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Steel is an alloy.
Besi ialah aloi.
(a) Define alloy.
Definisikan aloi.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
Alloying a metal can increase its hardness.
From the aspect of arrangement of atoms, explain why an alloy is harder than its
pure metal.
Pengaloian logam boleh meningkatkan kekuatan logam.
Daripada segi susunan atom, terangkan mengapa aloi lebih kuat berbanding
logam tulen.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
Give one other reason for alloying a metal other than increasing hardness.
Berikan satu sebab lain bagi pengaloian logam selain daripada meningkatkan
kekuatan logam.
[1 marks]
[1 markah]
(c)
50 cm3 of 5 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution was added to 10 cm 3 of oil palm. The
mixture was heated for about 20 minutes. Then about 50 cm3 of water was added
followed by two spatulas of sodium chloride. The mixture was stirred and then allowed to
cool. Soap was formed.
50 cm3 5 mol dm-3 larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah kepada 10 cm 3 minyak kelapa
sawit. Campuran dipanaskan selama 20 minit. Kemudian 50 cm 3 air ditambah diikuti
oleh dua spatula natrium klorida. Campuran dikacau dan kemudian dibiarkan sejuk.
Sabun terbentuk.
(i) Name the reaction taking place when the mixture of oil palm and sodium hydroxide
was heated.
Namakan tindak balas yang berlaku apabila campuran minyak kelapa sawit dan
natrium hidroksida dipanaskan.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) Name another product formed in the reaction beside soap.
Namakan hasil tindak balas lain yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas inu selain
daripada sabun.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(iii What is the aim of adding sodium chloride during the reaction?
Apakah tujuan menambah natrium klorida semasa tindak balas?
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(iv Name another substance that can be used to replace oil palm.
)
Namakan bahan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan minyak kelapa
sawit.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
4.
The graph below shows the temperature of a substance M as it is heated until it boils.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan suhu suatu bahan apabila ia dipanaskan sehingga
mendidih.
5.
The table belwo shows the proton number and nucleon number of five particles V, W, X, Y
and Z.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi lima zarah V, W,
X, Y dan Z.
Particle
Zarah
V
W
X
Y
Z
Proton number
Nombor proton
6
11
8
11
15
Nucleon number
Nombor nukleon
12
23
16
24
31
Electron arrangement
Susunan electron
The figure below shows a portion of the Periodic Table. The letters listed below are not the
actual symbols of the elements.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala. Huruf yang
disenaraikan di bawah bukan simbol yang sebenar bagi unsur-unsur.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
Between the elements of E and R, which is more reactive? Explain your answer.
Antara unsur E dan R, yang manakah lebih reaktif?Jelaskan jawapan anda.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
7.
P,
12
6
Q,
19
9
R,
27
13
S,
35
17
T,
39
19
answer.
Antara dua unsur R dan T yang manakah lebih elektronegatif?Jelaskan
jawapan anda.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
8.
The apparatus shown below is used to determine the empirical formula of oxide of metal
M by reducing the metal oxide with dry hydrogen gas.
(RAM O=16, M=55)
Radas yang ditunjukkan di bawah digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi
oksida logam M melalui penurunan logam oksida dengan gas hidrogen kering.
(JAR O=16, M=55)
(a) State one precaution that must be taken when carrying out the experiment.
Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang mesti diambil apabila menjalankan
eksperimen ini.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(b) How can you ensure that all the oxide of metal M has been reduced?
Bagaimanakah anda memastikan kesemua oksida logam M telah diturunkan?
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
Name two chemicals used to prepare hydrogen gas in the laboratory.
Namakan dua bahan kimia yang digunakan untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen di
dalam makmal.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
[2 marks]
[2markah]
Write the chemical equation of the reduction of M oxide to metal M by using
hydrogen gas.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi penurunan oksida M kepada logam M
menggunakan gas hidrogen.
[2 marks]
[2markah]
(e) Can the empirical formula of magnesium oxide be determined by using the same
arrangement of apparatus as above? Explain your answer.
Bolehkan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan menggunakan
susunan radas yang sama seperti di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
[2 marks]
[2markah]
SECTION C
Instruction: Answer all questions in this section.
9.
= 43.72 g
= 48.52 g
=51.72 g
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(e) From the results above, calculate the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
(O =16, Mg = 24)
Daripada keputusan di atas, hitungkan formula empirik magnesium oksida.
(O =16, Mg = 24)
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
10.
An experiment was carried out to study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction.
50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution was poured into a conical flask. 5 cm3
of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution. The stop
watch was started. The flask was shaken and then placed on a piece of paper which was
marked X. The flask was viewed from above as shown in the diagram below.
Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan terhadap kadar tindak
balas. 50 cm3 0.2 mol dm-3 larutan natrium thiosulfat dituang ke dalam sebuah kelalang
kon. 5 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 asid hidroklorik ditambah ke dalam larutan natrium thiosulfat.
