Freq Hop

:RUNVKRS
Frequency Hopping
for
GSM Networks
February 2001
Network Design and Consulting

Workshop Frequency Hopping for GSM Networks
2XWOLQH
I. Introduction of Radio Link Control Features in GSM Networks
Capacity Enhancement
Radio Link Control Options
Diversity Effects of Frequency Hopping
Real Network Simulation Investigations
Conclusions
II. Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping Networks

Implementation Aspects
Frequency Assignment in FH Networks
Database Parameters
Optimisation Aspects
Summary
III. Project Specific Questions & Discussion

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U. Rehfuess and K. Ivanov, Siemens AG, Mobile Radio

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w Capacity Enhancement
w Radio Link Control Options:
w
- Frequency Hopping (FH), Power Control (PC), Discontinuous Transmission

(DTX)
w Diversity Effects of Frequency Hopping

w
w
- Frequency Diversity
- Interference Diversity
w Real Network Simulation Investigations

w
w
w
w
- Capacity gains vs. re-use

- Homogeneous vs. real network layouts
- Different hopping modes
- Recommendations with respect to operators bandwidth
w Conclusions

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sites
traffic
traffic
channels
carriers
1
bandwidth
area
area
channel
carrier
bandwidth cluster size
channel
usage
8 for FR
16 for HR
Frequency
reuse
5 per MHz
(200 kHz)
Spectrum
f. operator
BS
density
GSM
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Power Control (PC)
w reduces interference due to minimum transmission power
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
w reduces interference due to no transmission during silence periods
Frequency Hopping (FH)
w mitigates frequency selective Rayleigh fading for slow MSs
w averages interference due to interference diversity
Interference increase by tighter frequency re-use
can be compensated for by combination of FH, PC and DTX
Tight frequency re-use yields capacity gain in existing sites at moderate cost
How far shall re-use be tightened for optimum performance?
Planned re-use down to 4 ? Cluster 1x3 ? Cluster 1x1

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FH, PC and DTX are mandatory (for MS) GSM Phase 1 features
FH:
GSM 05.02
PC, DTX:
GSM 05.05 and 05.08
PC dynamic range MS (GSM 05.05):
GSM 900 phase1: 39 dBm (33 dBm typ.) - 13 dBm
GSM 900 phase2: 39 dBm (33 dBm typ.) - 5 dBm
GSM 1800/1900: 36 dBm (30 dBm typ.) - 0 dBm
8 W (2 W typ.) - 20 mW
8 W (2 W typ.) - 3 mW
4 W (1 W typ.) - 1 mW
PC dynamic range BS (GSM 05.05):

TRX Power class (GSM 900: 320 .. 2.5 W, GSM 900 Micro 250 mW .. 25 mW)
Static RF power step: 0 .. -12dB (2dB steps)
Dynamic RF power control: 0 .. -30 dB (2dB steps)

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The information of one GSM speech frame is spread over
8 successive bursts
20 ms speech frame
channel coding & interleaving
4
TDMA frame
w Isolated corrupted bursts can be compensated by a strong

forward error correction by convolutional channel coding
w Soft decoding exploits mix of good and bad bursts

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Signal
Level
F3
F1
F2
MS Location
Distance
w Due to multi-path fading, the radio channel is frequency

selective
w Changing the transmission frequency from burst to burst
leads to individual propagation conditions for each burst

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SACCH period: 480 ms

TDMA frame
TDMA frame n
25
51
Speech Frame period: 20 ms
n+1
n+2
n+3
n+4
77
n+5
n+6
103
n+7
w Wavelength: 900MHz ~ 30 cm, 1800MHz ~ 15 cm

w MS movement within one Speech Frame vs. SACCH period
3.6 km/h (1 m/s) 50 km/h (~14 m/s)
TCH/FS 20ms 2 cm <<
28 cm ~
SACCH 480ms 48 cm >
670 cm >>
w TCH/FS performance strongly depends on FH at low speed
w SACCH perf. (radio link timeout!) fairly independent of FH

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w Frequency diversity
gains are limited by the
number of repetitions of
frequencies within the
interleaving depth,
e.g. 8 for TCH/FS
S/N gains by FH for TU3 (3km/h)
cyclic FH
random FH
w Cyclic FH reaches max. gain of e.g. 5 dB at 8 frequencies

w Random FH reaches max. gain of e.g. 5 dB at 64 frequencies

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Reference Cell TRX 1
TDMA frame #

n
n+1
n+2
n+3
n+4
n+5
Interfering Cell TRX 1
TDMA frame #
m+1
m+2
m+3
m+4
m+5
w In the non-hopping case, on all bursts the same interferer

occurs, i.e. no interference diversity

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TDMA frame #

n
n+1
n+2
n+3
n+4
n+5
TDMA frame #
m+1
m+2
m+3
m+4
m+5
w Even in the cyclic FH, on all bursts the same interferer

occurs, i.e. no interference diversity

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n
n+1
n+2
n+3
n+4
n+5
TDMA frame #
m+1
m+2
m+3
m+4
m+5
w In the random FH case, from burst to burst different

interferers occur randomly, i.e. interference diversity

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probability
probability 2% FER
Cyclic FH
Random FH
no FH
10%
C/I [dB]
per location
FER [%]
With FH: C/I decreases, raw BER and RXQUAL get worse
But:
Voice quality (FER) improves
Simulations can evaluate FH gains

