Jaringan Telekomunikasi dan Informasi

Konsep kanal fisik dan lojik pada GSM

Susmini I. Lestariningati, M.T

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GSM: Physical and Logical Channel

GSM uses a mix of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA).

FDMA parts involves the division by frequency of the 25 MHz bandwidth in to 124
carrier frequencies (Also called ARFCN) spaced 200 KHz for GSM-900. For GSM-1800
frequency spectrum of 75 MHz bandwidth is divided in to 374 carrier frequencies
spaced 200 KHz.

TDMA further divides each carrier frequencies in to 8 time slots such that each carrier
frequency is shared by 8 users.

So in GSM, the basic radio resource is a time slot with duration of 577 s. 8 Time slots
of 577 s constitutes a 4.615 ms TDMA Frame. GSM uses Gaussian Minimum Shift
Keying (GMSK) modulation scheme to transmit information (data and signalling) over
Air Interface.

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Alokasi Kanal
MS Transmit Band
Uplink

890

BTS Transmit Band

915 MHz

Downlink

935

CH 1 CH 2

CH 1 CH 2

CH 124

CH 124
200 kHz

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960 MHz

200 kHz

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ARFCN (Absolute Radio-Frequency Number)

In GSM cellular networks, an absolute radio-frequency channel number (ARFCN) is a
code that specifies a pair of physical radio carriers used for transmission and reception
in a land mobile radio system, one for the uplink signal and one for the downlink signal.

ARFCN Table for common GSM systems

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Mencari frekuensi uplink dan downlink

https://www.cellmapper.net
In order to obtain the ARFCN/UARFCN/EARFCN, you will
need to enter "Field Test Mode" in your phone. This varies
greatly from phone to phone. In general, all involve "calling"
certain numbers to bring up the hidden options

Some common ones are:

Samsung (Android): *#*#197328640#*#* or *#0011#

iPhone (all): *3001#12345#*

HTC (Android): *#*#7262626#*#*

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https://www.cellmapper.net

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Contoh tentang ARFCN

Sumber: https://julitra.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/melihat-kembali-alokasi-frekuensi-operator-gsm/

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Standarisasi GSM

Air interface

Air Interface
distandarkan!
Mobile
Station

Vendor bebas
mengembangkan handset
dengan keunggulan masingmasing selama bisa
berkomunikasi melalui
interface yang sudah
distandarkan

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Base
Station
Pada GSM adalah sebagaimana berikut

struktur dari TDMA memiliki 8 timeslot

per RF carrier

sebesar 0.577 ms per timeslot

Interval frame=8 timeslot = 4.615 ms

menggunakan skema modulasi GMSK,

BT = 0.3

Slow frequency Hopping (217 hops/s)

Vendor bebas
mengembangkan sub system,
misalnya ningkatkan
sensitivitas dan sebagainya

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Spesifikasi Air Interface

Band Frequency

: Uplink = 890 - 915 MHz

Downlink = 935 - 960 MHz

Access Method

: FDMA - TDMA

Basic Duplexing

: FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

Duplex Spacing

: 45 MHz

Carrier Spacing

: 200 KHz

Modulation

: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Transmission Rate

: 270 Kbps

Speech Coder

: RPE LPC 13 Kbps

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The GSM Air Interface

FDMA
174 frequencies with 200kHz spacing (GSM 900)

Separate bands for uplink and downlink

Divided between operators

TDMA
8 timeslots per frequency band (one user per timeslot)

Modulation
271 kbit/s GMSK

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Struktur Air Interface

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Frequency Division Duplex

Frequency division duplex (FDD) is a technique where separate frequency bands are
used at the transmitter and receiver side.

Because the FDD technique uses dierent frequency bands for send and receive
operations, the sending and receiving data signals don't interfere with each other. This
makes FDD a better choice than Time Division Duplex (TDD) for symmetric trac such
as voice applications in broadband wireless networks

Examples of FDD systems include the following:

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) and very-high-bitrate digital subscriber

line (VDSL)

Cellular systems, including the UMTS/WCDMA Frequency Division Duplexing

mode and the CDMA2000 system

IEEE 802.16 WiMax Frequency Division Duplexing mode

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GSM : Physical and Logical Channels

GSM uses number of channels to carry data over Air Interface, these channels are
broadly divided in to following two categories:

Physical Channels

Logical Channels

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Physical Channels

A physical channel is determined by the carrier frequency or a number of carrier

frequencies with defined hopping sequence and the Time Slot number.