Jam randik dimulakan. Kelalang digoncang dan diletakkan pada sekeping kertas yang
ditanda X. Kelalang dilihat daripada atas seperti dalam rajah di bawah.
II
III
IV
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
0.2
thiosulfat / M
Volume of 2.0 M HCl / cm3
Isipadu bagi 2.0 M HCl /
cm3
Time,t /sec
Masa, t / saat
1
/ sec-1
t
1
/ saat-1
t
20.5
25.0
32.5
50.0
100.0
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and
hydrochloric acid.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara natrium thiosulfat dan asid
hidroklorik.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(b) Calculate the concentrations of sodium thiosulphate solution for the experiments II
IV.
Hitungkan kepekatan larutan natrium thiosulfat bagi eksperimen II - IV.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(c)
1
for each experiment
t
1
bagi setiap eksperimen.
t
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(d) Plot a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time, t.
Plotkan graf kepekatan larutan natrium thiosulfat melawan masa, t.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(e) What can you conclude from the graph in (d) above?
Apakah kesimpulan yang anda boleh buat daripada graf dalam (d) di atas.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
1
Plot a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against .
t
1
Plotkan graf kepekatan larutan natrium thiosulfat melawan .
t
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
From your graph, determine the time of reaction if sodium thiosulphate solution
of concentration 0.1M is used in the reaction.
Daripada graf anda, tentukan masa tindak balas jika larutan natrium thiosulfat
dengan kepekatan 0.1 M digunakan dalam tindak balas ini.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
What conclusion can you make from the graph above?
Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh anda buat daripada graf di atas.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(g) Using the collision theory, explain how concentration affects the rate of reaction.
Dengan menggunakan teori pelanggaran, terangkan bagaimana kepekatan
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
11.
100 cm 3 of hydrochloric
ke dalam 100 cm 3 asid
100 cm 3 of hydrochloric
ke dalam 100 cm 3 asid
Both experiments are carried out at room temperature and pressure. The graphs of volume
of carbon dioxide gas against time for both experiments are shown below:
Kedua-dua eksperimen dijalankan pada suhu dan tekanan bilik. Graf isipadu gas karbon
dioksida melawan masa bagi kedua-dua eksperimen ditunjukkan di bawah:
(a) Which of the two experiments uses hydrochloric acid solution of lower concentration?
Explain your answer.
Antara dua eksperimen tersebut yang manakah menggunakan larutan asid
hidroklorik pada kepekatan yang lebih rendah?
Jelaskan jawapan anda.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(b) Calculate the average rate of reaction for experiment I.
Hitungkan purata kadar tindak balas bagi eksperimen I.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
Calculate the number of mole of carbon dioxide gas collected in experiment II.
(1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure).
Hitungkan bilangan mol gas karbon dioksida yang dikumpul dalam eksperimen
II.
(1 mol gas menempati isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik).
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
Calculate the concentration of the acid used in experiment II.
Hitungkan kepekatan asid yang digunakan dalam eksperimen II.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(d) Suggest two other ways to increase the rate of reaction between the marble chips and
the hydrochloric acid solutions.
Cadangkan dua cara lain untuk meningkatkan kadar tindak balas antara ketulan
marmar dan larutan asid hidroklorik.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(e) Explain why the total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected for both experiments is
different?
Jelaskan mengapa jumlah isipadu gas karbon dioksida yang dikumpul bagi keduadua eksperimen adalah berbeza?
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
12.
The figure below shows the set-up of the apparatus of an experiment to determine the
heat of displacement of copper by zinc. 50.0 cm 3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate
solution was poured into a plastic cup. The initial temperature of the solution was
recorded. Excess zinc powder was added and the mixture was stirred. The maximum
temperature of the mixture was recorded.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk menentukan haba
penyesaran kuprum oleh zink. 50.0 cm3 0.2 mol dm-3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dituang ke
dalam sebuah cawan plastik. Suhu awal larutan dicatatkan. Serbuk zink berlebihan
ditambah dan campuran dikacau. Suhu maksimum campuran dicatatkan.
Result:
Keputusan:
Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate solution = 28oC
Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat = 28oC
Maximum temperature of copper(II) sulphate solution = 38oC
Suhu maksimum larutan kuprum(II) sulfat = 38oC
(a) State two observations of the experiment other than the increase in temperature of the
mixture.
Nyatakan dua pemerhatian bagi eksperimen ini selain daripada kenaikan suhu dalam
campuran.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction occurring in the plastic cup.
Tulis persamaan ionik bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam cawan plastik.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(c) Calculate the change of heat in the experiment.
(Assuming the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g-1 oC-1)
Hitungkan perubahan haba dalam eksperimen ini.
(Andaikan muatan haba tentu air ialah 4.2 J g-1 oC-1)
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
[2 marks]
[2 markah]