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Capacity is limited by the minimum of
w hard blocking, e.g. fulfilling Erlang-B Table at 2% (red dashed line)
w soft blocking, e.g. fulfilling quality criterion FER 2% for 90% of the calls
Ideal Homogeneous Network
140
Real Network
140
Co-Channel Interference
Co- and Adj. Interference
Erl / Site
100
4/4/4
60
3/3/3
20
9.3
mean TCH re-use, opt. assignment
1x3 1x1
cluster
4/4/4
60
20
14
5/5/5
80
40
2/2/2
21
Co- and Adj. Interference
100
5/5/5
80
40
Co-Channel Interference
120
Erl / Site
120
3/3/3
2/2/2
21
14
9.3
mean TCH re-use, opt. assignment
1x3 1x1
cluster
Operator Bandwidth: 8.6 MHz, i.e. 43 channels (15 BCCHs + 28 TCHs)

FH, PC and DTX used

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27 hopping frequencies,
re-use 1x1

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5 hopping frequencies,
re-use 7 (frequency planning)

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w CH profits from better

frequency diversity
w Interference diversity from
individual freq. sets per cell
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3&
'7; 3& '7;
w CH cannot profit from PC and

DTX due to missing
interference diversity

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Real Network, Co- and Adj. Interference
140
120
Erl / Site
100
80
Log-Normal
Fading
= 3dB
= 5dB
= 7dB
4/4/4
60
40
5/5/5
3/3/3
2/2/2
20
0
21
14
9.3
mean TCH re-use, optimum assignment
1x3
1x1
w Absolute Erl/Site values

significantly depend on
simulation assumptions like
sigma of log normal fading,
QoS requirements etc.
w Relative comparisons of
optimum assignments vs.
cluster 1x3 and 1x1 hold
irrespective of log normal fading
cluster
Operator Bandwidth: 8.6 MHz, i.e. 43 channels (15 BCCHs + 28 TCHs)

FH, PC and DTX used

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= 7 dB
12
10
10
8
6
4
6
4
0
6
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Reuse 6
= 5 dB
12
Erl / Site / MHz
Erl / Site / MHz
14
12
18
24
30
36 TCH freq.
12
18
24
30
36 TCH freq.
Limited spectrum: reuse 1x1 recommended

due to higher FH gains
Sufficient spectrum: planned reuse (e.g. 6) recommended
due to better C/I and sufficient FH gains
Planned re-use profits more on measures to achieve homogeneous
network design

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Erl/Site
100
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Patented Aug. 11, 1942
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
2,292,387
SECRET COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Hedy Kiesler Markey, Los Angeles, and George
Antheil, Manhattan Beach, Calif.
Application June 10, 1941, Serial No. 397,412
6 Claims. (Cl. 250-2)
This invention relates broadly to secret communication systems involving
the use of carrier waves of different frequencies, and is especially useful
in the remote control of dirigible craft, such as torpedoes.
An object of the invention is to provide a method of secret
communication which is relatively simple and reliable in operation, but at
the same time is difficult to discover or decipher ...
Hedy Lamarr (Hedy Kiesler Markey)

1913 - 2000, actress, dancer and - engineer!

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K. Ivanov et al: Frequency Hopping Spectral Capacity Enhancement of
Cellular Networks. Proc. ISSSTA96, 1996, pp 1267-72.
U. Rehfuess, K. Ivanov, C. Lueders: A Novel Approach of Interfacing
Link and System Level Simulations with Radio Network Planning. Proc.
GLOBECOM 1998, pp 1503-08.
U. Rehfuess, K. Ivanov: Comparing Frequency Planning against 1x3 and
1x1 Re-Use in Real Frequency Hopping Networks. Proc. IEEE VTC99
Fall, Amsterdam, 1999, pp 1845-49.
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Authors:
U. Rehfuess, ICM N MR
Dr. K. Dietrich, ICM N MR
A. Volke, ICM N MR
B. Kronmueller, ICM N CV

Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks
2XWOLQH
Frequency Assignment in FH Networks
BSS - Database Parameters
Summary

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Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
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Combining Equipment in Baseband and Synthesizer FH
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Narrow Band
Low insertion loss (3-4 dB)
Hybrid Combing
TX Antenna
TX Antenna
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Wide band
Higher insertion losses (~3 dB/stage)
On-air combining possible (DUCOM)

Combiner, Link Budget of Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Example: GSM 900
Combiner Losses and Output Power
Determine configuration and

hardware status before SFH
implementation
Determine necessary upgrades
(TPU, PA, Combiner)
Actualize and check
Link budgets
Introduce further HPA where
necessary
Max. number of TRXs per cell
depends on hardware
configuration
Combiner
Type
DUCOM 2:1
DUCOM 4:1
HYCOM 1:1
HYCOM 2:1
HYCOM 4:1
FICOM 2:1
FICOM 4:1
FICOM 6:1
DUCIT
Power
Amplifier
PA
HPA
Attenuation
dB
2.5
5.7
2.0
3.7
6.5
2.4
3.0
3.3
2.8
Output Power
W
25 W
40 W
60 W