8 Time Slots (1 Time Slot = 1 Physical Channel) of 577 s constitutes a 4.615 ms TDMA
Frame. In GSM standard data on a time slot transmitted in bursts, so time slot is often
expressed in BP (Burst Period). 1 BP represents 1 TS. TDMA frame (4.615 ms of 8 TS)
further structured in to multiframes. There are two types of multiframes in the system:

26 TDMA Multiframe: Consists 26 TDMA frames with duration of 120 ms and used to
carry the Logical Channels TCH, SACCH, FACCH etc.

51 TDMA Multiframe: Consists 51 TDMA frames with duration of 234.5 ms and used to
carry the Logical Channels FCCH, SCH, BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH, SACCH etc.

These multiframes further structured in to Superframe and Hyperframe.

SUPERFRAME: Superframe consists of 51*26 TDMA frames with duration of 6.12 sec.
This is corresponding to the smallest cycle for which the organisation of all channels is
repeated.

HYPERFRAME: Hyperframe consists 2048 superframes (2048*51*26 TDMA frames)

with duration of 3 hrs, 28 min, 53 sec and 760 ms. It is in particular smallest cycle for
frequency hopping, cyphering.

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Multiframe

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51
Multiframe

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Frame Hierarchy is used for Synchronization Between BTS and MS

The frame hierarchy is used for synchronization between BTS and MS.

Multiframes in GSM

3. LOGICAL CHANNELS

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Logical Channels are determined by the information carried within the physical channel. Logical channels

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Struktur Frame GSM

1 multiframe for signalling
51 TDMA frame = 235.38 ms

1 multiframe for speech/data

26 TDMA frame = 120 ms

49

50

24

25

8 TS = 1 TDMA frame = 4.615 ms

1 TS

BURST = Contents of Time Slot

156.25 bit = 576.88 s
( 1 bit = 3.692 s )

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Logical Channels

Logical Channels are determined by the information carried within the physical channel.
Logical channels used to carry data and signalling information. Dierent logical
channels are mapped in either direction on physical channels.

Logical channels divided in to following two categories:

Trac Channels

Signalling Channels/ Control Channel

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Keluarga Kanal Logic Pada GSM

cell broadcast channel

traffic channel
TCH
Data or
Speech

CBCH

TCH/F TCH/H
BCH

FCCH

CCH

DCCH

CCCH

SCH BCCH PCH AGCH

RACH

ACCH SDCCH

Mobile transmits
Base station transmits
Both transmit

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Control Channel

Kanal logik yang digunakan untuk manajemen komunikasi, manajemen mobilitas, dan
manajemen resource (koreksi frekuensi dan sinkronisasi)
CCH control channel

broadcast

common control

BCH
FCCH

FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
AGCH
RACH

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SCH

dedicated control
DCCH

CCCH
BCCH

PCH

AGCH RACH

frequency correction channel

sincronization channel
broadcast control channel
paging channel
access grant channel
random access channel

ACCH
SACCH

ACCH
SACCH
FACCH
SDCCH

SDCCH
FACCH

associated control channel

slow associated control channel
fast associated control channel
stand alone control channel
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Terbagi kedalam 3 kelompok besar yaitu :

1. Broadcast Channel (BCH), bersifat diarahkan ke semua MS.

2. Common Control Channel (CCH), bersifat dipergunakan bersamaan oleh MS

3. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), bersifat dipergunakan oleh MS yang sudah

ditentukan ( sudah ditentukan utk pelanggan tertentu )

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1. Broadcast Control Channel (BCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCH)

Terdiri dari Broadcast ControlChannel (BCCH), FCCH ( Frequency Correction Channel),

SCH (Syncronisation Channel)

FCCH ( Frequency Correction Channel)

Arah downlink

Point to Multipoint

Sinkronisasi frekuensi MS (MS Freq Synchronization) untuk menyamakan frek MS

pada frek BTS.

