Department of Education

Region III
Division of Nueva Ecija
DR. RAMON DE SANTOS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Chapter I: Basic Concepts
A. DEFINITIONS
1. STATISTICS is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with collection, organization, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of data. Statisticians develop and apply appropriate methods in collecting
and analyzing data. The guide the design of a research study and then, analyze the results. The
interpretation of the results, will be the basis of the statisticians in making inferences about the
population being considered.
2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS - deals with the collection and presentation of data and the summarizing
values that describe the groups characteristics
3. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS - deals with predictions and inferences based on the analysis and
interpretation of the results of the information gathered by the statistician.
4. VARIABLE - is a numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the population being studied.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
4.1 CATEGORICAL VARIABLES are variables that are classified according to some tributes or
categories.
Examples: gender, eye color, political preferences, religion, blood type, civil status,
grade level, course, profession, and socio economic status
4.2 NUMERICAL-VALUED OR QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES are variables that are classified
according to numerical characteristics.
Examples: height, age, pulse rate, no. of children, speed
- Numerical-valued variables can be
treated as categorical variables
when they grouped into class
intervals.
TYPES OF NUMERICAL-VALUED VARIABLES
4.3 DISCRETE VARIABLES are variables whose values are obtained by COUNTING
( e.g. , no. children, no. of persons with blue eyes, no. of patients with TB, no. of males and
females in IX STEM class).
4.4 CONTINUOUS VARIABLES are variables whose values are obtained by MEASURING
( e.g. , temperature, distance, area, density, age, height, weight ),
all of which cannot be put into a list because they can have any value in some interval of real
numbers.

5. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
FOUR MOST COMMON SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS

5.1 NOMINAL SCALE is a measurement scale that classifies elements into two or more
categories or classes. The numbers indicate that the elements are different, but the difference
is not according to order or magnitude.
EXAMPLE : DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS IN XYZ HOSPITAL ACCORDING TO RELIGION
AND GENDER
RELIGION
MALE
FEMALE
Roman Catholic
60
75
Buddhist
26
30
Protestant
3
14
Jewish
16
8
TOTAL
105
127
5.2 ORDINAL SCALE is a measurement scale that ranks individuals in terms of degree to which
they possess a characteristic.
EXAMPLE; ANXIETY LEVEL OF MENTALLY-RETARDED PATIENTS IN HOSPITAL YYY
GENDER
0
1
2
3
Male
9
16
2
1
Female
21
10
4
7
TOTAL
30
26
6
8
5.3 INTERVAL SCALE is a measurement scale that, in addition to ordering scores from highest
to lowest, establishes a uniform unit in the scale so that any distance between two consecutive
scores is of equal magnitude.
5.4 RATIO SCALE is a measurement scale that, in addition to being an interval scale, also has
an absolute zero in the scale.
EXAMPLES: height, weight, area, volume, speed, rate of doing work, amount of money
deposited in a bank

DISTRIBUTION OF THE ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN DON RAMON UNIVERSITY

ACCORDING TO HEIGHT AND WEIGHT
Name of Student
Height ( in centimeters )
Weight ( in
Arnold
165
1
Bernard
144
1
Conrad
176
2
Eberhard
164
1
Fabian
177
1
Gerald
156
1
Harold
180
2

6. POPULATION is defined as a group of people, animals, places, things or ideas.

7. SAMPLE is a subgroup of the population
8. PARAMETER - is a numerical measure that describes a characteristics of a population.
EXAMPLES 8.1 The population mean of the electricity bills of the residents of a certain city is
P1500.
8.2 The population mean IQ of the students in Don Ramon University is 105.
9. STATISTIC is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample.
EXAMPLES: 9.1 The sample mean electricity bills of 20 residents of Butao is P1450.00
9.2 The sample mean IQ of 35 students in a certain university is 105.

Prepared by: MR. REYNALDO D. DADULLA

Subject Teacher