TPU, PA for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
BFH
TPU
TPU 2
PA
SFH
HPA
X*
* not all types of first generation power amplifiers are suitable for for SFH

Hardware and Software for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Software Release:
BR 3.7 or higher
Cell Synchronization:up to 2/2/2 BS 6x/2x

up to 8/8/8 BS 24x
No. of Hopping Frequencies:
max. 16 per cell (BFH incl. BCCH)
max. 15 per cell (SFH w/o BCCH)
max. 64 per cell with BR 6.0
BS11: SFH only
(BR 4.0)

Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
Narrowband RFcombining sufficient
Baseband hopping
One TRX per hopping frequency required!
Synthesizer hopping
Wideband RF combining required
More hopping frequencies than TRXs feasible
No. of RF = No. of TRX
BCCH TRX except for TS0 may hop
No. of RF > No. of TRX
BCCH TRX must not hop

Hardware Requirements: Repeater
w Wideband Repeaters:
Usable for SFH and BFH
Careful implementation (amplification of signals
in the whole frequency band)
w Channel selective Repeaters:
Usable for BFH
Number of frequencies is limited
Usually not usable in tight reuse scenarios

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Frequency Planning
Process Frequency Assignment
Split of Band
BCCH - TCH
Dedicated
Common
Multiple Reuse
Planning of Boundaries
Hopping Non Hopping
Guideline for RF-planners

Tool optimized
frequency
assignment
Focus on SFH planning and

hopping TCH - carriers
BCCH - carrier assignment:

planning with tool is always
recommended
Planning must be adjusted to

each individual network
Available Spectrum
for Hopping
Tools
Interference Table
Separation Settings
Cyclic Hopping
Random Hopping
MAIO and HSN

Planning
Planning of Anchor
Frequencies in SFH
Database
Generation
Frequency
assignment with
fixed reuse schemes
Reuse 1x3
Reuse 1x1
other

Frequency Planning
Common Band - Dedicated Band - Multiple Re-Use Patterns
Common Band
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Achievable System Load

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Dedicated Band
%&&+FDUULHUV
90%@FER2%
7&+FDUULHUV
5 hopping frequencies
PC on, DTX on
Dedicated Band
59.7%
Common Band
54.3%
MRP
Multiple Re-use Patterns (MRP)

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7&+7&+7&+FDUULHUV
71.8%

Frequency Planning
Strategies Cyclic Hopping - Random Hopping
w Principle of Cyclic Hopping
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3 ...}, MAIO 0
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 ...}, MAIO 2
F r e q u e n c y
TDMA frame
Optimum frequency Diversity

Sufficient Interference diversity
by avoiding frequency groups
No Interference diversity using
frequency groups
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
w Principle of Random Hopping

Random hopping sequence {... f1, f4, f2, f0, f0, f3, f0, f1, f2, f4, ...}, MAIO 0
Random hopping sequence {... f3, f1, f4, f2, f2, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, ...}, MAIO 2
F r e q u e n c y
TDMA frame
f0
Optimum interference diversity
f1
f2
Less frequency diversity
f3
f4

Frequency Planning
Frequency groups
Tool supported planning
TCH 2
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 1
TCH 3
Fixed reuse scheme to all

hopping cells
possible reuses:
3/9, 2/6, 1/3, 1/1
Tool supported frequency

assignment based on interference
matrix considering FH gains

Frequency Planning
Planning of BCCH
BCCH 1
Reliability
BCCH 4
BCCH 3
BCCH 2
Neighbor Measurements
BCCH 7
BCCH 6
BCCH 5
BCCH 10
BCCH 9
BCCH 8
BCCH 13 BCCH 11
BCCH
e.g. 4 x 12 Reuse
BSIC Decoding
BCCH Frequency active at all
timeslots in the downlink
-> no interference averaging

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (I)
w Cluster 1/3
TCH A
TCH A
Channel
1, 4, 7, 10, ...
TCH A
TCH A
TCH C
TCH B
TCH C
TCH A
TCH A
TCH C
TCH B
2, 5, 8, 11, ...
TCH B
TCH A
TCH C
TCH C
TCH B
TCH B
TCH C
TCH B
3, 6, 9, 12, ...
TCH C
Co-channel interference is avoided by

the frequency groups
With a deliberately MAIO assignment and identical HSN
assignment to sectors you can avoid
adjacent-channel interference between
the sectors within one site
MAIO
TCH B
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3
...
Sector 1
...
Sector 2
...
Sector 3
...
Min # RF
12
18

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (II)
Each sector within a site uses a
different Frequency Group
TCH 2
TCH 2
TCH 1
No co-channel collisions between

sectors of a site
TCH 3
TCH 2 TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH uses each frequency only

part of the time (e.g. 50%)
50% fractional load
Synchronisation between the sectors

and MAIO management avoid
adjacent channel collisions
Homogeneous network:
no co-channel collisions between
serving cell and all nearest
neighbour cells