Gelombang sinus

SCH (Syncronisation Channel)

Arah downlink

Point to Multipoint

TDMA frame structure ( untuk sinkronisasi frame)

Info BSIC (Base Station Identity Code)

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BCCH ( Broadcast Control Channel )

Arah downlink

Point to Multipoint

Informasi LAI (Location Area Identity)

Informasi power output maksimum MS

Informasi BCCH carrier sel yang berdekatan, untuk mengetahui frek tetangga
untuk keperluan Handover

FCCH , SCH dan BCCH dipancarkan secara

terus menerus
Pembacaan FCCH, BCCH, dan SCH harus dilakukan tiap kali MS
pindah sel

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2. Common Control Channel (BCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCH)

PCH ( Paging Channel )

Arah downlink

Point to Multipoint

Paging message ( IMSI/TMSI )

Test system ( yang mana yang ada, kalau ada IMSI menggunakan IMSI, kalau ada TMSI

menpergunakan TMSI )

RACH ( Random Access Channel )

Uplink

Point to Point ( harus tahu ID User )

MS call set up, untuk minta kanal dipergunakan utk kanal signaling dan authentikasi

AGCH ( Access Grant Channel )

Downlink

Jawaban dari RACH

Point to Point

Menyediakan kanal signalling (SDCCH)

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PCH, RACH dan AGCH dipancarkan tergantung permintaan

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3. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

DCCH

U/D

- DCCH digunakan untuk signalling dan

kontrol setelah pembangunan hubungan

ACCH associated control

channel
U/D SACCH

U/D FACCH

U/D SDCCH stand alone dedicated

control channel
- untuk authentikasi

- slow access grant

channel

- fast access grant

channel

- selalu dikaitkan
dengan TCH atau
SDCCH

- digunakan untuk
handover

- digunakan untuk
membawa informasi
yang bersifat umum
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- location update
- digunakan sebelum
alokasi pada TCH
tertentu
- untuk informasi
penempatan pada TCH
- independen, tidak
dihubungkan pada TCH

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SDCCH ( Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel )

Arah downlink dan uplink

Point to Point

Call set up

Authentication

Location Updating

Kirim Short message dan Cell Broadcast (ditujukan untuk semua user yang berada pada cell tersebut)

Menyediakan TCH

SACCH ( Slow Associated Control Channel )

Downlink dan uplink

Point to Point

Uplink : MS measurement data

Trafik voice mode ( Dengan adanya Burst, sehingga ada waktu kosong yang dipergunakan oleh
SACCH )

Downlink :

MS power output

Timing advanced

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FACCH ( Fast Associated Control Channel )

Downlink dan uplink

Point to Point

Digunakan pada waktu Handover,menggunakan kanal trafik yang kosong

Stealing mode ( pengganti sementara TCH, mencari 1 kanal suara digunakan untuk
permintaan handover)

Pada saat HO, TCH digantikan dengan FACCH untuk meminta HO

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Studi Kasus : Pengkanalan Pada GSM

Mapping GSM Logical Channel onto Physical Channel
Kanal logik GSM harus dipetakan ke kanal fisik, artinya : informasi pada
kanal logik harus ditempatkan pada kanal fisik dengan format burst
tertentu untuk ditransmisikan
Logical Channel Mapping Analogy...
Tipe burst pada kanal fisik dapat dianalogikan sebagai tipe gerbong
pada rangkaian kereta api. Orang makan malam berada pada gerbong
restorasi. Demikian pula pada kanal logik, penempatan kanal logika
pada gerbong burst tergantung dari fungsi kanal logik tersebut beserta
sifat-sifat fisisnya.
Dedicated
Control
Channels

Traffic
Channel

Normal Burst
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Synchronization
Channel

SCH Burst

Frequency
Correction
Channel

FCCH Burst

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Analogi
Dedicated
Control
Channels

Traffic
Channel

Normal Burst

Synchronization
Channel

SCH Burst

Frequency
Correction
Channel

FCCH Burst

Kasus analogi di GSM

Kanal RF selebar 200 kHz !" Rel kereta
Kanal Logic
!" Isi gerbong kereta
Kanal Fisik ( TimeSlot) !" Gerbong kereta
Burst !" Tipe/jenis gerbong

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GSM Duplexing and Multiplexing Techniques...

60 MHz

60 MHz

For GSM 1900...

FDD

299 200kHz Radio Channels

FDMA 512 513 514

808 809 810

ARFCN
Numbers

8 0.57ms Time Slots

1 Frame

TDMA

Burst - Transmission Quantum in GSM

Frame Train on
Frequency Trackan analogy
Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

PT3163-TekJarNirKab-MODUL:06

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