flowers grown on floating beds
Plants that will do well in any aquaponics system:

• any leafy lettuce
• pak choi
• spinach
• arugula
• basil
• mint
• watercress
• chives
• most common house plants
There is already a primitive type of aquaponics being practised on Taal lake for coconut tress
and abandoned cages filled with grasses and floating water hyacinth.
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Draft Final Report
A small trial was set up to test the viability of aquaponics in Taal lake using feed sacks,
bamboo and coconut matting made into a small floating bed and then a variety of vegetables
inserted into the floating structure.
6.3.8 Early warning systems

Due to the tides there are times during the tidal cycle that flushing of the bay is
reduced dramatically. During these periods, there is greater risk from low
oxygenation, build up of nutrients and algal blooms.
Sufficient exchange Sufficient exchange
Figure. Periods during the month where there is sufficient exchange of water in
the bay and periods when there is less exchange and greater risk.
If low exchange occurs at night there is even greater risk from low
oxygenation and so fish should not be fed the day before these risk periods and
if possible fish harvested from the cage to reduce stocking density and
biomass.
As tide tables are available on year in advance, these tidetables can be analysed
and a prediction made of the days with higher risks.
55
Draft Final Report
Figure. Tidal cycle through the year showing periods of highest risk
Risk periods in Bolinao can then be identified as
• 3 and 4 January
• 16 May
• 1 to 3 June
• 15 June
• 10 December
• 25 December
If these dates are analysed further critical times can be identified
Figure. Tidal cycle on 3 and 4 January.
56
Draft Final Report
It can be seen from Figure 42 that the tides vary only 20 cm over 12 hours during the night. If
there is high algal levels, high fish biomass, then oxygen levels during the night will reach
critical levels.
This can be compared with the very low tidal difference occurring on 1 and 2nd June
Figure. Tidal cycle on 1 and 2 June

The low tidal difference of 10 cm over a 12 hour period occurs during daylight when algae are
producing oxygen so even with low tidal refreshment, there should be sufficient oxygen for
the fish.
If future tide tables are analysed in this way, an early warning calendar can pre prepared in
advance showing risk periods and critical risk periods.
57
Draft Final Report
7 EMMA Workshops and training

Training Schedule – 13 to 18 November – Predictive modelling of aquaculture impact
Consultative workshop Schedule – 20 November to 1 December
Day Date Place Action

Wednesday 15/11 NIFTDC Dagupan Modelling course
Thursday 16/11 NIFTDC Dagupan Modelling course
Friday 17/11 NIFTDC Dagupan Modelling course
Saturday 18/11 NIFTDC Dagupan ½ day Modelling course
Sunday 19/11
Monday 20/11 Travel Manila - Dagupan Rune & Guttorm Travel Manila to
Dagupan
Tuesday 21/11 NIFTDC Dagupan Workshop - BFAR NIFTDC and
BFAR Dagupan
Wednesday 22/11 NIFTDC Dagupan Workshop – Dagupan LGUs then
stakeholders
Thursday 23/11 NIFTDC Dagupan Workshop Mariculture park
Friday 24/11 NIFTDC Dagupan – travel Workshop - BFAR NIFTDC and
to Bolinao MSI
Saturday 25/11 Bolinao Workshop – Bolinao LGUs then
stakeholders
Sunday 26/11 Bolinao Day off
Monday 27/11 Bolinao - Manila Bolinao - Taal
Tuesday 28/11 Taal Workshop - BFAR IFAD and
BFAR Ambulong
Wednesday 29/11 Taal Workshop – Taal LGUs then
stakeholders
Thursday 30/11 Taal - Manila Taal – Manila then Workshop
BFAR IFAD
Friday 1/12 Manila Workshop – BFAR, NEDA, MSI
then press conference in afternoon
Modelling course Wednesday 15 to Saturday 18 November 2006

Held in NIFTDC. There were 15 participants from NIFTDC, IFAD, BFAR Regional staff.
The participants came with their own laptops so that they could take a working copy of the
programs back with them.
58
Draft Final Report
Outline of Consultative Workshops
Day Time Action Meeting