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (III)
w Cluster 1/1
All sectors same frequency group

Identical HSN to sectors of one site
MAIO assignment to avoid co- and adjacent channel
interference
MAIO
TRX1
TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
...
Sector 1
12
18
...
Sector 2
14
20
...
Sector 3
10
16
22
...
Min # RF
12
18
24

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (IV)
TCH
Each sector within a site uses the

same frequency group
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
Synchronisation between the sectors

and MAIO management required to
avoid co-channel collisions
Homogeneous network:
Co-channel collisions between
serving cell and nearest neighbor

Frequency Planning
Hopping Sequence Generation (I)
GSM 05.02.
MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N
if HSN = 0 (cyclic hopping)
MAI ... Mobile Allocation Index

FN ... TDMA Frame Number
MAIO ... Mobile Allocation Index Offset
N ... Number of allocated frequencies
(integer 1...N-1)
(0... 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647)
(0 ... N -1)
set of ARFCN numbers to be

used in the hopping sequence
For example: (MAIO=0)
MA = 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,41
1. burst FN = 0:
2. burst FN = 1:
MAI = (0 + 0) mod 15 = 0
MAI = (1 + 0) mod 15 = 1
14. burst FN = 14: MAI = (14 + 0) mod 15 = 14

15. burst FN = 15: MAI = (15 + 0) mod 15 = 0
16. burst FN = 16: MAI = (16 + 0) mod 15 = 1
etc...
ARFCN = 1
ARFCN = 4
ARFCN = 41
ARFCN = 1
ARFCN = 4
N=15

Frequency Planning
Hopping Sequence Generation (II)
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N
if HSN 0 (random hopping)
with:
S = M
if M < N
S = (M + T) modulo N
else
M = M modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)]
T = T3 modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)]
M = T2 + RNTABLE((HSN xor T1R)+T3)
T1R, T2, T3 ... Different Time Parameter
RNTABLE ... Table of 114 Integer numbers

Frequency Planning
Example for MAIO - Management (I)
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Time (TDMA - frame)

TRX0
BCCH
TRX1
MAIO = 0
10
TRX2
MAIO = 6
16
...
TRX3
MAIO = 12
13
14
...
...
Time (TDMA - frame)

BCCH
TRX0
TRX0
BCCH
Time (TDMA - frame)
...
14
MAIO = 4
TRX1
TRX1
MAIO = 2
12
...
12
11
MAIO = 10
TRX2
TRX2
MAIO = 8
10
18
...
...
18
17
MAIO = 16
TRX3
TRX3
MAIO = 14
15
16
...
...

Frequency Planning
Example for MAIO - Management (II)
TRX0
BCCH
TRX1
MAIO = 0
TRX2
MAIO = 6
TRX3
MAIO = 12
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )

1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Avoid Co - channel collision:
BCCH
TRX0
TRX0 BCCH
MAIO = 4
TRX1
TRX1 MAIO = 2
MAIO = 10 TRX2
TRX2 MAIO = 8
MAIO = 16 TRX3
TRX3 MAIO = 14
min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies)

Avoid Adjacent - channel collision:
only odd or even RF numbers on air at same time
Minimum total number of frequencies for hopping system with

MAIO - Management = 2* number of hopping TRX of site (18
frequencies in example)

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups and MAIO - Assignment
Frequency group:
A: 1 4 7 10 13 16
B: 2 5 8 11 14 17
C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
TRX0
BCCH
TRX0
BCCH
TRX1
f A MAIO = 0
TRX2
f A MAIO = 2
TRX0
TRX0
f C MAIO = 0
TRX1
f A MAIO = 0
TRX2
f A MAIO = 2
TRX3
f A MAIO = 4
TRX1
TRX1
f B MAIO = 1
TRX2
f B MAIO = 3
HSN = 1
f C MAIO = 2
TRX2
TRX0
TRX0
TRX0
f C MAIO = 0
TRX1
TRX1
f B MAIO = 1
f C MAIO = 2
TRX2
TRX2
f B MAIO = 3
f C MAIO = 4
TRX3
TRX3
f B MAIO = 5
BCCH
BCCH
BCCH
BCCH
BCCH
TRX1
f A MAIO = 0
TRX2
f A MAIO = 2
HSN = 3
BCCH
f C MAIO = 0
TRX0
TRX0
TRX1
BCCH
TRX1
f B MAIO = 1
TRX2
f B MAIO = 3
HSN = 2
f C MAIO = 2
TRX2

Frequency Planning Tools
The Automatic Frequency Planning Process
Automatized
Planning Routines
Variety of
Planning Algorithms
Input data
from radio network
planning tool
Live
kD
wor
t
e
N
Global / Local
Parameter Settings
Minimisation
of
interference
Frequency Assignment
ata
Consideration of
FH, PC, DTX
Setting of planning
constraints
Common / Dedicated
Band Planning
Evaluation
Evaluation
ofofthe
theassignments
assignments
C/I
and
C/I andFER
FERplots
plots
C/I
and
FER
analysis
C/I and FER analysis
on
onper
percarrier
carrierbasis
basis

