Mikroba Dalam Dunia Tanaman

Sejarah dan Kini

I Nyoman P. Aryantha
SITH ITB

Asal mula Kentang

1840s

Phytophthora infestans changed the

course of history

Great famine

Coffee Rust in Ceylon

1870-1892

Bunchy top banana

virus

 Produksi pisang NSW Australia

2226 hektar 1922 menjadi 607 hektar 1925

Chestnut blight

 US 1904-1950s
80% pohon chestnut mati

Dutch elm disease

 Dutch Elm pohon pelindung dan penghias

sangat terkenal di Eropa dan USA
Penyakit oleh Ophiostoma ulmi
1930s USA 90% pohon (40 juta pohon) mati
1970-1980s 22 juta pohon di UK
Belakangan di Victoria Australia (70000 pohon
mati)
New Zealand, Jepang, China dll

Jarrah Dieback

Phytophthora cinnamomi

1922
Pertama di Sumatra
Cinnamomum burmanni
2009 : 60-80% (1 juta ha) hutan
eucalyptus Stirling Range National Park WA
terinfeksi

Ergot of Rye
Caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea
The pathogen produces a structure called a
sclerotium that grows in place of the rye
kernel. This sclerotium contains poisons that
are very harmful to man and animals.
The sclerotium is harvested with the rye grain.
The grain is ground into flour, made into bread
and is eaten by people. Eating the
contaminated bread results in a disease called
Ergotism.
ERGOTISM OFTEN RESULTS IN DEATH.

Ergot of Rye
(note dark sclerotia)

Ergot of Rye
The scelotia also contains hallucinogenic
compounds. People that eat ergot often see Fire.
In the middle ages, people called the vision of fire
induced by Ergot

Holy Fire or St. Anthonys Fire

Ergotism can also cause abortions and gangrene.
THIS PLANT DISEASE IS STILL KILLING
PEOPLE IN THE WORLD TODAY

Black Stem Rust of Wheat

1916 -

Destroyed 300 million

bushels of wheat in the
United States and Canada

1935 -

Destroyed 135 million

bushels in Dakotas and
Minnesota

SPORATIC EPIDEMICS STILL COST NORTH

AMERICAN FARMERS BILLIONS OF DOLLARS

Black Stem Rust of Wheat

Southern Corn Leaf Blight

1970 - An epidemic caused a 15%
loss of the U.S. corn crop.
This resulted in a one
billion dollar loss in the
United States.
This was enough corn that, if fed to cattle,
it would make 30 BILLION HAMBURGERS

Southern Corn Leaf Blight

Susceptible
Plants

Resistant
Plants

Azotobacter
The azotobacter was discovered in
1901 by the biologist/botanist
Martinus Beijerinck.
Martinus Beijerinck was one of the
founders of environment micro
biology, and when he discovered
it, it was described as the first
aerobic, free living organism with
the ability to fix nitrogen.

Rhizobium
In 1679, a man named Malpighi observed
Rhizobia in his drawing of a plant. He thought
that the bacteria were insects eggs, or
parasites.
Later a German Scientist named Hermann
Hellriegel, with help from Hermann
Wilfarth, recognized that the nodules in the root
were the actual reason for the bumps, and that
these bumps were creating fixed nitrogen. He
discovered Rhizobium inside the nodules in
1888.

Azospirillum
Johanna Liesbeth Kubelka Dbereiner (28 November
1924 in st nad Labem - 5 October 2000
in Seropdica) was a Brazilian agronomist.
Her family were German Czechoslovakians who left the
country after World War II. She received her degree
from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, but
settled in Brazil and became a Brazilian citizen in 1956.
Her early work includes studies of Azospirillum and
other bacteria that could be useful to Brazilian soil.[1]
She later played an important role in Brazil's soybean
production by encouraging a reliance on varieties that
solely depended on biological nitrogen fixation.[2]

http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419

http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419

Mycorhiza
Associations of fungi with the roots of plants
have been known since at least the mid-19th
century. However early observers simply
recorded the fact without investigating the
relationships between the two organisms.

This symbiosis was studied and described

by Franciszek Kamieoski in 18791882.[41] Further
research was carried out by Albert Bernhard
Frank, who introduced the term mycorrhiza in
1885.[42]

Types of Biofertilizers
Rhizobium
Azotobacter
Azospirillum
Mycorrhiza

PSB
PGPR
Effective microorganisms

PERKEMBANGAN PRODUKSI
TEBU DAN GULA INDONESIA

Data diambil dari Pusat Penelitian Energi-ITB

ANNUALY IMPORTED FOOD (TON)

4.500.000

4500000

Beras (1)

4000000
3500000

Gula (2)

3000000

Kedelai

2500000
2000000

2.000.000
1.600.000

1500000

Gandum

1.100.000 1.200.000

1000000
500000
0

Jagung
500.000

Sapi