Day 1 0900 Meeting at local BFAR Closed. APN and
Office. BFAR/NIFTDC
0930 – 1030 Present detailed findings
Rune
1030 - 1200 Discuss analysis.
1200 - 1300 Lunch break
1300 - 1430 Try model scenarios and
find possible solutions.
1430 - 1600 Discuss implementation of Closed. APN and
solutions BFAR/NIFTDC
Day 2 0800 - 0830 Registration Open. Stakeholders, Fish
Farming associations,
NGOs, etc
0830 - 0900 Opening Ceremony Open
0900 - 0945 Present summary findings Open

Guttorm
0945 - 1030 Present recommendations Open

to stakeholders. Patrick
and Tarzan
1030 - 1100 Coffee break
1100 - 1200 Discuss local Open
problems/solutions
1200 – 1300 Lunch
1300 - 1400 Recommendations for Open
implementation
1400 - 1430 Tea Break
1430 - 1600 Workshop with LGUs. Closed. APN,
Discuss implementation BFAR/NIFTDC and LGUs
problems/solutions
Workshops were held in local BFAR office or LGU meeting hall.
International staff (all workshops)

• Rune Palerud
• Guttorm Christiansen
• Patrick White
59
Draft Final Report
• Tarzan Legovic
Dagupan Workshop 21 to 23 November

21 Nov 0830 Meeting at NIFTDC APN
Office. BFAR Region 1 NIFTDC
0900 – 1030 Present detailed findings APN/BFAR/NIFTDC
Rune
1030 - 1200 Discuss analysis. APN/BFAR/NIFTDC
1300 - 1430 Try model scenarios and APN/BFAR/NIFTDC
1430 - 1600 Discuss implementation of APN/BFAR/NIFTDC
solutions
22 Nov 0800 - 0830 Registration at Dagupan Open. Stakeholders, Fish
Municipal hall Farming associations,
NGOs, etc
Guttorm
and Tarzan
problems/solutions
1200 – 1300 Lunch
implementation
1400 - 1430 Tea Break
problems/solutions
23 Nov 0830 Aquaculture Park Planning APN, BFAR, IFAD
Workshop
0900 - 1030 Modelling new areas Closed
1030 - 1200 Estimating carrying Closed
capacity
1200 - 1300 Lunch
1300 - 1430 Management strategies Closed
1430 Leave for Bolinao
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Draft Final Report
Bolinao Workshop 24 to 25 November

24 Nov 0830 Meeting at UPMSI APN
meeting room. BFAR Alaminos
NIFTDC
Rune
solutions
25 Nov 0800 - 0830 Registration Municipal Open. Stakeholders, Fish
Hall Farming associations,
NGOs, etc
Guttorm
and Tarzan
problems/solutions
1200 – 1300 Lunch
implementation
1400 - 1430 Tea Break
problems/solutions
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Draft Final Report
Taal Workshop 28 to 29 November

24 Nov 0830 Meeting at BFAR APN
Ambulong BFAR Ambulong
NIFTDC
Rune
solutions
25 Nov 0800 - 0830 Registration Talisay
Open. Stakeholders, Fish
Municipal Hall Farming associations,
NGOs, etc
Guttorm
0945 - 1030 Present recommendations to Open
stakeholders. Patrick and
Tarzan
problems/solutions
1200 – 1300 Lunch
implementation
1400 - 1430 Tea Break
Discuss implementation BFAR/NIFTDC and LGUs,
problems/solutions PAMB
62
Draft Final Report
8 References:
Dillon P.J. and Rigler F.H., The phosphorus-chlorophyll relationship in Lakes, Limnology
and Oceanography, 19, 1974, 767-773.
Dizon R.M. and Yap H.T., Short-term responses of coral reef microphytobenthic communities
to inorganic nutrient loading, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44(5), 1999, 1259–1267
Dufour P., Factors limiting the development of phytoplankton, 2002.

http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/IRD/atollpol/fnatoll/uklimiph.htm
Dufour P. and Berland B. Nutrient control of phytoplanktonic biomass in atoll lagoons and
Pacific ocean waters: studies with factorial enrichment bioassays. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.,
234(1999), 147-166.
Dufour P., L. Charpy, S. Bonnet and N. Garcia (1999). Phytoplankton nutrient control in the
oligotrophic South Pacific sub tropical (Tuamotu archipelago). Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 179(1999), 285-290.
Florida Lakewatch, Beginner's Guide to Water Management - nutrients.

Information Circular, No. 102, 2000. (1. Part 1: Introduction, 2. Part 3. Models)
Hilario J.E. 2001. Predicting transport of nutrients from three tributary rivers of Taal Lake,
Philippines. [M.S. Thesis]. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines
Diliman.
Legović T. and Cruzado A. A model of phytoplankton growth on multiple nutrients.