The SIEMENS Advanced Automatic Frequency Planning Tool
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Consideration of Radio Link Control Options
u Automatic consideration of hopping gains and

interference reduction due to PC and DTX on cell basis
during
interference matrix calculation

optimum assignment of frequencies by using highly
efficient optimisation algorithms
u Graphical evaluation of the assignment results based

on FER

Generation of the interference matrix
Potentially serving
signal SC
EIRP - Path
loss
Interference
matrix
Cell area
EIRP - Path
loss
Potentially interfering
signal SI
50%
9
7
5
3
1
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
P e rc e n ta g e o f
p o te n tia l ly
a ffe c te d c a lls
d u e to C / I
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
90 %
P e rc e n ta g e o f
p o te n tia l ly
a ffe c te d c a lls
d u e to C /A
0 %
0 %
0 %
5 %
10 %
Affected area due

to C/I
Ai
Ai
Ai
Affected area due

to C/A

Required C/I in FH-GSM (TU3), Cyclic Hopping
NH
2 Ch
3 Ch
4 Ch
5 Ch
8 Ch
FH Gains as determined
via Real Network
Simulations
50%
Shift: 6.5 dB 13.5 dB

Gain: up to 7 dB

Required C/I in FH-GSM for different environments
Typical frequency hopping gain
The following table shows the typical gain from frequency
hopping in a GSM 900 network (example of the signal-to-noise
ratio required to obtain 0.2% residual BER for class 1b bits):
Frequency hopping
TU3
None
2 frequency
4 frequency
8 frequency
16 frequency
11.5
10.0
8.25
7.5
6.75
TU50 HT100
7.5
6.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.6
Source: SIEMENS TED-BSS

Analyses of FER
Graphical FER analysis of an SFH network
FER in %
FER in %
W3%
W3%
<3%
<3%
<2%
<2%
< 1%
< 1%
1x3 reuse, 0,3 fractional load

1x3 reuse, 0,6 fractional load

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (I)
No. of TRX
Network Example:
11 Sites
33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX
12 cells 3 TRX
15 cells 4 TRX
33 TRX BCCH
75 TRX TCH
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
3
2

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (II)
Network Example:
Given Spectrum: 42 channels
11 Sites
33 Cells
12 frequencies for BCCH - TRX
6 cells 2 TRX
12 cells 3 TRX
15 cells 4 TRX
Reuse of:
30 frequencies for TCH - TRX (hopping)
30/4 = 7.5 frequencies per cell in average
30/5 = 6
frequencies per cell in average
30/6 = 5
frequencies per cell in average
30/7 = 4.2 frequencies per cell in average

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (III)
Network Example:
11 Sites
33 Cells
2/3
No. of
assigned
frequencies
for FH
6 cells 2 TRX
12 cells 3 TRX
15 cells 4 TRX
6/4
4/6
Frequency Reuse Factor:
156 / 33 = 4.7 frequ. / cell in average

30 frequ. / 4.7 frequ. per cell =
4/6
3/4
4/6
Planning Rule: (example)
1 Hopping TRX 3 frequencies

6/4
6.3
No. of TRX
4/3
3/4

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
Separations for hopping TCH:
Intra cell separation:
3
Intra site separation:
1
Neighbour separation:
1
Interference Matrix for hopping TCH:
co-channel:
C/I curve
7 dB (50% probability)
adjacent channel: C/I curve
-6 dB (50% probability)
MAIO and HSN:
HSN = 0 for all cells (cyclic hopping)
MAIO = 0 for TRX1 (TRX0 = BCCH)
MAIO = 1 for TRX2
MAIO = 2 for TRX3 etc.

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
Example for a site list:
Site Id
0001
0002
Sector
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
TRX BCCH
0
2
1
0
4
1
2
3
0
9
1
2
0
12
1
2
0
8
1
f1
f2
f3
f4
19
36
41
13
13
13
18
18
18
21
21
21
25
25
25
15
15
23
23
27
27
32
32
22
22
26
26
34
34
40
40
16
19
28
etc....
f5
30
30
30
f6
42
42
42
MAIO
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
HSN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Frequency Planning
Planning of Anchor Frequencies
w Each TRX must be assigned with a fixed frequency which
belongs to the hopping frequency group of this TRX
w In case of disabling FH the TRX transmit the anchor frequency
w Tool Supported Planning of anchor frequencies
Example Frequency group 1x3 reuse:
A: 1 4 7 10 13 16
B: 2 5 8 11 14 17
C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
BCCH
3 - 6 - 9 - 12 - 15 - 18
..
.
TRXFREQ = 18
BCCH
TRX0
TRX1
TRXFREQ = 7
MOBALLOC = 1- 4 -7- 10 - 13 - 16
TRX2
TRXFREQ = 13
MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13
TRX3
TRXFREQ = 4
MOBALLOC = 1 - 4
TRX0
TRX1
..
.
TRX0
BCCH
TRX1
TRXFREQ = 2
..
.
- 16
- 7 - 10 - 13 - 16
2 - 5 - 8 - 11 - 14 - 17
..
.

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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH (I)
Specification
Name
CA
Object/
Package
BTS/
PKGBTSB
DB Name
HOPP_MODE
BTS/
PKGBTSO
FHSY
HOPMODE
Meaning
FHSY
0...1023&.
..&
0...1023
BBHOP
SYNHOP
1...10
Cell Allocation:
list of all frequencies used in this cell except the
BCCH-frequency
Flag indicates whether baseband or synthesizer
hopping is used
Number to identify a frequency hopping system
FHSY
HSN
0...63
MA
FHSY
MOBALLOC
FH_SYSTEM_ID
CHAN
FHSYID
0...1023&
...&
0...1023
0...10
MAIO
CHAN
MAIO
0...63
BTS_ISHOPPING
BTS/
PKGBTSO
HOPP
TRUE
FALSE
Hopping sequence number

0: cyclic hopping
1...63: random hopping
Mobile allocation:
list of frequencies within the FH system
(maximum number of frequencies = 16).
Specifies the frequency hopping system (given
by FHSYN) to which a channel shall belong. (0:
no hopping)
Mobile allocation index offset: defining the
starting frequency (number in the MA frequency
list) for a hopping sequence at a certain frame
number FN, i.e. different channels using the
same FH system shall have different MAIO.
Flag to enable/disable FH within the BTS
FH_SYS_NUMBE
R
HSN
CALL
Range
Source: M. Doss, ICM N CV D 22

Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH(I)
w Maximum No. Of Hopping Frequencies
Theoretical Limit: 16 Frequencies (BFH)
Practical Limit: 15 Frequencies (SFH)
w In case of SFH all Time Slots on BCCH TRX
(BCCH TS, SDCCH TS as well as TCH TS) must
not hop
w In case of BFH the BCCH TS must not hop
(FHSYID = 0)

Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (I)
RXQUAL
7
Power Increase
(bad quality)
L_RXQUAL_XX_P
Power Increase
(bad level)
Power Decrease
(good level)
U_RXQUAL_XX_
Power Decrease
(good quality)
RXLEV
0
63
L_RXLEV_XX_P
POW_RED_STEP_SIZE
U_RXLEV_XX_P

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Database Parameters
Administration of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH - RxQual
N o Frequen cy H oppi ng
7
C ycl ic FH 2 Frequ enci es

7
2% FER
2% FER
RXQUAL@90%
RXQUAL@90%
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
0
0,1
10
100
0,1
FER @9 0% [% ]
7
2% FER
100
2% FER
RXQUAL@90%
RXQUAL@90%
10
FER @9 0% [%]
C ycl ic FH 8 Frequ enci es
C yclic FH 4 Frequ en cies

7
5
4
3
2
5
4
3
2
1
0
0,1
10
100
FER @9 0% [% ]
0,1
10
FER @9 0% [%]
100

Database Parameters
Parameter Settings for Control Loops using RxQual Measurements
Handover:
Default
(No Hopping)
HOLTHQUDL:
4 (5*)
HOLTHQUUL:
4 (5*)
HOAVQUAL:
8-2
Power Control:
LOWTQUAD:
LOWTQUAU:
UPTQUAD:
UPTQUAU:
PAVRQUAL
3 (4*)
3 (4*)
1
1
4-1
*) as recommended by database planning

Default
SFH (> 8 HF)
5 ... 6
5 ... 6
8-2
4 ... 5
4 ... 5
1
1
4-1
Default
BFH
4 ... 5
4 ... 5
8-2
3 ... 4
3 ... 4
1
1
4-1

Database Parameters
Flexible Configuration of different Hopping Modes
w Flexible configuration of the Hopping Mode for each cell of a

BSC via BSS parameter:
No Hopping
Baseband Hopping
Synthesizer Hopping
w Configuration of the first SDCCH on the BCCH TRX

mandatory

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Field Trials
Points of Examination
w Impact of RLC on Network Quality
w Impact of RLC on Network Capacity
w Comparison BFH - SFH
w Comparison SFH Tight Reuse Implementation Cases
w Optimizing Radio Parameters
(Thresholds for Handover and Power Control)

Network Measurements
w Performance Measurements:
Performance and Quality Indicators
- Dropped Call Rate
- TCH Drop Rate (Loss of Connection, Loss during Handover)
Handover Statistics (Inter, Intra, Causes, Failures)

Uplink Interference Measurements on Idle TCH
SDCCH Performance
w Test Mobile Measurements:
RxLev, RxQual, FER, SQI (Speech Quality)

w Tracer Measurements:
Abis Protocol Analyses


Performance Measurements: Quality Indicators
Comparison of Drop Rates: Non Hopping - SFH 1x3 - SHF 1x1
5.0%
~ 4 % Improvement
4.0%
3.0%
~ 18 % Improvement
2.0%
~ 14 % Improvement
1.0%
0.0%
Dropped Call Rate
TCH Drop Rate
Call Drop Rate BS
No Hopping
4.55%
1.23%
1.90%
SFH 1x1
4.39%
1.08%
1.59%
SFH 1x3
4.40%
1.04%
1.52%