Ecological Modelling, 99(1997), 19-31.
Lupatsch I. and Kissil G.W., Predicting aquaculture waste from gilthead seabream (Sparus
aurata) culture using a nutritional approach. Aquat. Living Resources, 11 (1998), 265-268.
Masser M., Cage Culture: Site Selection and Water Quality, Oklahoma Cooperative
Extension Service, SRAC- 161, 1997 http://srac.tamu.edu/
Sowles J.W. Assessing nitrogen carrying capacity for Blue Hill Bay, Maine: A management
case study. In Hargrave B., ed., Environmental Effects of Marine Finfish Aquaculture,
Springer, 2005, 359-380
Vista A., Norris P., Lupi F. and Bernsten R. 2006Nutrient Loading and Efficiency of Tilapia
Cage Culture in Taal Lake, Philippines, The Philippine Aagricultural Scientist, 89(2006), 48-
57
White P., Calculation of nutrient release for Taal.xls, 2006 a.
White P., Calculation of nutrient release for Dagupan.xls, 2006 b.
White P., Calculation of nutrient release for Bolinao.xls, 2006 c.
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9296 Tromsø, Norway

Rapporttittel /Report title

Draft Final Report

Forfatter(e) / Author(s) Akvaplan-niva rapport nr / report no:

Emneord: Key words:

Prosjektleder / Project manager Kvalitetskontroll / Quality control

Patrick White Anton Giæver

1.2 General environmental issues related to aquaculture

2.1 Bathymetry measurements

2.2 Current meters

Figure 7. Deploying current meters.

2.3 Drifting Buoy survey

2.4 Water column sampling with the CTDO-probe

Figure 9. Illustration of the CTDO probe from Sensordata.

Figure 10. Sampling with the CTDO-probe.

2.5 Secchi-depth and water quality sampling

Figure 11. Secchi-disk readings in Bolinao Bay 2005.

2.6 Sediment sampling (Benthic stations)

High organic content Low organic content

3.1 Fish Farm registration

Figure 19. Panorama photography of fish cages in Taal Lake.

This allowed photographs of all the cages to be taken and analysed.

Figure 20. Composite of aerial photographs of an area in Leviste, Taal Lake.

4 Surveyors and Surveys

Counterpart staff and observers

Project Schedule during first year

Project Schedule Year 2

4.1 Surveys schedule April 2005

Equipment that was sent in advance (unaccompanied luggage)

Imported with APN staff (accompanied luggage)

Equipment made, purchased or hired locally

Boats (supplied by BFAR-NIFTDC)

Allocation of boats and work

4.2 Surveys schedules September - October 2005

Boats for the surveys

4.3 Survey schedule March - April 2006

4.4 Equipment donated to the project

Additional equipment manufactured locally

Data from Regie

Presentations on Wednesday 5 April 2006

5 Survey areas and sampling sites

Bolinao map showing limits

Sampling sites in Bolinao

5.2 Brackish – Dagupan estuary survey site – April 2006

Dagupan map showing limits.

Sampling sites in Dagupan

5.3 Taal Lake survey – October 2005 and April 2006

Taal Lake map.

Sampling sites in Taal Lake

Name Bolinao Dagupan Taal

6 Modelling carrying capacity

Consequently, our strategy to compute carrying capacity is composed of three steps.

1. First consider characteristics of a water body.

Figure 1. depicts the process graphically.

Denote the nutrient concentration by S and the nutrient concentration in phytoplankton

Finally, the equations of the model are:

dS/dt = D(I - S) - u X (1)

D(I -S*) = Vmax S* X* /(h+S*) (3)

(Vmax S*/(h+S*) - D) X* = 0 (4)

where stars (*) denote steady states.

Finally, assuming S* ≠ 0 and X* ≠ 0, from equation (4) we easily find:

Hence, S* can be positive only if Vmax > D. (6)

From (3) and (4) it also follows that:

D(I -S) = Vmax S X* /(h+S*) (3)

(Vmax S/(h+S) - D) X* = 0 (4)

(Io + Ia) = (Xo* + Xa) + S (13)

Average I = (Q1I1 + Q2I2+…+Qn*In)/(Q1+Q2+...+Qn) (18)