Handover Performance (I)
Handover Performance: Inter cell HO - Causes
S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3

HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 8-2
PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
100.0%
80.0%
Percentage
of
Quality HO
increases
60.0%
Parameter
Optimisation
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
No Hopping
S1 / SFH 1x3
Uplink Quality (Per)
Downlink Quality (Per)
Uplink Strengh (Per)
Distance (Per)
Better Cell (Per)
Direct Retry (Per)
SFH 1x3
Downlink Strength (Per)

Handover Performance (II)
UL-PC enabled from the

beginning (incl. No hopping)
40,0%
S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3

PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
30,0%
20,0%
Optimisation of Database
Parameters
Percentage of Intra cell

HO decreased again
10,0%
0,0%
InterCellHO/TCHAssignm
IntraCellHO/TCHAssignm
No Hopping
34,0%
1,1%
S1 / SFH 1x3
32,9%
3,1%
SFH 1x3
30,4%
0,7%

Handover Performance (III)
120%
S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3

PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
5;48$/B'/!
5;/(9B'/! 100%
5;48$/B8/!
5;/(9B8/! 80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
No Hopping
S1 / SFH 1x3
SFH 1x3
Intra Downlink Quality
54%
62%
74%
Intra Uplink Quality
46%
38%
26%

Optimisations Aspects
Influence of RLC Features on Idle Traffic Channel Measurements
Less percentage of
measurements in
higher bands
Reduction of
Rate of idle traffic channels per interference band
99.3%
SFH + PC + DTX
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
Interference
SFH + PC
98.9%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
SFH
98.9%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
98.7%
BFH
Non Hopping
94.0%
1.2%
96.3%
95.0%
Interference Band 1
1.9%
96.0%
97.0%
Interference Band 2
0.9%
98.0%
Interference Band 3
0.0%
0.0%
0.9%
99.0%
Interference Band 4
100.0%
Interference Band 5
101.0%

Handover Performance - Influence of PC & DTX
Implementation of PC & DTX in SFH 1x1
60%
Increase of no. of
uplink
quality
50%
handovers
Decrease of no. of
downlink quality
handovers
40%
30%
Power Control was

enabled in Downlink
additionally
20%
10%
0%
SFH 1x1
PC, DTX SFH 1x1
Uplink Quality (Per)
14%
23%
Downlink Quality (Per)
20%
16%
Uplink Strengh (Per)
8%
7%
Downlink Strength (Per)
7%
6%
Distance (Per)
0%
0%
Better Cell (Per)
49%
47%
Direct Retry (Per)
2%
1%
Reduction of
Downlink Quality HO

Influence of Cell Synchronisation
Results of Changing HSN - 1x3 and 1x1 in Reference Cells
HSN = b
1,20%
No Synchr.
No Synchr.
HSN = a
HSN = a
1,00%
Synchronization
0,80%
0,60%
Different HSN within

one site
0,40%
0,20%
0,00%
TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x3
TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x1
Synchronized cells
1,08 %
1,00 %
Change of HSN
1,07 %
1,09 %
No Synchronisation
between the cells

Reduction of Frequencies
SFH 1x1: Reduction of frequencies
5,0%
Reduction of 3
Frequencies
Reduction of 6
Frequencies
4,0%
3,0%
2,0%
1,0%
0,0%
Dropped Call Rate
TCH Drop Rate
PC, DTX SFH 1x1
4,7%
1,22%
Carr_Red 3Fr SFH 1x1
4,6%
1,16%
Carr_Red 6Fr SFH 1x1
4,6%
1,21%

Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (I)
TTTTTTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTTTTTT 26 frames = 120 ms
T Traffic Channel (TCH)

S Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
FER (full) Samples
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
24%
28%
32%
36%
40%
44%
48%
60%
88%
22883
407
87
26
34
46
16
13
10
6
19
6
6
6
6
23571
Percent.
Perc. Sampl Total FER Rate
Samples
Cumul.
97,08%
97,08%
0,00%
1,73%
98,81%
0,07%
0,37%
99,18%
0,10%
0,11%
99,29%
0,11%
0,14%
99,43%
0,14%
0,20%
99,63%
0,17%
0,07%
99,69%
0,19%
0,06%
99,75%
0,21%
0,04%
99,79%
0,22%
0,03%
99,82%
0,23%
0,08%
99,90%
0,26%
0,03%
99,92%
0,27%
0,03%
99,95%
0,28%
0,03%
99,97%
0,30%
0,03%
100,00%
0,32%
100%
0,32%
Measurement Mobile
reports FER values each
SACCH frame
FER can only evaluated
in steps of 4 %

Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (II)
Detailed Evaluation of Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH :
FER Distribution (RxLev > 10 & RxQual >4)
RxQual Distribution (RxLev >10 & RxQaul >4)
Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
60,0%
70,0%
50,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
40,0%
30,0%
30,0%
20,0%
20,0%
10,0%
10,0%
0,0%
0,0%
12
16
20
> 20
6
RxQual
FER [%]
No Hopping BCCH
Hopping TCH 1x3
Hopping TCH 1x1
No Hopping BCCH
Hopping TCH 1x3
Hopping TCH1x1
Hopping Gain can be seen in RxQual- and FER Distribution

RxQual values of Hopping samples are worse but FER values are better.
Better FER samples on the hopping carriers.

Influence of Power Control on RxLev , RxQual Distribution

Measuring FH improvements in the Field
w Call drop rates cannot show full FH gains, since SACCH performance is
not strongly related to FH
w RXQUAL statistics for both uplink and downlink get worse with FH and
need to be interpreted -> required RXQUAL
w Currently no vendor supports speech quality related FER
measurements in the BSS
- for downlink, no MS reporting is standardised
- for uplink, BS vendor specific implementations are feasible
w TEMS drive/walk test can show FH improvement on downlink speech
quality
w BR6.0 will have measured FER statistics for the uplink and estimated
FER statistics for the downlink

6XPPDU\

Summary
SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (I)
w The benefits of Frequency Hopping have been successfully
verified in Field Trials by using different implementation
alternatives (BFH, SFH, loose reuse, tight reuse)
w Measurements showed improvements of Quality and Capacity
(reduction of frequencies).
Quality Feature
Capacity Feature
w Using FH in real networks provides measures to enhance the
reuse (overall reuse including BCCH frequencies of better than 9
maintaining speech quality at the same time)

Summary
SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (II)
w It is recommended to implement BFH as a basic feature.
BFH allows for narrow band combining (e.g. filter combiners) with low insertion loss
useful in noise limited scenarios
w It is recommended to use SFH in mature high capacity networks
SFH requires wide band combining (e.g. hybrid combiners)
recommended for interference limited scenarios
w Implementation of Features does not replace quality and
capacity improvements to be achieved via maintenance and
network optimisation activities !

Summary
Siemens Reference Networks: Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
Siemens SFH
Networks in
w
China
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Germany
Kuwait
RSA
Syria
Taiwan
Thailand
USA
High capacity configurations:

Network with site configurations up to 4/6/4:
4/4/4, 4/5/4, 4/6/4
Cells are significantly loaded with traffic
Call Drop Rate less than 2 %
TCH Drop Rate better than 2% (in selected cases
better than 1%)
Achievable quality in the networks depends on
coverage situation
available spectrum
Traffic load and traffic distribution
homogeneity of the network and topography
of the landscape

Summary
Additional Information
w SIEMENS Technical Descriptions Base Station System
(TED-BSS BR.xx)
w PLMN SBS Radio Network Parameters (SIEMENS ICN
Training Institute)
w PLMN SBS Performance Measurements (SIEMENS ICN
Training Institute)
w ETSI GSM Recommendation GSM 05.05, 05.08 and 04.08

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Network Design and Consulting

II. Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping Networks

III. Project Specific Questions & Discussion

Network Design and Consulting

- Frequency Hopping (FH), Power Control (PC), Discontinuous Transmission

w Diversity Effects of Frequency Hopping

w Real Network Simulation Investigations

- Capacity gains vs. re-use

Network Design and Consulting

PC dynamic range BS (GSM 05.05):

channel coding & interleaving

w Isolated corrupted bursts can be compensated by a strong

w Due to multi-path fading, the radio channel is frequency

SACCH period: 480 ms

w Wavelength: 900MHz ~ 30 cm, 1800MHz ~ 15 cm

S/N gains by FH for TU3 (3km/h)

w Cyclic FH reaches max. gain of e.g. 5 dB at 8 frequencies

Interfering Cell TRX 1

Interfering Cell TRX 2

Interfering Cell TRX 3

Interfering Cell TRX 4

w In the non-hopping case, on all bursts the same interferer

Interfering Cell TRX 1

Interfering Cell TRX 2

Interfering Cell TRX 3

Interfering Cell TRX 4

w Even in the cyclic FH, on all bursts the same interferer

Interfering Cell TRX 1

Interfering Cell TRX 2

Interfering Cell TRX 3

Interfering Cell TRX 4

w In the random FH case, from burst to burst different

&,UDZ%LW(UURU5DWH %(5 DQG)UDPH(UDVXUH5DWH )(5

Network Design and Consulting

min(PL1, PL2, .., PLn)

Network Design and Consulting

mean TCH re-use, opt. assignment

Co- and Adj. Interference

mean TCH re-use, opt. assignment

Operator Bandwidth: 8.6 MHz, i.e. 43 channels (15 BCCHs + 28 TCHs)

'7; 3& '7;

w CH profits from better

'7; 3& '7;

w CH cannot profit from PC and

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

mean TCH re-use, optimum assignment

w Absolute Erl/Site values

Operator Bandwidth: 8.6 MHz, i.e. 43 channels (15 BCCHs + 28 TCHs)

 &+  &+

Network Design and Consulting

Erl / Site / MHz

Erl / Site / MHz

Limited spectrum: reuse 1x1 recommended

Network Design and Consulting

Hedy Lamarr (Hedy Kiesler Markey)

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Determine configuration and

Network Design and Consulting

&,UDZ%LW(UURU5DWH%(5DQG)UDPH(UDVXUH5DWH)(5

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